Power Control Protocol Research Articles

A Systematic Design Method for Large-Scale Wireless Ad Hoc Network Protocol Based on Optimization Decomposition Theory

The idea of network protocol design based on optimization theory has been proposed and used practically in Internet for about 15 years. However, for large-scale wireless ad hoc network, although protocol could be viewed as a recursive solving of a global optimization problem, protocol design is still facing huge challenge because an effective distributed algorithm for solving global optimization problem is still lacking. We solve the problem by putting forward a systematic design method based on optimization decomposition. The systematic method includes primal decomposition method and dual decomposition method, with which a complex optimization problem can be decomposed into several smaller and independent optimization subproblems. By using subgradient method, each of these subproblems can be solved distributively. Further, the above two methods can be combined in different sequences or used recursively to solve more complex optimization problems. Two examples of wireless protocol design, the transmission control protocol and the joint congestion control and power control protocol, are given to demonstrate its validity.

A joint power control and rate adaptation MAC protocol for underwater sensor networks

In this paper, we propose a new metric to measure the spatial reuse efficiency in networks: the spatial reuse index. We observed that the spatial reuse index in Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is significantly lower than in RF networks due to the relatively low spreading loss of acoustic signals. As a result, UWSNs generally have much lower network throughput.To address this problem, we propose an Underwater Power Control MAC protocol (UPC-MAC), which leverages dynamic transmission power adjustment and a novel rate adaptation algorithm to enhance the spatial reuse efficiency. UPC-MAC is a reservation based channel access scheme. It makes use of control packet’s exchanges to collect neighboring nodes’ data transmission requests and channel condition between senders and receivers. With such information, UPC-MAC allows for concurrent data transmissions by applying Nash Equilibrium to transmission power adjustment, which can be done independently on each sender in a distributed way. Furthermore, with the channel information, senders can adjust their data transmission rates by running a rate adaptation algorithm which considers the features of a real Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) acoustic communication system. Simulation results show that UPC-MAC outperforms Slotted FAMA in terms of network goodput and lowers the energy consumption in two representative network scenarios. The simulation results also justify that our rate adaptation algorithm does improve the performance of UPC-MAC.

C-LOAD POWER CONTROL PROTOCOL-CROSS-LAYER DESIGN OF A NETWORK LAYER LOAD POWER CONTROL PROTOCOL IN WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS

In wireless ad hoc network scenario, Cross-layer de sign is emerging, important in wireless ad hoc netw ork and the power control methods. Power control is the intelligent selection of transmit power in a communication to achieve the better performance within the system. Cross-layer is used to sharing the information between the layers. Physical to Transpo rt layer information are shared in this protocol, d ue to this cross-layering is designed to optimize the pow er control. CLD using LOADPOWER (LOADPOW) control protocol is reduce the overall end-end dela y and the energy consumption using transmission power. The novelty of this work deals with both low and hi gh transmission power control methodologies. So many power control schemes are dealt in MAC layer but this work, Power control protocol was done in network layer and it plays a vital role. A MAC approach to power control only does a local optimization wherea s network layer is capable of global optimization. Si mulation was done in NS-2 simulator with the performance metrics as improved throughput, energy consumption and end-end delay. The key concept is to improve the throughput, saves energy by sending all the packets with optimal transmission power accord ing to the network load. A comparison of few protocols with Load Power Control Protocol (LPCP) was implemented and got the better performances using NS-2 simulator.

Multi-objective Power Control Algorithm for Femtocell Networks

Future wireless networks are designed to cope with drastically increasing user demands. However, network resources reach the limits of their capacity to user requirements. Recently, femtocell has appeared as an effective solution to achieve larger coverage for indoor users while improving the cellular network capacity. In femtocell networks, the most important issue is to design an efficient and fair power control protocol, which can significantly influences the network performance. In this paper, a new multi-objective power control algorithm is developed based on the no-regret learning technique and intervention game model. The proposed control paradigm can provide the ability to practically respond to current system conditions and suitable for real network operations. Under a dynamically changing network environment, the proposed approach appropriately controls the power level to balance network performance between efficiency and fairness.

Link-State-Estimation-Based Transmission Power Control in Wireless Body Area Networks

This paper presents a novel transmission power control protocol to extend the lifetime of sensor nodes and to increase the link reliability in wireless body area networks (WBANs). We first experimentally investigate the properties of the link states using the received signal strength indicator (RSSI). We then propose a practical transmission power control protocol based on both short- and long-term link-state estimations. Both the short- and long-term link-state estimations enable the transceiver to adapt the transmission power level and target the RSSI threshold range, respectively, to simultaneously satisfy the requirements of energy efficiency and link reliability. Finally, the performance of the proposed protocol is experimentally evaluated in two experimental scenarios-body posture change and dynamic body motion-and compared with the typical WBAN transmission power control protocols, a real-time reactive scheme, and a dynamic postural position inference mechanism. From the experimental results, it is found that the proposed protocol increases the lifetime of the sensor nodes by a maximum of 9.86% and enhances the link reliability by reducing the packet loss by a maximum of 3.02%.

Power Optimistic With Throughput Improved Adaptive CSMA MAC Protocol Design for Wireless Ad Hoc Network

Power conservation and throughput management is a major issue in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In the design of wireless ad hoc networks, various techniques are applied to efficiently allocate the scarce resources available for the communication links and the power control and throughput management is not related to any particular layer in the layered design communication protocol design. But most of the power control and throughput management mechanisms are working in MAC layer. An adaptive CSMA medium access control (MAC) protocol is proposed to consider a spatial network model in which nodes are randomly distributed in space, and address the problem of interference, power control, and throughput improvement through CSMA MAC layer design. Power control and throughput improvement is a critical issue to implement Mobile Ad Hoc networks. The proposed method present a novel power control protocol, and improve the aggregate throughput of the network for its possible application in Mobile Ad Hoc networks. Keyword - Ad hoc networks, Poisson point process, MAC protocols, outage probability.

Lifetime maximization routing with network coding in wireless multihop networks

In this paper, we consider the lifetime maximization routing with network coding in wireless multihop networks. We first show that lifetime maximization with network coding is different from pure routing, throughput maximization with network coding and energy minimization with network coding. Then we formulate lifetime maximization problems in three different cases of (i) no network coding, (ii) two-way network coding, and (iii) overhearing network coding. To solve these problems, we use flow augmenting routing (FA) for the first case, and then extend the FA with network coding (FANC) by using energy minimized one-hop network coding. After that, we investigate the influence of parameters of FANC, evaluate the performance of FANC with two-way and overhearing network coding schemes and compare it with that without network coding under two different power control models, namely, protocol and physical ones. The results show that the lifetime can be improved significantly by using network coding, and the performance gain of network coding decreases with the increase of flow asymmetry and the power control ability.

Adjustment Mechanism of Node Transmission Power

As to the power control protocol, in the CPC protocol each node uses the maximum transmit power choosed by all network nodes; the communication consumption of IPC protocol is smaller, but each node is using its own definition of transmission power, two-way link between nodes in the network can not be guaranteed. The sent power control based on data transmission can resolve the defaults of CPC and IPC.

Power Layer Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network (PLRP)

Preserving energy of sensor node in wireless sensor network is an effort to prolong the lifetime of network. Energy of sensor node is very crucial because battery powered and irreplaceable. Energy conservation of sensor node is an effort to reduce energy consumption in order to preserve resource for network lifetime. It can be achieved through efficient energy usage by reducing consumption of energy or decrease energy usage while achieving a similar outcome. In this paper, the authors propose power layer energy efficient routing protocol in wireless sensor network, named PLRP, which use power control and multi-hop routing protocol to control overhead of sensor node and create clustering to distribute energy dissipation and increase energy efficiency of all sensor node. The main idea of PLRP is the use of power control, which divide sensor node into group by base station uses layer of energy and maximize the computation energy in base station to reduce computational energy in sensor node for conservation of network lifetime. The performance of PLRP compared to BCDCP and BIDRP based of hierarchical routing protocol. The simulation results show that PLRP achieve 25% and 30% of improvement on network lifetime.

RSSI/LQI-Based Transmission Power Control for Body Area Networks in Healthcare Environment

This paper presents a novel transmission power control protocol for body area networks. Conventional transmission power control protocols adjust the transmission power on the basis of the received signal strength indication (RSSI). However, in case of the presence of interference, the RSSI is not a correct indicator to determine the link state. We first present the empirical evidence for this and then propose a practical protocol to discriminate between the signal attenuation and interference using the RSSI and link quality indication (LQI). This protocol controls the transmission power and avoids interference based on the link state. Finally, we discuss the implementation of the proposed protocol on Tmote Sky and evaluate the performance in the presence and absence of interference. The experimental results showed that the proposed protocol has high energy-efficiency and reliability, even in the presence of interference.

Distributed power control over multiple channels for ad hoc wireless networks

In this paper, we investigate the deficiency of uncontrolled asymmetrical transmission power over multiple channels in ad hoc environments. We further propose a novel distributed transmission power control protocol called the distributed power level DPL protocol for multi-channel ad hoc networks without requiring clock synchronization. Specifically, different transmission power levels are assigned to different channels, and nodes search for an idle channel on the basis of the received power so that the maximum allowable power of the preferred data channel is larger than or equal to the received power. If the most preferred channel of the least maximum power is busy, the nodes are able to select the next channel and so forth. As a result, interference is reduced over channels because the nodes that require higher transmission power are separated from interfering with the nodes that require lower transmission power. Two transmission power control modes are introduced for DPL: symmetrical and asymmetrical. For the symmetrical DPL protocol mode, nodes transmit at the same power level assigned to the selected channel. On the other hand, for the asymmetrical DPL protocol, nodes are allowed to transmit at a lower or equal power level that is assigned to the selected channel. Extensive ns-2-based simulation results are presented to demonstrate that the proposed protocols can enhance the network throughput compared with the existing uncontrolled asymmetrical transmission power protocol. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Persistent Net-AMI for Microgrid Infrastructure Using Cognitive Radio on Cloud Data Centers

We address the potential for a truly universal set of integrated wireless communication services, energy management, and control services for a next-generation of National Institute of Standards and Technology microgrid standards. Our approach uses cloud computing data center as the central communication and optimization infrastructure supporting a cognitive radio network of AMI meters which we label netbook advance metering infrastructure (Net-AMI). The Net-AMI is a novel low cost infrastructure of AMI meters that operate akin to netbooks with wireless transceiver that access to cloud data center energy services, cognitive radio services, and wireless communication services. Access occurs via cognitive radios channels. We claim that this solution solves the important problem in smart grid systems of how to develop an extensible, persistent, smart grid information network with a lifespan equivalent to that of most power systems (20-30 years). By persistence, we imply always operable, entirely software upgradeable, and independent of cellular networks. Our system is extensible and can easily handle thousands of variations in power systems, communication protocols, control, and energy optimization protocols. We formulate necessary link analysis and optimum scheduling of downlink and uplink Net-AMI packets in a multiuser cognitive radio environment.

Design for Power Control in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Analysised and researched for the power control problem in Ad Hoc network, and Proposed an improved power control protocol based on 802.11MAC layer of CSMA /CA mechanism . The algorithm increased the transmission power value and the received power threshold in the RTS/CTS control packets, the node and its adjacent node can determined the data packet transmission power and received power accorded it, Thus effectively reduced the nodes between the hidden terminal and exposed terminal interference, and can reduced the power consumption of wireless nodes. It is compared with the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol by simulation. The results show that the power control protocol can improve the system end to end throughput performance, and minimize the power consumption of wireless nodes, so as to saved the network power consumption .

Interactive Admission and Power Control Protocol for Cooperative Spectrum Underlay in Distributed Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper, we present a distributed and interactive admission and power control protocol for spectrum underlay environments. The protocol enables distributed primary users (PUs) to estimate and adjust the level of tolerable interference as their transmitting powers evolve to a given signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) target. The protocol also guides the powers of distributed secondary users (SUs) to achieve their own targets while restricting the transmitting powers from SUs so as not to interfere with the PUs. This restriction of interference from SUs to PUs is an essential part of cognitive radio networks (CRNs) and is facilitated by sending a warning tone from PUs to SUs in the proposed protocol. The SUs that have frequently received the warning tones turn off their transmitters and so autonomously drop from the system. This paper proves that, under the proposed interactive protocol, every PU finally achieves its target if it is originally feasible without SUs and the transmit powers of remaining SUs converge to a fixed point. The proposed method protects PUs perfectly in the sense that all the PUs reach their targets after power control. Numerical investigation shows how safely PUs are protected and how well SUs are admitted as a function of protocol parameters, the frequency of warning tones, the number of SUs to be admitted and the number of active PUs.

Balancing broadcast reliability and transmission range in VANETs

A novel transmit power control protocol for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) called Efficient Transmit Power Control (ETPC) is proposed in this poster. It aims to improve the reliability of safety-critical broadcasts while also maximizing the transmission range. On one hand, large transmission ranges are often desirable to ensure that safety-critical messages reach as many vehicles as possible. On the other hand, they also lead to increased channel contention and packet collisions, especially in dense networks. As a consequence, this work proposes an adaptive transmit power control approach that balances these two conflicting goals. The approach incurs minimum additional overhead (since it is primarily based on simple overhearing) and works well in both highway and urban traffic scenarios.

Safety Message Power Transmission Control for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

Problem statement: Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) is one of the most challenging research area in the field of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Approach: In this research we proposed a dynamic power adjustment protocol that will be used for sending the periodical safety message. (Beacon) based on the analysis of the channel status depending on the channel congestion and the power used for transmission. Results: The Beacon Power Control (BPC) protocol first sensed and examined the percentage of the channel congestion, the result obtained was used to adjust the transmission power for the safety message to reach the optimal power. Conclusion/Recommendations: This will lead to decrease the congestion in the channel and achieve good channel performance and beacon dissemination.

Cross-layer distributed joint power control and scheduling for delay-constrained applications over CDMA-based wireless ad-hoc networks

In this paper, we propose a cross-layer distributed power control and scheduling protocol for delay-constrained applications over mobile CDMA-based ad hoc wireless networks. Herein, we propose a novel scheme where power control is employed to combat delay occurring on multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks via cross-layer information exchange. Based on that, a distributed power control and scheduling protocol is proposed to control the incurred delay as well as the multiple access interference (MAI). Unlike other previous work on power control and scheduling, we also investigate the impact of Doppler spread upon the system performance, and provide a robust system which employs a combination of power control, and coding/interleaving to combat the effects of Doppler spread by exploiting the time diversity when the Doppler spread gets large. Hence, our proposed approach can function appropriately over a wide range of channel conditions.

An adaptive power controlled MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

Transmission power control (TPC) has been extensively used not only to save energy, but also to improve the network throughput in wireless ad hoc networks. Among the existing throughput-oriented TPC protocols, many can achieve significant throughput improvement but have to use multiple channels and/or multiple transceivers, and others just require a single channel and a single transceiver but can only have limited throughput enhancement. In this paper, we propose a new adaptive transmission power control protocol, ATPMAC, which can improve the network throughput significantly using a single channel and a single transceiver. Specifically, by controlling the transmission power, ATPMAC can enable several concurrent transmissions without interfering with each other. Moreover, ATPMAC does not introduce any additional signalling overhead. We show by simulations that ATPMAC can improve the network throughput by up to 136% compared to IEEE 802.11 in a random topology.

Power Control for Distributed MAC Protocols in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

In centralized wireless networks, reducing the transmission power normally leads to higher network transport throughput. In this paper, we investigate power control in a different scenario, where the network adopts distributed MAC layer coordination mechanisms. We first consider widely adopted RTS/CTS based MAC protocols. We show that an optimal power control protocol should use higher transmission power than the just enough power in order to improve spatial utilization. The optimal protocol has a minimal transmission floor area of Theta(dijdmax), where dmax is the maximal transmission range and dij is the link length. This surprisingly implies that if a long link is broken into several short links, then the sum of the transmission floors reserved by the short links is still comparable to that reserved by the long link. Thus, using short links does not necessarily lead to higher throughput. Another consequence of this is that, with the optimal RTS/CTS based MAC, rate control can at best provide a factor of 2 improvement in transport throughput. We then extend our results to other distributed MAC protocols which uses physical carrier sensing or busy-tone as the control signal. Our simulation results show that the optimal power controlled scheme outperforms other popular MAC layer power control protocols.

Survey on joint power control and multi-rate MAC protocols

This article carried out a survey of the power control technique for energy-saving and the multi-rate feature in MANETs, with particular emphasis on typical Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols with combined techniques of power-control and multi-rate capabilities. Their characteristics, performance and deficiency were compared adequately in terms of optimization goal selection, process method and information exchange. The difficulties in designing MAC protocols taking account of both power-control and multi-rate capabilities including the status of wireless nodes is hard to be fully explored by other nodes and the control metrics cannot accurately achieve the optimization goal. Finally, future trends were predicted.