Power Allocation For Non-orthogonal Multiple Access Research Articles

Control Efficient Power Allocation of Uplink NOMA in UAV-Aided Vehicular Platooning

Power allocation in non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems is essential to avoid multi-user detection failure. However, controlling the uplink transmission power brings extra signaling overhead, especially in dynamic environments. In this paper, we investigate the uplink transmission power allocation problem in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-aided platooning NOMA system, where the UAV acts as a relay to assist inter-vehicle communications. Platoon vehicles are admitted to the same vehicle-to-UAV (V2U) channel via our proposed sequence-based power allocation (SPA) strategy. Instead of achieving the optimal energy efficiency, our goal is to design a simple yet effective power control scheme. Specially, in SPA strategy, vehicles determine their transmission power according to their positions in the platoon. Considering platoon dynamics due to vehicle mobility, a power-reserved mechanism is further incorporated in the proposed strategy to pre-allocate power resources for newly joined vehicles. In addition, a power-moving mechanism is further employed to guarantee the uplink signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of vehicles by changing vehicle transmission power into higher levels during vehicle leaving a platoon. As the system only needs to update vehicle positions for the SPA strategy, only a small amount of signaling is required in our power allocation strategy. Extensive simulation results are provided to demonstrate that the proposed SPA strategy ensures the required SINR of platoon communication in different dynamic scenarios.

Optimal Power Allocation in Downlink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)

Fifth generation of wireless cellular networks promise to enable better services anytime and anywhere. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) stands as a suitable multiple accessing scheme due to the ability to allow multiple users to share the same radio resource simultaneously via different domains (power, code, etc.). Through the introduced power domain, users multiplexed at the radio resource within different power levels. This paper studies power allocation in downlink NOMA, an optimization problem formulated that aims to maximize the system's sum rate. To solve the problem, a genetic algorithm based power allocation (GAPA) was proposed that uses genetic algorithm (GA) that employs heuristics to search for suitable solutions. The performance of the proposed power allocation algorithm compared with full search power allocation (FSPA) that gives an optimal performance. Results show that GAPA reaches a performance near to FSPA with lower complexity. In addition, GAPA simulated with various user paring algorithms. Channel state sorting based user pairing with GAPA achieves the best performance comparing to random user pairing algorithm and exhaustive user pairing.

Spectral Efficiency Optimization for Next Generation NOMA-Enabled IoT Networks

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a rapidly emerging paradigm with the capability to improve the spectral efficiency of data-driven, intelligence inspired, and highly digitized sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. In the backdrop of ever-evolving NOMA techniques, this article presents a novel resource optimization framework for maximizing the spectral efficiency (SE) of the Internet-of-things (IoT) networks using power domain NOMA. The proposed framework considers a limited number of frequency blocks in the IoT network and provides an optimal power and frequency block allocation method. Different practical constraints like successive interference cancellation (SIC) complexity, ensuring the minimum gap of received power among different IoT equipment over the same frequency block for successful SIC operation, quality of services requirements, and IoT equipment's transmit powers have also been taken into account. Accordingly, a non-convex optimization problem has been formulated for resource management where the objective of spectral efficiency is coupled by both frequency block and power allocation. To effectively solve this problem, the resource optimization problem is decoupled into two subproblems for frequency block assignment and power allocation. A suboptimal algorithm has been designed for frequency block assignment and a new optimal sequential quadratic programming (SQP) approach is employed to solve the non-convex power control subproblem. For the sake of fair comparison, a low complexity suboptimal NOMA power allocation scheme, based on Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions, and conventional orthogonal multiple access (OMA) scheme are also provided. The results demonstrate that the proposed optimal resource management scheme significantly improves the system performance compared to other schemes.

Resource Allocation in Intelligent Reflecting Surface Assisted NOMA Systems

This article investigates the downlink communications of intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) assisted non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems. To maximize the system throughput, we formulate a joint optimization problem over the channel assignment, decoding order of NOMA users, power allocation, and reflection coefficients. The formulated problem is proved to be NP-hard. To tackle this problem, a three-step novel resource allocation algorithm is proposed. Firstly, the channel assignment problem is solved by a many-to-one matching algorithm. Secondly, by considering the IRS reflection coefficients design, a low-complexity decoding order optimization algorithm is proposed. Thirdly, given a channel assignment and decoding order, a joint optimization algorithm is proposed for solving the joint power allocation and reflection coefficient design problem. Numerical results illustrate that: i) with the aid of IRS, the proposed IRS-NOMA system outperforms the conventional NOMA system without the IRS in terms of system throughput; ii) the proposed IRS-NOMA system achieves higher system throughput than the IRS assisted orthogonal multiple access (IRS-OMA) systems; iii) simulation results show that the performance gains of the IRS-NOMA and the IRS-OMA systems can be enhanced via carefully choosing the location of the IRS.

Performance analysis of a cooperative D2D communication network with NOMA

The cooperative device-to-device (D2D) network employing non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is expected to play an important role in the next-generation wireless networks. In this work, the authors derive outage probability expressions of a cooperative NOMA D2D network which employs decode-and-forward relaying. A wireless link experiencing Nakagami-m fading is considered which is further assisted in the communication network by a wired link which is a powerline communication link and experiences Rayleigh fading. The outage analysis, shown for both the strong user and the weak user, is derived assuming that at the receiver there is perfect successive interference cancellation. Employing power division NOMA, optimum value for the coefficient of power allocation is obtained corresponding to the minimum probability of outage of the strong user. Furthermore, a range of the NOMA power allocation coefficient is provided for the communication link at the weak user which is between the wireless and the powerline link. Symbol error probability expressions are also derived for the strong and the weak users for the scenario when: i) both the wireless and the wired links are available for communication and ii) only the wireless link is available for communication.

UAV-Assisted Data Collection With Nonorthogonal Multiple Access

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) facilitate information collection greatly in the Internet-of-Things (IoT) systems due to their superior flexibility and mobility. On the other hand, nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is regarded as a promising technology to provide high spectral efficiency and support massive connectivity in fifth-generation networks. The integration of NOMA into UAV-assisted wireless networks shows great potential, but how to determine the user grouping and power allocation in NOMA according to the high mobility of UAV is challenging. In this article, we propose a general NOMA-enabled UAV-assisted data collection (NUDC) protocol to maximize the sum rate of a wireless sensor network (WSN), where the location of UAV, sensor grouping, and power control are jointly considered. Moreover, a joint signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) hypergraph-based grouping and power control (SHG-PC) NOMA scheme is provided to obtain the appropriate sensor grouping and the optimal power control solutions efficiently, in which the hypergraph and the greedy coloring algorithm are exploited to find out the optimized group relationships. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed protocol.

Secure Communication in Cooperative SWIPT NOMA Systems with Non-Linear Energy Harvesting and Friendly Jamming.

This paper studies the secure communication of a non-orthogonal multiple-access (NOMA) relaying system in the presence of an eavesdropper in which the NOMA communication between a source and two users is assisted by an energy-harvesting (EH) relay. The relay extracts a part of its received signal strength using a power-splitting (PS) policy then harvests energy using a non-linear EH (NLEH) circuit. A friendly jammer sends jamming signals to help secure communication. The jammer is exploited as an additional energy source. A store-and-transmit (SaT) scheme which allows the EH relay to perform energy storing and information transmitting is proposed. For performance evaluation, the closed-form expressions for three metrics, secrecy outage probability (SOP), average achievable secrecy rate (AASR) and average stored energy (ASE) are derived. These results enable studies on the effects of various system parameters, such as NOMA power-allocation factors, target secrecy rates, jammer’s location, and relay’s power levels, on the system performance.

Non-orthogonal multiple access in full-duplex-based coordinated direct and relay transmission (CDRT) system: performance analysis and optimization

This paper considers non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based coordinated direct and relay transmission (CDRT) system, where the base station (BS) directly communicates with the nearby users while it requires the help of a dedicated relay to communicate with the cell-edge users. We derive exact closed form expression for the outage probabilities experienced by the downlink users and the system outage probability of the considered CDRT network with full-duplex relaying (FDR) technique. Further, we derive approximate closed form expressions for the ergodic rates achieved by the users. The channel of all the links experience Nakagami fading distribution and the analysis takes into account the residual interference generated due to the imperfect successive interference cancelation (I-SIC) technique. We provide numerical and simulation results to identify the impact of key system parameters on the outage and ergodic rate performance of the users and the system outage performance. The outage and ergodic rate performance of users in the considered FDR-based NOMA-CDRT system has been observed to be significantly improved compared to a FDR-based OMA (orthogonal multiple access)-CDRT system. It is observed that random selection of NOMA power allocation coefficients at the BS leads to higher outage for the near users compared to the far users. We determine numerical results for the NOMA power allocation coefficient that leads to equal outage performance for both the users. Finally, we derive analytical expression for the optimal power allocation (OPA) coefficient at the BS that minimizes the system outage probability. Through extensive numerical and simulation studies, we establish that OPA can lead to significant reduction of system outage probability compared to random selection of power allocation coefficients at the BS.

Joint Subcarrier and Power Allocation in NOMA: Optimal and Approximate Algorithms

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising technology to increase the spectral efficiency and enable massive connectivity in 5G and future wireless networks. In contrast to orthogonal schemes, such as OFDMA, NOMA multiplexes several users on the same frequency and time resource. Joint subcarrier and power allocation problems (JSPA) in NOMA are NP-hard to solve in general. In this family of problems, we consider the weighted sum-rate (WSR) objective function as it can achieve various tradeoffs between sum-rate performance and user fairness. Because of JSPA's intractability, a common approach in the literature is to solve separately the power control and subcarrier allocation (also known as user selection) problems, therefore achieving sub-optimal result. In this work, we first improve the computational complexity of existing single-carrier power control and user selection schemes. These improved procedures are then used as basic building blocks to design new algorithms, namely Opt-JSPA, $\varepsilon$-JSPA and Grad-JSPA. Opt-JSPA computes an optimal solution with lower complexity than current optimal schemes in the literature. It can be used as a benchmark for optimal WSR performance in simulations. However, its pseudo-polynomial time complexity remains impractical for real-world systems with low latency requirements. To further reduce the complexity, we propose a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme called $\varepsilon$-JSPA. Since, no approximation has been studied in the literature, $\varepsilon$-JSPA stands out by allowing to control a tight trade-off between performance guarantee and complexity. Finally, Grad-JSPA is a heuristic based on gradient descent. Numerical results show that it achieves near-optimal WSR with much lower complexity than existing optimal methods.

Position Information-Based NOMA for Downlink and Uplink Transmission in Mobile Scenarios

In this article, a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system with partial channel state information (CSI) for downlink and uplink transmission in mobile scenarios is considered, i.e., users are deployed randomly and will move casually around the base station (BS). In this case, the channel gain of each user varies over time, which has an influence on the performance of conventional NOMA. An analytical framework is developed to evaluate the impact of position estimation deviation in terms of decoding order error probability, average sum rate and outage probability. Based on the framework, dynamic power allocation (DPA) for downlink NOMA and dynamic power control (DPC) for uplink NOMA are put forward to optimize the outage performance with user distance information. It has been shown that the performance of NOMA relies on accurate user position information. To this end, two algorithms based on position filtering are proposed to improve the accuracy of user position. Monte Carlo simulation is presented to demonstrate the improvement of spectrum efficiency and outage performance. Simulation results verify the accuracy of the proposed analytical framework.

Ensuring equal outage performance for down‐link secondary users in full/half duplex cognitive NOMA systems

This study considers an underlay cognitive radio (CR) system, where the secondary network employs cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) to transfer information for downlink secondary users (SUs). Here the near user is enabled to act as a full duplex/half duplex (FD/HD) decode-and-forward (DF) relay for the far user. We derive analytical expressions for the outage probabilities experienced by the SUs in the considered FD/HD – CR-NOMA network. The maximum transmit power constraint of the secondary nodes and the tolerable interference power constraints at the primary receiver are considered for the analysis. We provide numerical and simulation results to identify the impact of key system parameters on the outage performance of SUs. Further, we provide insights on the selection of key system parameters such as NOMA power allocation coefficient for ensuring that both the SUs experience equal outage performance. Finally, we derive an analytical expression for the system outage probability of the FD-CR-NOMA network. We determine the optimal power allocation (OPA) factor at the secondary transmitter that minimises the system outage probability. We establish that OPA can reduce the system outage significantly as compared to the default choice of power allocation factor. The analytical results are validated by extensive simulation studies.

Joint Power and Time Allocation for Two-Way Cooperative NOMA

In this paper, we propose a two-way cooperative relay scheme based on non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) where bidirectional communication is supported for two users in three phases. We jointly optimize power and time allocations to minimize system outage probability whose exact closed-form expression is derived and verified by Monte Carlo simulations. For performance comparison, four schemes based on power allocation and time allocation as well as the conventional one-way cooperative NOMA (OW-CNOMA) scheme are provided. It is shown that the proposed scheme can improve outage probability and ergodic rate performances over a conventional OW-CNOMA system.

Performance Analysis of Cooperative Aerial Base Station-Assisted Networks With Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access

The use of aerial base stations (ABSs) is gaining attention due to its potentials to provide a flexible wireless coverage in adverse scenarios. Investigations on key performance metrics are desirable to ensure the feasibility of these ABS-assisted networks, especially when they are jointly designed with advanced transmission technologies, e.g., cooperative transmissions and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). In this paper, we consider an ABS-assisted cooperative system with NOMA enabled to boost connectivity ability. It is assumed that multiple ABSs hover around a macro base station to relay downlink signals to user equipments, while interfering nodes are randomly distributed on the ground. We assume a more realistic channel model featured with a distance-related probabilistic line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight propagation, as well as non-identical small-scale fading. We derive the outage probability, and study the impacts of various parameters on the system performance. Numerical results unveil that: 1) The reliability of backhauls plays an important role in the system and determines the outage performance floor. 2) Joint transmissions from the sky can bring in a significant performance enhancement for the system. 3) The NOMA based transmission outperforms the traditional orthogonal multiple access with an improved outage performance, provided a properly selected NOMA power allocation coefficient.

Joint Transmission Scheduling and Power Allocation in Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access

Multi-carrier based non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is an effective method to meet the ever-increasing demands of both user throughput and energy efficiency by multiplexing multiple users on the same carrier. Since interference from users with a poorer channel gain can be canceled at a user with a strong channel gain by successive interference cancellation, NOMA can enhance the system performance. To improve the downlink system performance, it is crucial to appropriately determine users scheduled on each carrier and power allocation at the base station. However, the existing works are generally either heuristic or local optimal due to the mixed optimization problem. In this paper, we focus on the global optimal solutions to maximize user throughput and energy efficiency in NOMA, respectively. In particular, we first formulate the mixed integer optimization problem which are intractable to be solved. Fortunately, by the provided analytical results, the optimization models can be largely simplified. Then, we propose the architectures of joint user scheduling and power allocation in NOMA, as well as the corresponding optimal algorithms. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed algorithms indeed outperform existing works in terms of the user throughput and energy efficiency, respectively.

Joint User Pairing, Channel Assignment and Power Allocation in NOMA based CR Systems

The fifth generation (5G) wireless communication systems promise to provide massive connectivity over the limited available spectrum. Various new transmission paradigms such as non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and cognitive radio (CR) have emerged as potential 5G enabling technologies. These techniques offer high spectral efficiency by allowing multiple users to communicate on the same frequency channel, simultaneously. A combination of both techniques may further enhance the performance of the system. This work aims to maximize the achievable rate of a multi-user multi-channel NOMA based CR system. We propose an efficient user pairing, channel assignment and power optimization technique for the secondary users while the performance of primary users is guaranteed through interference temperature limits. The results show that, at small values of the power budget or high interference threshold, optimizing channel allocation and user pairing proves to be more beneficial than optimal power allocation to the user pairs. The proposed joint optimization technique provides promising results for all values of the power budget, interference threshold and rate requirement of the communicating users.

Joint Power Allocation and Channel Assignment for NOMA With Deep Reinforcement Learning

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been considered as a significant candidate technique for the next generation wireless communication to support high throughput and massive connectivity. It allows different users to be multiplexed on one channel through applying superposition coding at the transmitter and successive interference cancellation (SIC) at the receiver. To fully utilize the benefit of the NOMA technique, the key problem is how to optimally allocate resources, such as power and channels, to users to maximize the system performance. There have been some existing works on the power allocation for the single-carrier NOMA system. However, how to optimally assign channels in the multi-carrier NOMA system is still unclear. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning framework to allocate resources to users in a near optimal way. Specifically, we exploit an attention-based neural network (ANN) to perform the channel assignment. Simulation results show that the proposed framework can achieve better system performance, compared with the state-of-the-art approaches.

Placement and Power Allocation for NOMA-UAV Networks

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be used as flying base stations to provide ubiquitous connections for mobile devices in over-crowded areas. On the other hand, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising technique to support massive connectivity. In this letter, the placement and power allocation (PA) are jointly optimized to improve the performance of the NOMA-UAV network. Since the formulated joint optimization problem is non-convex, the location of the UAV is first optimized, with the total path loss from the UAV to users minimized. Then, the PA for NOMA is optimized using the optimal location of the UAV to maximize the sum rate of the network. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed scheme for NOMA-UAV networks.

Joint Power and Time Allocation for NOMA–MEC Offloading

This paper considers non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) assisted mobile edge computing (MEC), where the power and time allocation is jointly optimized to reduce the energy consumption of offloading. Closed-form expressions for the optimal power and time allocation solutions are obtained and used to establish the conditions for determining whether conventional orthogonal multiple access (OMA), pure NOMA or hybrid NOMA should be used for MEC offloading.

Strategy-Based Gain Ratio Power Allocation in Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for Indoor Visible Light Communication Networks

Visible light communication (VLC) is an evolving green communication technology for indoor wireless communication networks. VLC utilizes light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for both illumination and communication. To achieve economic and energy-efficient communications, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) improves the system throughput by enhancing spectral efficiency. In indoor VLC networks, the gain ratio power allocation (GRPA) of NOMA allocates greater signal power to the users of poor channels to achieve both fairness and high data rate. However, current GRPA strategies developed for radio frequency channels are not necessarily effective in all VLC channel and illumination cases. This study makes the following contributions. First, a GRPA strategy based on VLC channels is proposed that modifies the power counting and channel proportions enhance the NOMA-VLC throughput. Second, owing to difficulties of directly analyzing NOMA-VLC throughput, an alternative lower bound based on a VLC channel model to facilitate throughput comparisons is proposed. It is proved that the proposed alternative lower bound is asymptotic and compact with respect to NOMA-VLC throughput. Third, for the case of LED heights greater than 1 m, a local extremum solution using the proposed strategy is analytically demonstrated based on the alternative bound of VLC network throughput. Then, for the case of LED heights smaller than 1 m, the necessary but not sufficient condition under which the proposed strategy outperforms previous strategies is provided in VLC scenarios. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate the compactness of the proposed alternate lower bound and the advantages of the proposed strategy.

NOMA With Guaranteed Weak User QoS: Design and Analysis

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in the power domain serves multiple users at the same time and frequency slot. The significance of NOMA is its ability to increase the sum rate of the system and serve more users relative to orthogonal techniques. In this paper, we look at the high rate NOMA implementations where a single beamforming vector is shared by multiple users in the same cluster in a NOMA zero-forcing beamforming (NOMA-ZFBF) system. In order to maintain user fairness, it is important to guarantee the quality of service (QoS) of all clustered users. First, considering a target signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) for the weak user, i.e., guaranteeing the weak user's QoS (W-QoS), we propose a simple W-QoS-based NOMA (W-QoS NOMA) algorithm for NOMA cluster formation and power allocation that always exceeds the time division multiple access rates. Second, the correlation between the users plays a vital role during NOMA cluster formation in NOMA-ZFBF system. Therefore, we integrate the proposed W-QoS with partially correlated user clustering algorithms in order to analyze the effect of using the W-QoS technique. The numerical results confirm that the integration of W-QoS with partially correlated user clustering algorithms improves the sum capacity of the system. Third, considering an arbitrary correlation between users, we derive the signal to noise ratio (SNR)/SINR expressions of strong and weak users. These expressions show the importance of correlation factor which has a higher impact on the power penalty of the strong user, which in turn affects the clustering rate. Finally, we devise a mathematical technique using a perfectly correlated channel for the strong and weak users in each NOMA cluster to derive the exact SNR/SINR distributions of singletons, strong, and weak users. This gives a closed form expression for the expected sum rate, which gives an upper bound on performance. Furthermore, we investigate how close that realistic partially correlated user clustering can get to this bound.