Power Adaptation Policy Research Articles

Cross-layer design in opportunistic spectrum access-based cognitive radio networks

Cognitive radio is considered as one of the most important enablers for achieving enhanced spectral efficiency in wireless communications. In this work, we present a cross-layer design for reliable data transmission over a cognitive radio network which combines adaptive modulation at the physical layer and hybrid automatic repeat request at the data link layer. The cognitive radio network follows the principles of opportunistic spectrum access that utilises an optimal power adaptation policy for channel allocation. The obtained numerical results denote that the considered approach achieves significant spectral efficiency improvement and therefore it could be deployed in wireless communication networks that encompass cognitive capabilities. Furthermore, we assess the introduced interference and we show that it can be kept within levels that do not jeopardise our design.

Secure Wireless Communication and Optimal Power Control Under Statistical Queueing Constraints

In this paper, secure transmission of information over fading broadcast channels is studied in the presence of statistical queueing constraints. Effective capacity is employed as a performance metric to identify the secure throughput of the system, i.e., effective secure throughput. It is assumed that perfect channel side information (CSI) is available at both the transmitter and the receivers. Initially, the scenario in which the transmitter sends common messages to two receivers and confidential messages to one receiver is considered. For this case, the effective secure throughput region, which is the region of constant arrival rates of common and confidential messages that can be supported by the buffer-constrained transmitter and fading broadcast channel, is defined. It is proven that this effective throughput region is convex implying that time-sharing between any two viable transmission and power control strategies results in effective throughput values inside the region. Then, the optimal power control policies that achieve the boundary points of the effective secure throughput region are investigated and an algorithm for the numerical computation of the optimal power adaptation schemes is provided. Additionally, the throughput region achieved by time-division multiplexing of common and confidential messages is explored. Subsequently, the special case in which the transmitter sends only confidential messages to one receiver is addressed in more detail. For this case, effective secure throughput is formulated and two different power adaptation policies are studied. These power adaptation policies are compared with the opportunistic ones that are optimal in the absence of quality of service (QoS) constraints. It is shown that opportunistic schemes, in which data transmission with high rates and high power occurs only when the main channel is much better than the eavesdropper channel, are no longer optimal under buffer constraints, and the transmitter should send the data at a certain moderate rate and power even when the main channel strength is comparable to that of the eavesdropper channel to avoid buffer overflows.

Maximizing the data transmission rate of a cooperative relay system in an underwater acoustic channel

In this paper, we investigate the problem of maximizing the data transmission rate of a cooperative relay system in an underwater acoustic communication channel. With amplify-and-forward relaying and adaptive source transmission, we present optimal transmit signal power adaptation policies that maximize the data transmission rate, considering both frequency and time domains. The analysis takes into account a physical model of acoustic path loss and ambient noise power spectral density. Typical characteristics of underwater channel such as frequency-dependent fading and time variations are also considered. Capacity bounds for channel state information (CSI) only at the receiver and CSI at both transmitter and receiver are presented. To maximize the data rate, we use the notion of an optimal bandwidth which corresponds to efficient allocation of signal power across the transmission bandwidth. Under the constraint of an average transmit power, the optimal transmit power adaptation policy is found to be ‘water-pouring’ in frequency-time domain, while the transmit power adaptation policy with a total power constraint is ‘water-pouring’ in frequency domain. Results show that both frequency domain and frequency-time domain power adaptation schemes provide much greater improvement in average data rate over that of the constant power case. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Spectrum Efficiency of Weibull Fading Channels for Various Adaptation Policies with and Without Diversity Combining

In this paper, closed-form expressions for the capacities per unit bandwidth (spectrum efficiency) of Weibull fading channels are derived and plotted for (a) Switch and Stay Combining diversity case and (b) no diversity case for adaptation policies like: (i) Optimal Power and Rate Adaptation policy, (ii) Optimal Rate Adaptation with constant transmit power policy, (iii) Channel Inversion with Fixed Rate policy, and (iv) Truncated Channel Inversion policy. In addition, spectrum efficiency expressions for asymptotic approximations, upper bounds, approximations for low and high SNR cases are derived for the cases with and without diversity. The probability density function of capacity, and the complementary cumulative distribution function of capacity are derived and plotted from the moment generating function for the cases with and without diversity. Optimal power and rate adaptation policy provides the highest capacity and optimal rate adaptation with constant transmit power policy provides the highest capacity penalty over other policies for the no diversity and SSC diversity cases. Numerical results for spectrum efficiency are plotted for all adaptation policies with and without diversity.

Spectrum efficiency for Rayleigh fading channels with diversity combining in the presence of co-channel interference

In this paper, closed form expressions for capacities per unit bandwidth for various diversity schemes, such as selection combining, maximal ratio combining and equal gain combining, when subjected to co-channel interference, are derived for optimal power and rate adaptation, optimal rate adaptation with constant transmit power, channel inversion with fixed rate, and truncated channel inversion policies. Optimal power and rate adaptation policy provides the highest spectrum efficiency and channel inversion with fixed rate policy provides the highest spectrum efficiency penalty over other adaptation policies for the diversity schemes discussed. Maximal ratio combining scheme with optimal power and rate adaptation policy yields highest spectrum efficiency as compared to other two diversity schemes when subjected to co-channel interference.

Adaptive Rate and Power Transmission in Spectrum-Sharing Systems

In this paper, we investigate the capacity gains offered by cognitive radio in a spectrum-sharing system where the transmit power and rate of the secondary user are adjusted based on the channel variations of the secondary link and spectrum-sensing information pertaining to the activity of the licensed user. We assume a primary/secondary spectrum-sharing system where the secondary users may have access to the spectrum band originally assigned to the primary (licensed) user, as long as the interference power inflicted on the primary receiver is considered unharmful. In this context, considering joint average interference-power and peak transmit-power constraints, we first obtain the optimal power allocation scheme, namely variable power, for maximizing the achievable capacity of the secondary user over fading channels. Thereafter, we look into the variable rate and power adaptation policy by maximizing the achievable capacity under said power constraints and bit error rate requirements in multilevel quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM). Finally, the benefits of using soft-sensing information about the primary user's activity on the power and rate adaptation strategies are assessed, and numerical results and comparisons illustrating the performance of our spectrum-sharing system in different operating scenarios are provided.

Transmit Beamforming with Power Adaptation in Downlink Multi-User Systems

This paper addresses power adaptation in the context of beamforming in the downlink of a cellular system. Specifically, we consider a system consisting of a base station (BS) with multiple antennas and multiple users each with a single antenna, in which the BS selects the user with the best channel for transmission. Compared to the scheme minimizing the bit error rate (BER) using a fixed instantaneous power, the BER performance can be further improved by adapting the instantaneous power according to the channel of the selected user. The optimal power adaptation (OPA) policy is derived, and its BER is compared with the case of a sub-optimal policy called channel inversion (CI). With a novel analytical approach, the BER performances of OPA and CI are quantified and CI is shown to be near-optimal for a multi-user multi-antenna system at moderate to large SNR, unlike the single-user single-antenna case. Finite peak power constraint is also considered for both OPA and CI.

Effective capacity of delay-constrained cognitive radio in Nakagami fading channels

In this paper, we consider coexistence of secondary and primary users who share particular portions of the spectrum and propose a delay-constrained power and rate allocation scheme for the secondary user link. Secondary users are allowed to access the spectrum occupied by a primary user subject to satisfying interference-power limitations imposed by the primary user. Applying this limitation, we obtain the maximum arrival-rate supported by the secondary channel in Nakagami-m block-fading environment subject to satisfying a given statistical delay quality-of-service (QoS) constraint. In this respect, we derive the optimal rate and power adaptation policy that maximizes the effective capacity of the channel, and provide closed-form expressions for the power allocation and the effective capacity. In addition, we obtain closed-form expressions for the expenditure-power that is required at the secondary transmitter to achieve the above-mentioned capacity metric. Moreover, for comparison purposes, we consider two widely deployed power allocation strategies, namely, optimal power and rate allocation (opra) and channel inversion with fixed rate (cifr), and investigate the effective capacity of the channel under these power transmission techniques. Numerical simulations are conducted to corroborate our theoretical results.

End-to-end outage minimization in OFDM based linear relay networks

Multi-hop relaying is an economically efficient architecture for coverage extension and throughput enhancement in future wireless networks. OFDM, on the other hand, is a spectrally efficient physical layer modulation technique for broadband transmission. As a natural consequence of combining OFDM with multi-hop relaying, the allocation of per-hop subcarrier power and per-hop transmission time is crucial in optimizing the network performance. This paper is concerned with the end-to-end information outage in an OFDM based linear relay network. Our goal is to find an optimal power and time adaptation policy to minimize the outage probability under a long-term total power constraint. We solve the problem in two steps. First, for any given channel realization, we derive the minimum short-term power required to meet a target transmission rate. We show that it can be obtained through two nested bisection loops. To reduce computational complexity and signalling overhead, we also propose a sub-optimal algorithm. In the second step, we determine a power threshold to control the transmission on-off so that the long-term total power constraint is satisfied. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the performance of the proposed power and time adaptation schemes with respect to other resource adaptation schemes.

On the communication over strong atmospheric turbulence channels by adaptive modulation and coding

The free-space optical (FSO) communications can provide any connectivity need at high-speed. However, an optical wave propagating through the atmosphere experiences the variation in amplitude and phase due to scintillation. To enable high-speed communication over strong atmospheric turbulence channels, we propose to transmit the encoded sequence over both FSO and wireless channels, feedback channel state information of both channels by RF-feedback, and adapt powers and rates so that total channel capacity is maximized. The optimum power adaptation policy maximizing total channel capacity is derived. We show significant spectral efficiency performance improvement by employing this approach. We further show that deep fades in the order 35 dB and above can be tolerated by proposed hybrid communication scheme.

Adaptive transmission policy design for delay-sensitive and bursty packet traffic over wireless fading channels

In this paper, we consider the problem of transmission of a delay-sensitive and bursty traffic source over a time-varying Nakagami-m fading channel in a cross-layer optimization framework. Aiming at minimizing the packet delay due to queuing at the data link layer, we present power and rate adaptation policies for coded M-QAM modulation schemes, which guarantee a prescribed channel packet error rate constraint. This is also equivalent to minimizing the system packet loss rate. The proposed adaptation policies are derived both for block and correlated channel fading scenarios. To enable the transmission policy design, we use a statistical model to characterize the packet delay derived from a known result of large deviations theory. Considering the error resolution capability of the automatic repeat request protocol, we then provide the appropriate analytical tools to incorporate the effect of packet retransmission in the proposed optimization framework for transmission policy design. The results show that the proposed adaptation policies compared to others adaptive solutions, significantly improve the delay and throughput performance for delay-sensitive bursty traffic over time-varying fading channels.

Impact of Spatial Fading Correlation and Keyhole on the Capacity of MIMO Systems with Transmitter and Receiver CSI

This paper investigates the impact of spatial fading correlation and keyhole (pinhole) condition on the capacity of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels when instantaneous channel state information (CSI) is available at the transmitter and receiver sides. A separable correlation model is considered, whereby spatial fading correlation is accounted for at either or at both sides of the collocated MIMO wireless channel. Two extreme scenarios of a double scattering environment are analyzed: (i) an extremely rich scattering environment corresponding to a conventional semi-correlated Rayleigh fading channel and (ii) a double-correlated rank-deficient keyhole channel with a single degree of freedom. In the case of semi-correlated Rayleigh fading, the capacity expressions are derived for two types of correlation structures among the transmitting or the receiving antennas, namely, a constant correlation model and an arbitrary correlation model, the latter being induced by a full-rank Hermitian covariance matrix with non-repeating distinct eigenvalues. On the other hand, the capacity expressions pertaining to the double-correlated keyhole channel are derived given arbitrary Hermitian covariance matrices at the transmitter and the receiver. For all channel types and correlation structures, closed-form expressions for the capacity of the eigen-mode optimal power and rate adaptation policy as well as for the sub-optimal eigen-mode channel inversion and its truncated variant are derived. Monte Carlo simulations are also carried out thereby upholding our theoretical analysis.

Quality-of-Service Driven Power and Rate Adaptation over Wireless Links

We propose a quality-of-service (QoS) driven power and rate adaptation scheme over wireless links in mobile wireless networks. Specifically, our proposed scheme aims at maximizing the system throughput subject to a given delay QoS constraint. First, we derive an optimal adaptation policy by integrating information theory with the concept of effective capacity for a block fading channel model. Our analyses reveal an important fact that there exists a fundamental tradeoff between throughput and QoS provisioning. In particular, when the QoS constraint becomes loose, the optimal power-control policy converges to the well-known water-filling scheme, where Shannon (ergodic) capacity can be achieved. On the other hand, when the QoS constraint gets stringent, the optimal policy converges to the total channel inversion scheme under which the system operates at a constant rate. Inspired by the above observations, we then consider a more practical scenario where variable-power adaptive modulation is employed over both block fading and Markov correlated fading channels. In both cases, we derive the associated power and rate adaptation policies. The obtained results suggest that the channel correlation has a significant impact on QoS-driven power and rate adaptations. The higher the correlation is, the faster the power-control policy converges to the total channel inversion when the QoS constraint becomes more stringent. Finally, we conduct simulations to verify that the adaptation policy proposed for Markov channel models can also be applied to the more general channel models.

Spectrum Efficiency Evaluation for MRC Diversity Schemes Under Different Adaptation Policies Over Generalized Rayleigh Fading Channels

In this paper, closed-form expressions for the capacities per unit bandwidth for Generalized Rayleigh fading channels are derived for optimal power adaptation, constant transmit power, channel inversion with fixed rate, and truncated channel inversion adaptation policies. The closed-form solutions are derived for the single antenna reception (without diversity combining) and MRC diversity reception cases. Optimal power adaptation policy provides the highest capacity over the other adaptation policies both with and without diversity combining. Truncated channel inversion policy suffers a large capacity penalty relative to the optimal power adaptation policy as the number of degrees of freedom is increased. However, with increase in diversity, the capacity penalty for the truncated channel inversion policy decreases. Capacity gains are more prominent for channel inversion with fixed rate policy as compared to the other adaptation policies.

Adaptive Modulation over Nakagami Fading Channels

We first study the capacity of Nakagami multipath fading (NMF) channels with an average power constraint for three power and rate adaptation policies. We obtain closed-form solutions for NMF channe...