Powder Microscopy Research Articles

Detailed Pharmacognostical Standardisation and Phytochemical Analysis of Whole Plant of <i>Tephrosia barber</i> — An Endemic Novel Medicinal Plant

Background: Tephrosia barberi J. R. Drumm. is a perennial herb belonging to the Fabaceae family. Aim: The present research work is focused on carrying out the pharmacognostic standardisation and primary phytochemical analysis of the whole plant of T. barberi. Methods: The morphology, microscopy, powder microscopy, quantitative analysis of leaf constants, fluorescence analysis and physio-chemical parameters were included in the pharmacognostical work for the whole plant followed WHO prescribed quality control methods. The primary phytochemical analysis is carried out for powder with different solvent extracts using standard procedure. Results: The study reveals that the microscopical character of the whole plant of T. barberi includes the presence of cork, phloem fibres, xylem vessels, starch grains, tracheids, unicellular warty trichomes, anamocytic type of stomata and prismatic type calcium oxalate crystal sheath. The total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash value, sulphated ash, and loss on drying were quantified as physiochemical parameters, which were observed by 3%, 1%, 2%, 5% and 8%, respectively, using T. barberi dry powder. Under daylight, long and short UV, extracts of the whole plant and with various reagents were seen as various fluorescent reflection shades, which showed satisfactory results. Additionally, the primary phytochemical analysis of different extracts of T. barberi showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroidal glycosides, polyphenols and terpenoids. Conclusion: All these findings ensured that the whole plant profile for T. barberi could be accomplished, which may provide proper identification and probable to minimise the adulteration of other plant species. Furthermore, the primary phytochemical screening study would be useful to carry out the isolation of phytoconstituents and their therapeutic potency in future.

Pharmacognostic Study and Phytochemical Profilling of Dichloromethane Extracts of the Leaf and Stem of Vernonia conferta Benth and Vernonia colorata Drake Asteraceae

Aims: The study determines various taxonomic, pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards helpful to ensure the identity, purity, safety and efficacy of Vernonia colorata and Vernonia conferta. Study Design: To study these two species of Vernonia for their epidermal cell shapes, stomatal types and distribution, trichome types, chemomicroscopic and fluorescence characters, flow properties, ash values, extractive solvents and phytoconstituents of dichlormethane fractions using GC-MS. Place and Duration: This study was conducted at the Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo from June 2023 to December 2023. Methodology: The pharmacognostic characterization was determined following the guidelines given by the World Health Organization (WHO). Parameters determined included microscopy, powder microscopy, chemomicroscopy, micromeritic properties, ash values, extractive values, fluorescence analysis while phytochemical analysis was done using Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometer. Results: Epidermal cell shapes were both irregular with undulate and sinuous anticlinal wall pattern for both V. colorata and C. conferta respectively. Stomatal distribution was hypostomatic with paracytic stomata on the abaxial surface for C. conferta while amphistomatic with anomocytic stomata in V. colorata. Stomatal index was highest in V. conferta with 27.31% and least in V. colorata 21.52%. Unicellular trichomes were observed in V. colorata and V. conferta epidermal surfaces. The chemomicroscopic study revealed the presence of lignin, starch, cellulose, oils, calcium oxalate crystals, mucilage and protein for both leaf and stem respectively. The fluorescence characteristics showed the presence of different colours supporting the presence of various phytoconstituents for both leaf and stem. The quantitative epidermal studies, chemomicroscopic and fluorescence characteristics revealed characteristic features for the drug. The flow properties for both leaf and stem were poor. The total ash values for both leaf and stem ranges between (2.40 – 9.30 and 10.60 – 11.06), acid-insoluble ash values were low, moisture contents were between 8 - 14%w/w, water and methanol extracted more constituents. In total, 12 chemical constituents each were recorded for the leaves of V. colorata and V. conferta, respectively, while 10 and 12 were also recorded for the dichloromethane stem extracts of V. colorata and V. conferta, respectively. Conclusion: This study is useful in pharmacognostic standardization of Vernonia colorata and Vernonia conferta.

Pharmacognostic Studies on Christia obcordata (Poir.) Bakh. f. and Christia vespertilionis (L.f.) Bakh. f

Knowledge of pharmacognostic standardisation is crucial in the field of herbal research. Christia obcordata (Poir.) Bakh.f. and Christia vespertilionis (L.f.) Bakh.f., commonly known as ‘butterfly wing’ are ornamental plants belonging to the family Fabacae. Christia vespertilionis is believed as a promising anti-cancer agent and is consumed by the old folks of Malaysia in the form of decoction. Moreover, these plants have also been used to treat bronchitis, urinary blockage, and improve blood circulation. Despite the listed medicinal properties, there is no evidence in literature of the pharmacognostic standardization on the aerial parts of these plants.Hence, the current study will evaluate the pharmacognostic standardization parameters on the aerial parts of Christia obcordata (Poir.) Bakh.f. and Christia vespertilionis (L.f.) Bakh.f. Standardisation of these plants was carried out using macroscopic studies, microscopic studies, physicochemical parameters, and phytochemical investigation. Macroscopic showed both plants have similar characteristics in the followings, shape, phyllo taxis, margin-entire, leaf type, and powder microscopy results showed the upper cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade cells, vascular bundle, spongy mesophyll, phloem fibers, sclerenchyma, xylem vessels, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, lower epidermis, lower cuticle, parenchyma, stomatal index, vein number, vein islet, and palisade cells are studied as important key differentiating features on the selected plants. Phytochemical screening on the aerial part extracts presence of steroid, flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, and carbohydrate on both plants. Fluorescence analysis was carried out individually on the four different extracts and was examined under daylight and U.V light at a wavelength of 254nm and 365nm. To conclude, based on this research finding, the study can be a standardization tool for these plants, providing ease in identifying and determining the purity and quality of the investigated plant.

Pharmacognostic and Antimicrobial Evaluation of leaves of Nyctanthes arbour-tristis

Nyctanthes arbour-tristis belongs to the Oleaceae family and is known as Harsingar. Harsingar is an important Indian medicinal plant; traditionally, harsingar is used to treat skin diseases including piles and scalp itching infections, and used as a laxative, diaphoretic, and in chronic fever. N. arbour-tristis microscopic and powder microscopy revealed the presence of stomates, gland cells, vein islet, and trichome. Carbohydrates, amino acids, steroids, coumarin glycoside, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins were discovered in preliminary phytochemical analysis. All of the studies were carried out in accordance with WHO guidelines. Quantitative analysis of N. arbour-tristis was done through total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and total tannin content. Leaves of N. arbortristis were screened for antimicrobial potential against S. typhi, S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli by using the MIC method, and chloramphenicol was taken as standard. Among all extract, N. arbour-tristis chloroform extract shows maximum antimicrobial potential.

Pharmacognostical studies of Eclipta prostrata (Linn.) grown in Sri Lanka

Eclipta prostrata Linn. is an annual herbaceous plant used in traditional medicine, commonly known as “Trailing Eclipta” or False Daisy in English, ‘Keekirindiya’ in Sinhala and ‘Kayyantakara’ in Tamil. The aim of this study was to conduct a detailed pharmacognostical evaluation of E. prostrata found in Sri Lanka. Anatomical, physicochemical, phytochemical studies, and quantification of phyto-constituents were performed as per WHO guidelines. Whole plant was sequentially extracted into solvents with different polarities. Phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) fingerprinting were carried out. Anatomical study and powder microscopy revealed useful diagnostic features. Physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, ash values (total, acid insoluble, water soluble) and extractable matter in water and ethanol were evaluated. Phytochemical screening and TLC fingerprinting revealed the presence of different types of phyto-constituents. Alkaloid, tannin, saponin, total flavonoid and total polyphenol contents were quantified. In conclusion, pharmacognostical study aids in establishing the standardization parameters of E.prostrata found in Sri Lanka.

Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Quantification of Quercetin in Muntingia Calabura Leaves and Fruits Using HPLC Method

The present is to evaluate the pharmacognostic character of Muntingia Calabura and estimation of quercetin in flavonoid rich leaves and fruit fractions. Pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of morphological, microscopic characters, physicochemical parameters and HPLC fingerprint analysis of leaf and fruit extracts of Muntingia calabura samples using standard methods. Further, the extracts were used to analyze total phenol, flavonoid contents and estimated antioxidant activities using DPPH. fruit size. and color of Muntingia calabura was the distinguishing morphological character observed in the present study. The detailed powder microscopy of leaf confirmed the presence of fibers, trichomes, vascular bundle and Xylem vessel. and fruits with specified Epicarp, Reticulate xylem vessel, starch grains, Endosperm, oil globules, parenchymatous tissue. Physicochemical parameters like ash values, and extractive values. were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, carbohydrates and flavonoids. Using HPLC Profiling, Standard quercetin was found to have a retention time of 7.313 while flavonoid-rich leaf and fruit had retention times of 7.245 and 7.210, respectively. Based on the results of the research, it was discovered that Muntingia calabura, fruit and leaves contain a variety of secondary metabolites with strong antioxidant ability. The morphological and histological traits of Muntingia calabura, leaves and fruit can be witnessed under a microscope. Using HPLC Profiling for Quantification of Quercetin in flavonoid rich fraction of leaves and fruits.

Pharmacognostical standardization of Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt root

Abstract Introduction: Coccinia grandis is known for its hypoglyceamic and antidiabetic activities. Various parts of the plant have been reported to possess potential therapeutic activity through literature survey. The goal of this study is to identify this traditional medicine by evaluating the pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of C. grandis roots. Macro-microscopic features, powder microscopic analysis and histochemical screening assist the proper discrimination between species within the genus Coccinia. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostical studies such as macroscopic, anatomical characters of root, powder microscopy and histo-chemistry were performed. Phytochemical characteristics of root was determined by HPTLC methods. Results: Pharmacognostical studies provided accurate authentication of the root sample. Histochemical study confirmed the presence of alkaloids, starch grains, oil globules, phenolics, lignin, etc., in the root. HPTLC profiling revelaed chemical fingerprint of the root sample. Discussion and Conclusion: This study revealed the macro-microscopical properties and phytochemical characteristics of C. grandis. The presence of therapeutic compounds in the root revealed in histochemical localisation can be attributed to the antidiabetic, hypoglyceamic and antioxidant activities of the plant.

Screening of Coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn.) Shell for its Bioactive Secondary Metabolites and Analogous Pharmacotherapeutic Prospective

Abstract Background: Coconut shell is an inexpensive, easily available, and usually discarded material from the plant source Cocos nucifera Linn. belonging to the Arecaceae family. The internal administration of water boiled with endocarp of coconut fruit (coconut shell) is used as a folklore remedy in Kerala for treating metabolic disorders. This folklore claim has to be scientifically validated by comprehensive chemical profiling of coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn.) shell. Aim: The present study was designed to conduct a systematic screening of coconut shell for identification of its bioactive secondary metabolites and validation of its analogous pharmacotherapeutic potentials. Materials and Methods: The present research work is focused on the screening of dried ripe coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn.) shell for its bioactive secondary metabolites based on microscopic, histochemical, and phytochemical studies. Results: Characteristic presence of thin-walled fibers and fibrosclereids were observed in the powder microscopy of coconut shell. Histochemical studies were suggestive of the presence of lignified cells and tannins in the test drug. Further phytochemical studies of Cocos nucifera Linn. ascertained that the endocarp is abounded with diverse bioactive phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, steroids, tannins, and saponins which possess varied antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and antidiabetic activities. Conclusion: The study outcome suggests coconut shell as a novel natural source of various bioactive secondary metabolites and these findings can be integrated for further researches exploring the comprehensive pharmacotherapeutic prospective of the test drug.

Microscopic characterization, TLC fingerprinting and optimization of total lipid content from Euphorbia neriifolia (L.) using response surface methodology.

Euphorbia neriifolia (EN) is a medicinal plant used to treat a variety of ailments in traditional systems. Despite numerous studies on pharmacological activities, no information was available on the microscopic study of this plant. This is the first study that has been attempted to fill this need by performing the light and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) of leaf, stem, and latex. The powder microscopy of several organs (leaves, stem, and bark) and exudate (latex) of EN was carried out using safranine, fast green, phloroglucinol, and other standard solutions at different magnifications. The chemical fingerprinting of petroleum ether extract was accomplished by using thin layer chromatography. The optimization of total lipid content from the EN leaf under ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and soxhlet extraction (SE) procedure was determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The studied factors that affect the lipid content were: solvent ratio, extraction temperature, and extraction time. Several notable characteristics observed in the leaf of EN are amphistomatic leaves with anticlinical cell walls, anomocytic stomata, spongy mesophyll cells, elongated palisade cells, angular collenchyma, and U-shaped vascular bundle. The plano-convex midrib is covered by polygonal to oval-shaped cuticles and contains anomocytic stomata. The circular petiole has no trichomes and contains laticifers, crystals, and idioblasts. The circular stem was observed with trichomes, hypodermis, collenchyma, parenchymatous cells, central pith, pentagonal stellar region, cambium, and 2-4 times more xylem that of phloem. All of the powdered plant parts and exudate under study contained trichomes, xylem vessels, wood fibers, cork cells, starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals, idioblasts, lignified cork, tannin content, stone cells, and oil globules. The blackish-green colored petroleum ether extract with semi-solid consistency showed the greatest percent (%) yield of 4% in the latex of EN. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) examination of petroleum ether extract of EN leaf produced a maximum 6 spots with Rf values of 0.16, 0.58, 0.62, 0.73, and 0.96 in the mobile phase of petroleum ether-acetone (8:2). In terms of optimization, the dark green colored UAE extract with semi-sticky consistency showed highest % yield of 4.5% whereas the yellowish green colored SE extract of sticky consistency showed the highest % yield of 4.9%. The findings showed that there were not many differences in the total lipid content between UAE (0.16%) and SE (0.11%). However, the best optimum condition for lipid content extraction analysis was obtained as follows: solvent ratio (PE:HE) 50:50, extraction temperature 50°C, extraction time 45 min for UAE, and solvent ratio (PE:HE) 60:40, extraction temperature 45°C, and extraction time of 24 h for SE. Hence, this study signifies the various noteworthy microscopic features along with the presence of different phytocompounds through TLC and best optimized condition for the extraction of lipids from different parts of EN. As no previous study has been reported, the outcomes obtained from the current study prove to be beneficial in the identification of species, quality control, and detection of any adulteration from the laboratory and commercial samples of EN. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The percent yield was found to be maximum in latex extract (4%). The leaf pet ether extract was separated into 6 bands with different Rf values. The extracted compounds from Euphorbia neriifolia leaves were categorized into non-polar heat tolerant. The highest total lipid yield (0.1119) was obtained at solvent ratios 60:40 of PE:HE (petroleum ether: petroleum hexane).

Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Simarouba glauca DC Bark

Simarouba glauca DC also known as ‘Dysentery Bark’ is an important ethnomedicinal plant native to Tropical America. Later introduced India as “Lakshmi-Taru.” Bark is a potent anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and hemolytic drug. This study presents a pharmacognostic evaluation of Simarouba glauca DC bark, mainly shedding light on its macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Identification, authentication, macroscopic observation, and TLS, RLS and Powder microscopical examinations have been carried out.
 The macroscopic examination of the bark revealed distinctive features, including a rough, fissured surface, and a yellowish-brown colour. Microscopic analysis showcased the presence of a thick periderm with small flakes raised above the periderm surface. The outer part of phellem is crushed and the inner portion is modified into a thick cylinder of sclereids. The Phelloderm becomes thick walled and dark coloured and stores calcium oxalate crystals. Large prismatic calcium oxalate crystals located in uniseriate vertical row within thin parenchyma cells. TLS revealed that the phloem fibers in dense compact bundles. The fibers being highly thick walled and lignified with narrow cell lumen. The rays are 250-280 µm in height and 40-60µm. RLS showed the rays are rentered heterocellular. Parenchyma cells and fibers are vertical position at right angles to the rays. Bark powder microscopy exhibited the presence of narrow and wide fibers, fiber-sclereids, long sieve elements, thick brachy sclereids, and large quantity of quadrangular, rectangular, and polygonal Calcium oxalate crystals. These observations provide valuable diagnostic tools for the authentication and quality control of S. glauca DC bark.
 The pharmacognostic characterization presented in this study serves as a foundation for further research and development of S. glauca DC bark-based herbal medicines and pharmaceutical formulations. The insights provided in this article contribute to the understanding and utilization of this valuable botanical resource, fostering a bridge between traditional knowledge and contemporary scientific approaches in pharmacognosy.

AN ANALYSIS OF PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF KANDA TWAKA CHURNA AND PATRA CHURNA OF SHIGRU (MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM.)

Moringa oleifera Lam. belongs to the Moringaceae family, popularly known as Sahijana, Shigru, Shobhanjana, Krishnagandha etc. The importance of Shigru in treatment has been mentioned in various classical texts for ages. Different parts of the drug, i.e., stem bark, leaves, seed, pods, root, etc., contain many chemical constituents that are significant in pharmacology. Pharmacognostical and phytochemical analyses are essential for proper identification and authentication of the drug. Materials and method: Shigru kanda twaka churna and Shigru patra churna were evaluated separately for pharmacognostical, physicochemical, and phytochemical studies. It also included a qualitative test for detecting protein, carbohydrate, ascorbic acid, sterols, and terpenes as per the Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India (A.P.I.). Results: The correct identity and authenticity of the drug sample were confirmed by its organoleptic study, powder microscopy, and phytochemical study, comparing them with features mentioned in A.P.I., and then certified by subject experts in Govt. Drug testing laboratory, Dist. Gwalior M.P. and Institute of Pharmacy, Vikram University Ujjain M.P. Conclusion: Based on the present study, we can conclude that both the sample drugs were authentic, pure and followed standard parameters of A.P.I.

Pharmacognostic, Chemical Characterization Studies on Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,3,514-523.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.3.054Published:June 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Prasad Vijay Kadam, Damini Kallyanrao Giram, Sameer Khamroddin Shaikh, Kavita Nilesh Yadav, Abhijit Sampatrao Karanje, and Manohar Janardhan Patil Author(s) affiliations:Prasad Vijay Kadam*, Damini Kallyanrao Giram, Sameer Khamroddin Shaikh, Kavita Nilesh Yadav, Abhijit Sampatrao Karanje, Manohar Janardhan Patil Department of Pharmacognosy, Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Thergaon, Pune, Maharashtra, INDIA. Abstract:Aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the Pharmacognostic, phytochemical and physicochemical standardization of Pleurotus ostreatus. Materials and Methods: The disease-free oyster mushroom fruiting body was collected during the rainy season from Himgiree Hi-Tech Agro (Mushroom Division) Kalyani Nagar Pune. Their identity and authentication were done. Macromorphology, cytomorphology, powder microscopy, micrometry, physicochemical evaluation, and phytochemical screening were done according to the WHO guidelines and standard methods. Results: Macromorphology of mushroom structure has a broad, oyster or fan-shaped cap, spanning 2-35 cm. yellowish grey colour, chocolaty odor, and significant taste. Cytomorphology of mushroom shows different cells such as aciculate, sphaerodunculate, lanceolate thick-walled, utriform, cornuate, Subcapitate, mucronate, cornuate, clavate 4-sterigmate basidium and in powder microscopy nodulose, isodiametric, snout like pore, spiny, bullet shaped, cuboid. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the mushroom shows the occurrence of active compounds such as flavonoid, tannin, glycoside, coumarin, phenols, steroid, terpenoids protein and amino acid. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study the Standardization of phytochemical, physico-chemical is a fundamental dimension for sample identification, quality, and purity of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Keywords:Cytomorphology, Oyster mushroom, Pharmacognostic study, Standardization.View:PDF (866.79 KB)

Morpho-anatomy and HPTLC Profiling of Senna Mill. Seeds Used in Traditional System of Indian Medicine

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,3,551-561.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.3.058Published:June 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Radha P, Divya KG, Udhayavani C, Murugammal S, Shakila R, and Sunil Kumar KN Author(s) affiliations:Radha P1,*, Divya KG2, Udhayavani C1, Murugammal S3, Shakila R3, Sunil Kumar KN3 1Department of Botany, Siddha Medicinal Plants Garden (Central Council for Research in Siddha, Ministry of Ayush, Govt. of India), Mettur Dam, Salem, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. 2Department of Pharmacognosy, Siddha Central Research Institute (Central Council for Research in Siddha, Ministry of Ayush, Govt. of India), Arumbakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. 3Department of Chemistry, Siddha Central Research Institute (Central Council for Research in Siddha, Ministry of Ayush, Govt. of India), Arumbakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. Abstract:Background: The present study was carried out to compare macro-microscopy, powder microscopy and HPTLC analysis of six species such as Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb., Senna alata (L.) Roxb., Senna alexandrina Mill., Senna occidentalis (L.) Link., S. uniflora (Mill.) Irwin and Barneby, S. tora (L.) Roxb. of the genus Senna Mill. belongs to the family Caesalpiniaceae. Materials and Methods: Six selected Senna species were collected, shade dried and pharmacognostic study were performed used techniques such as microscopy and HPTLC analysis. Results: Seed macro-morphology of the selected six species shows significant variations in size, shape, colour, ornamentation and number of seeds per pod. The basic cellular structure of six Senna species was anatomically similar but variation was observed in number of layers. Microscopic characters of the selected species revealed key diagnostic features that can help to determine the relationship between the closely related species; macrosclerieds and osteosclerdies were observed in Senna auriculata and S. occidentalis. Powder microscopy of selected six Senna species varied in colour, texture and odour. Numerous rosette crystals in cotyledonary cells were found only in Senna tora which is a significant variation from other five Senna species. HPTLC finger print profiling was performed with ethanol extract at 254 nm, 366 nm and 575 nm derivatization using vannilin-sulphuric acid and the results were documented. In 254 nm 14 bands were separated but the major peak at Rf 0.31 (22.24%) appeared in S. alexandrina. Conclusion: A detailed morphological and pharmacognostical evaluations play an important role to avoid misidentification and delimitation of selected six Senna species and HPTLC profiling is an additional analytical tool for species identification. Keywords:anatomy., S. alata, S. alexandrina, S. auriculata, S. occidentalis, S. tora, S. uniflora, SennaView:PDF (1.85 MB)

Powder Microscopy, Fluorescence, Qualitative Phytochemistry, and GC- MS analysis of a Neglected Ethnomedicinal Weed - Ruellia brittoniana Leonard

Ruellia brittoniana is a common wild ethnomedicinal plant belonging to the Acanthaceae family. The plant was claimed ethnically wound-healing properties, use as an antidote against snake bites and to cure bone fractures. However, these claims are not been validated. The present study deals with powder microscopy, fluorescence, and qualitative phytochemical analysis of the leaves, stem, and root of this plant. The powdered microscopy showed the presence of both types of trichomes and spiral elements. The Fluorescence analysis under visible and ultra-violet light for leaves, stems and root powder treated with various chemical reagents revealed different patterns of fluorescence effect. The qualitative phytochemical study showed that the plant is rich in phytochemicals and possesses significant levels of Glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins. The availability of these groups of Phyto- components indicates that the plant could prove an alternative remedy to cure asthma, fever, bronchitis, high blood pressure, eczema, and diabetes. Further, the GC-MS analysis revealed the 10 phytochemical compounds have significant medicinal potential. The major objective of this study is to endorse this plant as a step toward commercial drug developments after confirming and standardizing its microscopic features and fluorescence behavior to identify adulteration in market-available crude drug powder and screening for possible drug molecules.

Pharmacognostical and Pharmaceutical Analysis of Triphaladi Kashaya -An Ayurvedic Herbal Formulation for Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Triphaladi Kashaya is indicated as one of the drug management of Prameha, so for assurance of quality of polyherbal compounds pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical analysis should be done. Methods: Triphaladi Kashaya was subjected to microscopic evaluation like macroscopic /organoleptic study, Powder microscopy, Foreign matter, Loss on drying at 1050 C, Total ash, Acid insoluble ash, Alcohol-soluble extract, Water-soluble extract, TLC Analysis solvent systems: Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (5:4:1) Stationary phase: Pre coated silica gel 60 F254 plates. Results: Pharmacognostical study showed the presence of certain identifying characters of all the ingredients of Triphaladi Kashaya which are Haritaki, Bibhitaki, Amalaki, Vishala, Devdaru, Mustaka. In pharmaceutical study, preliminary physiochemical analysis showed loss on drying 3.80% w/w, total ash 2.22% w/w, acid insoluble ash 0.18% w/w, alcohol soluble extract 2.49% w/w, water soluble extract 2.00%w/w, TLC analysis showed 6 spots in 254 nm and 4 spots in 366 nm. Conclusion: Pharmacognostical and physiochemical observation revealed the specific characters of all active constituents of Triphaladi Kashaya and confirm purity and actualities of the drug.

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Kigelia Pinnata (Jacq) dc. (Bignoniaceae) - Root

Kigelia pinnata (Jacq) DC. (Family Bignoniaceae) commonly known as “Sausage tree” is reputed African folklore drug and abundantly found throughout India. Its root is used traditionally in cancer, diabetes, gastrointestinal problems, constipation, gynecological complaints etc. The present paper highlights the pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies along with HPTLC fingerprint profile of K.pinnata root for its botanical identification and standardization. Pharmacognostical analysis of K. pinnata root comprises of organoleptic characters, transverse section of root along with powder microscopy. It was analyzed through relevant physicochemical parameters and qualitative tests for various functional groups. HPTLC was carried out after organizing appropriate solvent system. TS and powder microscopy reveals presence of large amount of fibres, parenchymas and vessels filled with tannin content. Preliminary qualitative analysis proves the presence of flavanoids, tannins, saponins, steroids and phenolic compounds. The preliminary physico-chemical analysis shows water-soluble extract 22.78% w/w, alcohol-soluble extract 21.10% w/w and loss on drying at 105°C was 10.40% w/w with 5.2 pH. HPTLC were carried out in which maximum 4 & 5 peaks at 254nm & 366nm respectively. The anatomical characters and values obtained from analytical study can help in standardization.

Preliminary pharmacognostical and phytochemical analysis of Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Root

Background: Leea indica (Burm. f.)Merr. is distributed in various parts of the world such as India, Malaysia, China, and Thailand. The plant is gathered from the wild for local use as a food and medicine. The root is antidiarrheal, antidysenteric, antispasmodic, cooling, and sudorific. The juice of young leaves is digestive. Preliminary phytochemistry of leaves and stem has already done and revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, lignins, saponins, sterols, tannins, arthraquinone and reducing sugar. Aim: The present study was carried out for the establishment of Pharmacognostical and phytochemical standardization of root. Methods: Macroscopy, powder analysis (Organoleptic and powder microscopy), physiochemical properties like ash values, extractive values of root was done. Results and Conclusion: Microscopy shows normal root structure with 2-5 layered parenchymatous cortex, xylem and phloem. Medullary rays are heterogenous. Total ash of the drug was found to be 6%. The highest percentage of extract was obtained by the extraction with hot water (9.1%) and least with cold alcohol (4.92%). Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, phenols, saponins, steroids and glycosides. Maximum phytoconstituents was obtained for cold alcohol extract.

Phytochemical analysis and phytotoxic evaluation of Chenopodium glaucum L.

Plant secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids with medicinal properties can be investigated as botanical herbicides. Therefore, we have investigated phytochemicals profile and phytotoxicity of aqueous, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and methanol extracts (5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL) of Chenopodium glaucum L. (C. glaucum) on radish under laboratory conditions. Initial screening of the extracts showed the occurance of several phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinone, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. Alkaloids and tannins content was higher in methanol extract followed by ethyl acetate and n-Hexane extracts. Elemental analysis revealed that the presence of minerals like magnesium 0.725 mg/100 g DW, calcium 2.25 mg/100 g DW, potassium 6.55 mg/100 g DW, sodium 0.375 mg/100 g DW, iron 225 mg/100 g DW, zinc 51 mg/100 g DW, copper 12 mg/100 g DW, and manganese 119 mg/100 g DW was found. In phytotoxicity assay, the extracts at 10 mg/mL showed inhibitory effects on the growth of radish. Maximum decrease in seed germination (%), seed germination index, seedling fresh and dry weight was caused by the methanolic extract at 10 mg/mL. The chlorophyll a content was decreased while chlorophyll b content was increased with increasing concenteration of the extracts. Phenolics content of the seedlings was higher with the application of 10 mg/mL of the extracts. Powder microscopy of C. glaucum showed the presence of calcium oxalate crystal, pieces of trichome, fragments of cork cells, starch granules, phloem fibers and lignified xylem vessels with annular thickenings. Microscopic study of abaxial surface of leaf showed the presence of anisocytic type of stomata, surrounded by subsidiary cells. Stomatal size was measured 25.017 µm and the mean density was 570.66/mm2. Findings of this study concluded that phytochemicals found in C. glaucum extracts were highly phytotoxic on seed germination and seedling growth of radish. It is therefore recommended to isolate and characterize such novel compounds from this plant species for the development of new biodegradable botanical herbicides.

Pharmacognostical Study of Leaf of Hamsapadi (Adiantum Lunulatum)

Pharmacognostical evaluation of leaves of Adiantum lunulatum is done for identification in field and for differentiation from other species of Adiantum. Methods: A detailed literary work of drug studied and its pharmacognostical, phytochemical and analytical study including powder microscopy and taste determination of leaves with suitable instruments. Results: Macroscopic evaluation reveals the pinnacles are half moon shaped, alternate, sub-opposite or opposite in apical portion of the frond, having lobes with minor incisions. In microscopic structure the two surfaces of pinna are covered by epidermis and epidermal cells are wavy in outline. The opening and closing of stomata will be regulated by guard cells, whereas there is absence of stomata on epidermis. The vascular cells are lined by an endodermal tissue. Transverse section of petiole showed that it is externally covered by an epidermis lined by cuticle on its outer wall which renders the petiole to be shining. Below the epidermis is a fairly thick hypodermis made up Sclerenchyma cells of 4-5 layers in thickness. They are dead cells compact in arrangement and look dark in colour. Powder microscopy of leaves reveals shows few Tracheids of the veins and the Parenchyma cells of the leaves. The Sori are very prominent structures occurring at the leaf margin, they are visible characteristically under the microscope. The Sori contain number of Sporangia each Sporangium is lined by cells with U shaped thickening having their outer wall thin in nature. Conclusion: This study will help in Authentication of Hamspadi plant.

Microscopic Characterization and Analysis of Ayurvedic Herbal Products Using Light Microscopy

Objective: Today sophisticated modern research tools for assessment of the plant drugs are achievable but microscopic method is still one of the ingenious and procurable methods to start for substantiate the correct recognition of the source material. Powder microscopy helps to find out the impurities and also helps in quality assessment of the drug. To standardize and evaluate the readymade as well as homemade herbal powder and thus provides means for assessing the authenticity and morality of herbal drugs. Materials and Methods: Microscopic detailed examination of herbal plant parts such as G. glabra, P. emblica, P. nigrum, P. longum was established with different reagents such as acetic acid, iodine, sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid followed by observation of slide under LEICA Software Capture and Display Software and photographs of each slide was captured for evaluation of the drug. Observation and Results: Microscopic assessment of the homemade and readymade herbal parts of G.glabra and P.emblica shows original cellular structures while unidentified cellular structure were observed in readymade powder of P. longum which perhaps the growth of fungal mycelium and leaf part were observed in P. longum, thus Microscopy method permits more detailed examination of a drug and it can be used to identify the organized drugs by their known histological characters. Conclusion: Powder microscopic evaluation of herbal powder is one of the simplest and authenticated methods for the proper identification of the drug. It helps in purity assessment of the readymade herbal powder. Microscopic study and physiochemical standards can be useful to substantiate and authenticate the drug.