Power Battery Recycling Research Articles

Power Battery Recycling Model of Closed-Loop Supply Chains Considering Different Power Structures Under Government Subsidies

With the rapid growth of the electric vehicle industry, the recycling of power batteries has attracted significant attention. In light of current circumstances, the question of how the government can incentivize relevant stakeholders to actively engage in recycling and improve its efficiency has become increasingly pressing. In this context, this study analyses and develops four closed-loop supply chain recycling models to investigate how different government subsidy recipients under varying power structures influence recycling efficiency, profitability, and the overall supply chain structures. The following conclusions are derived from numerical simulations: (1) Government subsidies serve to elevate recycling prices, expand profit margins, and consequently boost the volume of recycled batteries, thus incentivizing corporate engagement in recycling initiatives. (2) When the processor assumes the role of the leader in the Stackelberg game framework, it can maximize the overall efficiency and profitability of the supply chain. (3) The sensitivity coefficient and the competition coefficient are closely interrelated, exerting opposing impacts on the recycling decision made by enterprises. (4) The supply chain leader plays a crucial role in ensuring orderly supply chain development, with government subsidies of the supply chain being transmitted to its members through the leader. Consequently, this study offers a theoretical foundation for the government to enhance policy-making and for enterprises to make informed decisions. It also holds significant practical relevance in addressing the challenges associated with power battery recycling.

Optimization of Waste Power Battery Recycling Process from the Perspective of Supply Chain

With the rapid popularization of electric vehicles, the recycling of used power batteries has become an increasingly prominent issue. Recycling of used power batteries not only involves environmental protection, but also relates to the efficient utilization of resources. The current recycling system faces problems such as low recycling efficiency, high cost and resource waste. From the perspective of supply chain management, this paper analyzes the current situation and problems in the recycling process of used power batteries, and puts forward a series of optimization strategies, including recycling network optimization, logistics management improvement and inventory control strategies. This paper aims to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the optimization of waste power battery recycling supply chain, and promote the sustainable development of recycling industry.

Multiple benefits of new-energy vehicle power battery recycling strategies based on the theory of planned behavior and stimulus organism response

With the yearly increasing market penetration of new-energy vehicles in China, the retirement of power batteries has gradually become a scale, and most of the waste batteries have entered informal recycling channels, which has induced a series of environmental problems. Considering this issue, we introduced the system dynamics (SD), stimulus organism response (SOR), and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in behavioral economics to establish the environmental economic benefit evaluation model of power battery recycling strategies, and we performed a dynamic simulation analysis on the effect of government subsidy policy, policy advocacy, and other recycling strategies. The results show that: (1) the recovery subsidy policy can improve the formal recycling quantity and economic benefits of recovery, but the effect on the degree of environmental pollution is limited. (2) The combination of environmental awareness promotion strategy and subsidy policy can overcome the shortcomings of subsidy policy and has significant environmental and economic performance. (3) Compared with the benchmark scenario, the formal recycling quantity, the CO2 emission reduction, and the economic benefits of recovery in scenario 4 (high subsidy-high policy propaganda strategy) increased by approximately 112 %, 208 %, and 223 %, respectively, and the degree of environmental pollution decreased by approximately 65 %.

Nontarget Analysis of Legacy and Emerging PFAS in a Lithium-Ion Power Battery Recycling Park and Their Possible Toxicity Measured Using High-Throughput Phenotype Screening.

Driven by the global popularity of electric vehicles and the shortage of critical raw materials for batteries, the spent lithium-ion power battery (LIPB) recycling industry has exhibited explosive growth in both quantity and scale. However, relatively little information is known about the environmental risks posed by LIPB recycling, in particular with regards to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). In this work, suspect screening and nontarget analysis were carried out to characterize PFAS in soil, dust, water and sediment from a LIPB recycling area. Twenty-five PFAS from nine classes were identified at confidence level 3 or above, including 13 legacy and 12 emerging PFAS, as well as two ultrashort-chain PFAS. Based on the target analysis of 16 PFAS, at least nine were detected in each environmental sample, indicating their widespread presence in a LIPB recycling area. Perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and trifluoromethanesulfonamide showed significant differences in the four phenotypic parameters (growth, movement, survival and fecundity) of Caenorhabditis elegans and were the most toxic substances in all target PFAS at an exposure concentration of 200 μM. Our project provides first-hand information on the existence and environmental risk of PFAS, facilitating the formulation of regulations and green development of the LIPB recycling industry.

Blockchain technology embedded in the power battery for echelon recycling selection under the mechanism of traceability

This paper examines the use of blockchain technology in power battery echelon recycling. The technology helps to improve battery capacity identification and market transaction trust. The study focuses on power battery manufacturers and recycling participants. Two recycling modes are constructed using the Stackelberg game method, and the optimal decision-making of the participating subjects in the two modes of power battery echelon recycling under the embedding of blockchain technology is compared. The influence of each parameter on the optimal decision-making is analyzed. The research findings indicate that the degree of blockchain technology integration rises as the preference coefficient for traceability information increases. When recycling competition is intense and the sensitivity of recycling prices is low, the optimal recycling model for the number of spent power batteries (SPBs) to be recycled is the model in which echelon utilizers do not participate in recycling if the level of cost optimization coefficient embedded in blockchain technology is high, otherwise, it is the model in which echelon utilizers participate in recycling. The profit of power battery manufacturers and echelon utilizers decreases with the increase of the intensity of power battery recycling competition, the cost optimization coefficient of echelon utilizers and the cost optimization coefficient of manufacturers.

Research on the impact of information sharing and government subsidy on competitive power battery recycling

From the perspective of promoting the compliant recycling of retired power batteries, this paper considers a power battery recycling supply chain dominated by the electric vehicle battery (EVB) manufacturer, where the formal and informal recyclers compete for recycling. Battery information sharing between the EVB manufacturer and the formal recycler is proposed firstly and based on this, government subsidy for the formal recycler is proposed then. By establishing models and comparing the equilibrium results, the recycling prices, recycling quantities and profit changes of supply chain members under different scenarios are obtained. The study shows that battery information sharing and government subsidy can promote more retired power batteries to enter formal channels and inhibit the development of informal recyclers. In addition, under the battery information sharing model, government subsidy can improve the formal recycler's profit loss due to battery information sharing. The proposal of these measures provides a development direction worthy of reference for the recycling of EVBs and is conducive to building a benign power battery full life cycle system.

Comparison of life cycle assessment of different recycling methods for decommissioned lithium iron phosphate batteries

The rapid development of China’s new energy industry has dramatically increased the sales of electric vehicles. Frequent charging and discharging will lead to a decline in the service life of the battery, and consequently a large number of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries are discarded. Batteries contain a large number of toxic substances, and the wrong recycling method will produce a large amount of pollution. In China, the question of how to improve the technology for recycling LFP batteries more environmentally friendly is still under investigation. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology was employed to analyze the environmental impacts of the whole process of recycling LFP batteries by the conventional recycling technologies used in traditional factories in China. The results of the study show that the hydrometallurgy process is superior to the physical recycling process though environmental benefits of the physical recovery process with complete recovery are better than those of hydrometallurgical process with incomplete recovery. Incomplete hydrometallurgical methods release more toxic substances into the environment, whereas traditional physical process only need to focus on the pollution caused by the battery crushing process. The results of the calculation and analysis provide a new direction for the technological update of power battery recycling in China.

How can the recycling of power batteries for EVs be promoted in China? A multiparty cooperative game analysis

While electric vehicles (EVs) are developing at a high speed in China, the power battery market is facing a decommissioning peak. The problem is that the recycling situation of domestic power batteries is not ideal, partly due to neglect by consumers. By considering the recycling system, mode, and policy of China’s EV power batteries, we construct a tripartite evolutionary game model of the government, consumers and EV manufacturers; analyse the stable strategy adjustment mechanisms of tripartite participation in this recycling cooperation game; and simulate the tripartite evolutionary game. The results show that when the initial willingness of the government, consumers and EV manufacturers to recycle power batteries is not strong, the government takes the lead, driving EV manufacturers and consumers to participate in power battery recycling. When the government, consumers and EV manufacturers have medium or high levels of initial willingness, the government evolves and chooses a nonregulation strategy. In addition, by simulating the impact of changes in consumer-related influencing factors on this tripartite evolutionary game, we find that subsidies for recycling power batteries are a key factor affecting consumers’ strategy choices and that boosting recycling compensation for consumers can improve their enthusiasm to participate in such recycling. Therefore, to improve the recycling of power batteries for EVs, in terms of both efficiency and percentage of deployment, the Chinese government should strengthen public education on power battery recycling, further integrate informal recycling channels, and balance the distribution of profits among consumers for recycling compensation.

Analysis of Factors Influencing EV Power Battery Recycling Channel Selection: A Study Based on TPB and Multi Class Logistic Regression

New energy electric vehicle (EV) have become the mainstream worldwide, and the power battery recycling industry is facing new opportunities and challenges. This article compares and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of existing power battery recycling channels. Through a questionnaire survey, a multi class logistic regression model is used to study the impact and correlation of users' gender, age, occupational category, and education level on their choice of recycling channels. The results indicate that there is a positive correlation between education level and understanding of power battery channels. The higher the education level, the more concerned the group is about environmental protection compared to convenience. Finally, based on the TPB, the impact of seven factors on users' choice of recycling channels and corresponding measures were summarized to help the enterprises understand users' inner thoughts, facilitate the establishment of a more comprehensive recycling mechanism, and improve the revenue of power battery recycling.

Self-confidence Fermatean fuzzy trust network-driven consensus fusion framework: A new energy vehicle power battery recycling service outlet selection

The selection of new energy vehicle power battery (NEVPB) recycling service outlet will promote the rapid development of new energy vehicle industry. In order to cope the green and low-carbon development path of NEVPB recycling under information uncertainty and interaction. This paper intends to construct a multidimensional consensus fusion framework of self-confidence Fermatean fuzzy trust network. Firstly, individuals express their opinions based on Fermatean fuzzy sets with self-confidence (FFS-SC). Subsequently, a novel trust propagation and aggregation is built to obtain complete trust relations, and weights of individuals are determined by trust network, self-confidence, and relative deviation. Meanwhile, the trust network- driven consensus feedback mechanism is developed to collect evaluation information. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient to eliminate the homogeneity influence of indicators. In addition, the decision results are derived by Multi-Attributive Border Approximation area Comparison (MABAC) method. Finally, an applied case with five NEVPB recycling service outlets selection is presented to verify the feasibility of the established framework, and the effectiveness is further demonstrated through sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis. The case results show that the indicator with demonstration of recycling service outlet and market supervision departments strengthen supervision indicators have great impact on NEVPB recycling service outlets selection. Furthermore, this paper has reference significance for standardizing the management policy and technology of power battery recycling and realizing the green and low-carbon environmental protection of the whole life cycle of new energy vehicles.

Modeling the Decision and Coordination Mechanism of Power Battery Closed-Loop Supply Chain Using Markov Decision Processes

With the rapid growth of the new energy vehicle market, efficient management of the closed-loop supply chain of power batteries has become an important issue. Effective closed-loop supply chain management is very critical, which is related to the efficient utilization of resources, environmental responsibility, and the realization of economic benefits. In this paper, the Markov Decision Process (MDP) is used to model the decision-making and coordination mechanism of the closed-loop supply chain of power batteries in order to cope with the challenges in the management process, such as cost, quality, and technological progress. By constructing the MDP model for different supply chain participants, this paper investigates the optimization strategy of the supply chain and applies two solution methods: dynamic programming and reinforcement learning. The case study results show that the model can effectively identify optimized supply chain decisions, improve the overall efficiency of the supply chain, and coordinate the interests among parties. The contribution of this study is to provide a new modeling framework for power battery recycling and to demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of the method with empirical data. This study demonstrates that the Markov decision-making process can be a powerful tool for closed-loop supply chain management, promotes a deeper understanding of the complex decision-making environment of the supply chain, and provides a new solution path for decision-making and coordination in the supply chain.

Study on Recycling Decisions of Recycling Dismantlers of Used Power Batteries Under the Influence of Recycling Efforts

In this study, a closed-loop supply chain consisting of a waste power battery recycler and a power battery manufacturer will be constructed on this basis. The function models under different decision-making modes are constructed with profit maximization as the objective function, and the simulation analysis discusses how the power battery manufacturer should set the purchase price of the raw materials obtained from the dismantling and processing of the waste power battery recycling dismantler, as well as how the waste power battery recycling dismantler should make decisions on the extent of its own efforts under the scenario where the waste power battery recycling dismantler is recycling only its efforts.

Multi‐agent behavioral strategy game and synergy evolution path of the retired power battery recycling system

AbstractIn the era of transitioning to a low‐carbon economy, China's electric vehicle market is experiencing exponential growth, a trend that is mirrored by the burgeoning market for the recycling of used power batteries. This rapid expansion underscores the urgency of enhancing the power battery recycling system. However, the lack of sufficient engagement from consumers and recyclers in the recycling system currently impedes the formation of a cohesive recycling effort. To tackle this issue, we introduce a tripartite evolutionary game model involving the government, battery recyclers, and consumers. By analyzing the evolutionary stability strategies (ESSs) and their stability conditions, we delineate the synergetic development paths of them. Numerical examples illustrate the model's effectiveness and explore how government incentive policies can affect the strategic decisions of other participants. Our findings suggest that establishing incentive policies by the government in the early stage of the power battery industry is crucial for fostering a synergetic recycling system that is led by the government, involved by the community, and driven by the market.

High-power ultrasound facilitation of the generality for LiFePO4 regeneration

Renowned for its remarkable electrochemical performance, temperature stability, safety attributes, and long-lasting durability, the LiFePO4 battery has gained prominence in diverse applications, particularly within the electric vehicle sector. Despite not holding the top market position, approximately 69 % of global batteries comprise LiFePO4, raising concerns about a potential increase in discarded batteries. Present research predominantly concentrates on extracting valuable materials such as Co, Li, Ni, and Mn, frequently sidelining spent LiFePO4 batteries due to their perceived limited recoverable content compared to NMC and LCO batteries. However, LiFePO4 batteries removed from electric vehicles retain approximately 80 % of their initial capacity, with the cathode material sustaining a robust crystal structure. Here, direct recycling techniques employing a green reducing agent like ascorbic acid have shown promise in rectifying lithium vacancies and anti-sites in spent LiFePO4 through high power ultrasonic reactions. This work delves into exploring the influence of different lithium sources and Li + concentrations on the structure and electrochemical performance of regenerated LiFePO4. The direct regeneration of LiFePO4 showcases a favorable crystal structure that maintains stable phase transitions during charge and discharge processes. RLFP-0.2 M exhibits discharge specific capacity of 154.71 mAh∙g−1. It indicates RLFP-0.2 M maintains a discharge specific capacity of 132.89 mAh∙g−1 after 200 cycles at 1C current, retaining a remarkable capacity retention rate of 93.56 %. This study demonstrates that high-power ultrasonication is a universally applicable, low-energy, highly efficient, operationally simple, and environmentally friendly method for direct recycling of spent LiFePO4 batteries. Our research not only investigates the influence of various lithium sources and Li + concentration but also optimizes the recycling process for spent LiFePO4 batteries. Additionally, it provides an experimental foundation and reference for the recycling of other power batteries, contributing to achieving green direct recycling of various power batteries.

Economic and environmental evaluation of different collection models for spent power batteries

The efficient collection of spent batteries is important for the recycling of power batteries and the sustainable advancement of electric vehicles (EVs). This study introduces and evaluates 14 power battery collection models, encompassing single-channel, dual-channel, and triple-channel scenarios, which encapsulate the dynamics of competition, cooperation, and co-opetition among key stakeholders. Employing Stackelberg game theory and simulation analysis, this study assesses the economic and environmental benefits of these models, with particular attention to the impact of consumer environmental awareness and competition intensity. Findings indicate that the collaborative collection model involving battery manufacturers, EV companies, and third-party recyclers (Model MVTP) delivers superior economic outcomes, with benefits ranging from 20.3 to 20.31 billion RMB. Meanwhile, the competitive three-party collection model (Model M-V-TP) stands out for its environmental benefits, achieving collection rates between 14.95 % and 25.65 %. Intriguingly, while competition intensity does not influence the outcomes of single-channel models, it diminishes both economic and environmental benefits in dual- and triple-channel scenarios. Moreover, enhanced consumer environmental awareness consistently elevates the economic benefits of all models, though its effect on environmental benefits varies—enhancing collection rates in single- and dual-channel models but detrimentally impacting the triple-channel model.

Which policy can effectively promote the formal recycling of power batteries in China?

China's power battery recycling (PBR) market is embryonic, facing a 'Gresham's Law’. A critical concern for the government is ascertaining policies that can effectively enhance formal PBR and boost the competitiveness of authorized channels. Our study develops an evolutionary game model incorporating the government, recyclers, and consumers, investigating the impact of subsidies for formal recyclers, consumer subsidies, and deposit refund policies on the formal recycling process. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) The evolutionary strategy for the PBR game system is (non-regulation, formal recycling, green behavior) when recyclers acquire substantial reputation gains from formal recycling, and a non-regulation approach outstrips the government's benefits from regulation. (2) Subsidies for recyclers are more effective in fostering formal recycling of power batteries than consumer subsidies. When the government subsidy to formal recyclers increases from 0 yuan/kWh to 40 yuan/kWh, The evolutionary stable state transitions from (regulation, informal recycling, non-green behavior) to (non-regulation, formal recycling, green behavior). The incentive impact of consumer subsidies is relatively negligible. (3) The deposit refund policy significantly advances formal PBR, with both the increase in deposit amounts and refund ratios capable of reversing the low rates of formal recycling.

Research on Optimization of Power Battery Recycling Logistics Network

With the popularity and development of electric vehicles, the demand for power batteries has increased significantly. Power battery recycling requires a complex and efficient logistics network to ensure that used batteries can be safely and cost-effectively transported to recycling centers and properly processed. This paper constructs a dual-objective mathematical model that minimizes the number of recycling centers and minimizes the logistics cost from the service center to the recycling center, and designs the power battery disassembly and recycling process and the recycling logistics network, and finally uses a genetic algorithm to solve it. Finally, this article takes STZF Company as an example to verify the effectiveness of this method. The verification results show that the logistics intensity of the optimized power battery recycling logistics network has been reduced by 36.2%. The method proposed in this article can provide certain reference for power battery recycling logistics network planning.

The recycling and utilization of new energy batteries

As the main energy storage component of new energy vehicles, the retirement tide of power batteries is coming. The large-scale retirement of power batteries has brought huge benefits to the treatment of power batteries challenge. From the aspects of environment, resources and economy, the significance of power battery recycling is expounded, and the current status of power battery recycling is analyzed. It is aimed at strengthening new energy vehicles power battery recycling, from the aspects of improving laws and regulations, improving the recycling system and improving recycling technology, put forward countermeasures and suggestions. At present, the main technologies are mechanical separation technology, pyrolysis technology and wet extraction technology. Mechanical separation technology mainly uses vibration separation, eddy current separation and electrostatic separation methods to separate different substances in the battery. Pyrolysis technology refers to the heating of waste to a certain temperature in an oxygen-free or low-oxygen environment to decompose organic matter, gas, liquid and solid products. The pyrolysis technology method mainly recovers heavy metals such as nickel and zinc, and the recovery efficiency is high. However, air participation in the operation is easy to cause secondary pollution. Wet extraction technology mainly extracts valuable materials and valuable heavy metals through sorting and sorting, shelling, dissolving in acid and alkali solutions, extraction and ion exchange methods. This technology has a wide range of applications, high recycling rate and little impact on the environment, and is currently one of the mainstream technologies in the field of new energy vehicle battery recycling. However, the process is complex and lengthy, and the recovery of electrolyte and leaching residue is easy to cause secondary pollution, and the recovery cost is high.

Evolutionary Game Analysis of Low-Carbon Incentive Behaviour of Power Battery Recycling Based on Prospect Theory

Power batteries, the core component of the rapidly evolving electric vehicle industry, have increasingly become a focal point of attention. Recycling power batteries can mitigate environmental pollution and utilize resources efficiently, which is crucial for fostering a low-carbon economy and achieving sustainable development. Utilizing prospect theory, this study proposes a tripartite game model for low-carbon innovation in power battery recycling, involving government agencies, power battery manufacturers, and recycling enterprises. This paper initially identifies the evolutionary stability strategy, subsequently simulates the evolutionary process through parameter assignment, and explores parameter sensitivity along with comparative effects. This study indicates the following: (i) Government incentives are pivotal in motivating manufacturers and recyclers towards low-carbon innovation. (ii) Reducing technology costs and enhancing spillovers significantly boost low-carbon innovation’s appeal. (iii) Moderate carbon taxes can encourage businesses to engage in low-carbon innovation, while excessively high taxes may increase operating costs and hinder investment in innovation. Lastly, policy recommendations are made in order to support environmental preservation and the industry’s sustainable growth in the power battery recycling sector.

A facile route for the efficient leaching, recovery, and regeneration of lithium and iron from waste lithium iron phosphate cathode materials

The recycling of lithium iron phosphate power batteries that have exploded in retirement is urgent, but the focus and difficulty of the recycling is the effective recovery of lithium and iron elements in the cathode active material. In this study, the cathode sheets and other components of the lithium-ion batteries were obtained by pretreatment, and the cathode active material and the Al foil of the collector were recovered by stirring with dilute alkali solution (optimized conditions of alkali solution concentration 0.075 mol L-1, liquid–solid ratio 20 mL g−1, and stirring time 40 min). The H2SO4-H2O2 system was used to leach used lithium iron phosphate cathode powder, the leaching process conditions were optimized and the leaching mechanism was revealed. The leaching rates of Li and Fe elements reached 98.79 % and 94.97 %, respectively, at a H2SO4 concentration of 2.5 mol L-1, a H2O2 dosage of 6 mL, a liquid–solid ratio of 25 mL g−1, a leaching temperature of 60 °C and a leaching time of 60 min. The pH value was precisely adjusted in the chemical precipitation method to recover lithium and iron elements from cathode active material. The recovered products FePO4 and Li2CO3 were used as the precursors for the regeneration of LiFePO4 cathode material. The electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/C materials regenerated at 700 °C from the raw material with a lithium to iron molar ratio of 1.03:1 was relatively good, with a first discharge specific capacity of 160.1 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C, and a charge/discharge efficiency of 96.70 % for the first cycle. The good electrochemical performance was still maintained at a higher rate, with a capacity retention of 99.7 % after 100 cycles at 1 C.