Poverty In Peru Research Articles

Lessons from Peru to reduce under-5 mortality: understanding program implementation and context

BackgroundHealth policymakers aiming to reduce under-5 mortality (U5M) often lack data regarding how successful interventions in other countries were implemented. The Exemplars in U5M Study identified countries that achieved significant reductions in amenable U5M. This case study in Peru used implementation research to explore the contextual factors and strategies that contributed to the successful implementation of key evidence-based interventions (EBIs).MethodsThis research utilized a hybrid implementation research framework and a mixed-methods approach to understand the factors associated with EBI implementation and the successful reduction of U5M between 2000–2015. A desk review of existing literature on EBIs and U5M in Peru was completed, and in-depth interviews were performed with key Peruvian informants to understand the implementation strategies employed and the contextual factors that facilitated or were barriers to success. For the purposes of this analysis, three EBIs were selected and evaluated: antenatal care visits (ANC), facility-based deliveries, and infant vaccination.ResultsBetween 2000–2015, the percent of mothers attending at least four antenatal care visits rose from 69% to 96.9%, and the percent of facility-based deliveries increased from 56 to 91%. Three doses of the tetanus/diphtheria/pertussis vaccine, widely acknowledged as a key global health indicator, reached 90% by 2015. Key informants noted that economic growth, financial reforms, strong national commitment to reduce poverty in Peru, and national prioritization of maternal and child health, were important contextual factors that contributed to the successful reduction of U5M. They noted key strategies that helped achieve success during the implementation of EBIs, including utilization of data for decision-making, adaptation driven by cultural sensitivity to address gaps in coverage, and a focus on equity and anti-poverty initiatives with the participation of government, civil society, and political parties to assure continuity of policies.ConclusionSeveral EBIs contributed to the successful reduction of U5M in Peru between 2000–2015. Strategies such as the focus on equity throughout the study period contributed to an increase in coverage of EBIs like ANC visits, facility-based deliveries and infant vaccination which worked to reduce U5M. Understanding how Peru successfully implemented programs that reduced preventable infant and child deaths could be useful to replicating this substantial public health success in other low- and middle-income countries.

Financial Inclusion and Poverty Reduction: An Analysis of Panel Data 2010-2019

The purpose of this research paper is to determine the contribution of financial inclusion on the reduction of poverty. Peru was used as a case study to analyze the policy process in reduction of poverty through financial inclusion using data for the period of 2010-2019. The general research hypothesis is that financial inclusion can contribute to the reduction of poverty. Panel data model was specified whose estimation was made through the fixed effects estimator.Within the specified econometric model, the dependent variable was the poverty rate, while the explanatory variable of interest, in this case, financial inclusion, was measured through a multidimensional index of financial inclusion. Additionally, a set of control variables was incorporated: economic growth, income inequality, labor informality rate, and average number of years of education achieved.The results of the research demonstrate evidence in favor of the general research hypothesis, confirming that financial inclusion presents a statistically significant contribution of 1% on the reduction of poverty in Peru during the period 2010-2019. Likewise, regarding the control variables, it is identified that the increase in the levels of economic growth and average years of education are also relevant for the reduction of poverty. Additionally, it is corroborated that the reduction of the levels of income inequality and labor informality lead to an improvement in reduction of the poverty rates.

Public Services in the Household and Their Effect on Poverty, Analysis for the Peruvian Case, 2021

The objective of the research was to determine the effect of public services in the household on poverty in Peru, in the period 2021, for which a quantitative, non-experimental research approach was considered with a descriptive and correlational design. The information from the National Household Survey of the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI) database was used, considering the modules “Dwelling and Household Characteristics”, “Household Members’ Characteristics”, “Education”, “Employment and Income”, “Household Equipment”, “Summaries (Calculated Variables)” and “Citizen Participation”. It was possible to determine that the following variables had negative effects on household poverty in Peru: access to potable water, sanitation, electric power, cell phone services; achieving higher, secondary, and primary education levels; having a washing machine, motorcycle, tricycle, motorcycle taxi, computer, kitchen, refrigerator in the household; having a property title; being part of an association or organization; living in a rural residence area; and having remittances. However, the number of household members had a positive effect on poverty. Therefore, it was concluded that access to public services in the household contributed to reducing the probability of being poor in Peru.

Education and Poverty in Peru: A Review

The purpose of this review article is to review updated bibliographic references, and to determine the association relationships between education and poverty. The methodology used was the search for articles, magazines, theses, and books; in the database of the virtual library of the “César Vallejo” university; to later analyze this information and elaborate the development of the variables education and poverty; to finally conclude that the right to education is universal, endorsed by both world, regional and national organizations; being necessary for human development. Poverty is a complex socioeconomic problem with multiple dimensions, well studied and well known; education is key and fundamental to reduce poverty; the higher the educational level, the less poverty; On the contrary, a lower educational level would lead us to more poverty. Peru continues to be the country that invests the least in education in the region.

Where Are the Poor Located? A Spatial Heterogeneity Analysis of Monetary Poverty in Peru

Measuring poverty is a first step to the design of effective public policies, however, it is also essential to know where the poor are located. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the spatial heterogeneity of the factors that influence monetary poverty for each district in Peru. We apply a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) approach, which allows us to capture the non-stationarity of the hidden data and to provide coefficients for each district, unlike the OLS model. This research mainly uses the Poverty Map and the Population and Household Census of Peru, both from 2007 and 2017. The overriding findings of our results indicate that female headship, secondary education, electricity, and sanitation services are directly associated with poverty reduction at the local level. For 2007, significant effects are mainly concentrated in the districts of Pasco, Lima and Cajamarca regions. For 2017, the results show a shift towards districts of Junín, Huancavelica, and Cajamarca regions. Likewise, it is highlighted that the highest mean negative effect on poverty is generated by Secondary Education in the GWR estimates; while malnutrition represents the highest mean positive effect on poverty for the level and intercensal models. Finally, the empirical evidence found in this research can help establish better policy designs at the district level.

Towards a relational understanding of child poverty: Care and adverse inclusion among street-affiliated children in Peru

In this article, I draw on insights from relational poverty scholars to show how uneven power to shape representations of child poverty, alongside ongoing political, economic and social relationships, is key to understanding the (re)production of children's poverty in Peru. Representations of child poverty have consequences for children's wellbeing, particular services young people can access, and understandings of the deservingness of particular children (and their families). Young people's contestations of the meaning and categories of poverty reveal limitations of normative poverty discourses about the relationship between children's labor, the streets and poverty. At the same time, young people also internalize and uphold some of the subtler ways in which poverty is (re)produced. Listening to young people's accounts of their own poverty challenge conceptualizations of child poverty as a bounded problem of individuals or whole countries, and instead recognizes the role specific caring relationships can play in challenging, producing and maintaining poverty. A relational analysis of child poverty offers theoretical and practical insights into the (re)production of poverty, and works to unsettle some of the uneven ways in which poverty knowledge is produced. The research is based on 14 months of interviews, informal conversations, engaging in drawing and games, and participatory observation with street-affiliated children in Lima Peru in 2009 and 2010, as well as follow-up research in 2011 and 2014.

On the robustness of multidimensional counting poverty orderings

Counting poverty measures have gained prominence in the analysis of multidimensional poverty in recent decades. Poverty orderings based on these measures typically depend on methodological choices regarding individual poverty functions, poverty cut-offs, and dimensional weights whose impact on poverty rankings is often not well understood. In this paper we propose new dominance conditions that allow the analyst to evaluate the robustness of poverty comparisons to those choices. These conditions provide an approach to evaluating the sensitivity of poverty orderings superior to the common approach of considering a restricted and arbitrary set of indices, cut-offs, and weights. The new criteria apply to a broad class of counting poverty measures widely used in empirical analysis of poverty in developed and developing countries including the multidimensional headcount and the adjusted headcount ratios. We illustrate these methods with an application to time-trends in poverty in Australia and cross-regional poverty in Peru. Our results highlight the potentially large sensitivity of poverty orderings based on counting measures and the importance of evaluating the robustness of results when performing poverty comparisons across time and regions.

Organization and Society: Understanding Corporate Social Responsibility and The Inclusive Business in The Peruvian Business Environment

The concepts and terminologies that link the efforts of companies and society for poverty reduction are increasingly numerous and lend themselves to confusion, both conceptually and in their practical business applications. Terms such as inclusive innovation, inclusive business, corporate social responsibility, sustainability, and third sector-social enterprise, all, in essence, have some link between the vision of a business and its contribution to society through its management model. But in practice, that linkage does not mean that they have the same approach and objective. The abundance of terms makes it difficult to create more dynamic progress toward the common goals established by the United Nations at the World Economic Forum in Davos (1999). These goals emphasize the relevance of collaborative contributions from the business sector for the preservation of social values and global economic progress, as well as sustainable global development. In this work, our objective is to clarify two concepts of business management—corporate social responsibility and inclusive business—in the Peruvian Business Environment. This research is intended to generate clarity for future research that seeks to strengthen the link between business and society in Peru. We present, as an introductory framework, a brief review of scenarios related to world poverty, and, poverty in Peru.

Determinantes de la pobreza en el Perú bajo el enfoque de activos

El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar los determinantes de la pobreza en el Perú bajo el enfoque de activos. A través del análisis del modelo de regresión logística se halla que el acceso a servicios básicos como agua potable, electricidad, servicios higiénicos y teléfono, reducen significativamente la probabilidad de ser pobre, así mismo, poseer título de propiedad de la vivienda que se habita y que ésta cuente con mayor número de habitaciones reduce la probabilidad de ser pobre. Mientras que no tener educación, jefe del hogar con lengua nativa quechua, aymara u otra lengua nativa y familias con mayor número de miembros aumenta la probabilidad de caer en pobreza.

Cáncer y la pobreza están fuertemente correlacionados en el Perú

Esta es una investigación ecológica retrospectiva de múltiples grupos, cuyo objetivo es encontrar la correlación entre la vulnerabilidad al cáncer y la pobreza en el Perú durante el 2013. En la metodología, se utilizó el muestreo de conveniencia no aleatoria, incluidos todos los departamentos del Perú. Las principales fuentes utilizadas para el análisis fueron: la situación del Cáncer en Perú, 2013, del Ministerio de Salud, y los datos de pobreza del país, del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática para el mismo año (2013); ya que estas son las últimas en publicaciones de datos nacionales sobre el cáncer y la situación de pobreza en Perú, respectivamente. Para la validación de los rangos para prueba de hipótesis estadística se utilizó la correlación de Spearman. Los resultados muestran una fuerte correlación estadística de 0,761 directa y significativa entre la vulnerabilidad al cáncer y la pobreza en Perú, durante 2013. Asimismo, la tasa y el alcance de una mayor vulnerabilidad al cáncer en las regiones del Perú, y jerárquica identificada como Análisis del estado del cáncer en Perú - 2013 , por Ministerio de Salud es: Huánuco, Ayacucho, Huancavelica, Cajamarca, Amazonas, Loreto y Pasco, todos muy vulnerables. Se concluye indicando que existe una alta correlación entre la vulnerabilidad al cáncer y la pobreza en Perú en 2013.

Descomposicion de los cambios de pobreza en el Peru: 2004-2017

The objective of the article was to analyze the changes that have occurred in the monetary poverty in Peru during the period 2004-2017, with the purpose of using the techniques of decomposition of changes in poverty of Datt-Ravallion and the value of Shapley of the theory of games. cooperatives, which allow to decompose the variation of poverty in effect growth and inequality effect. During the 2004-2017 period, poverty reduction was 37%, which is practically due to the economic growth effect. According to the decomposition of the value of Shapley there is a favorable economic growth effect of 49.09% and an adverse inequality effect of 12.10%; while according to the decomposition of Datt-Ravallion there is a favorable growth effect of 44.60%, an unfavorable inequality effect of 16.59% and an adverse residual effect of 8.99%. In the last 5 years the unfavorable effect of inequality has followed a growing trend; while the favorable growth effect is more modest.

Older adults with disability in extreme poverty in Peru: How is their access to health care?

BackgroundDisability rates increase with age. In 2012, Peruvian older adults (≥ 65 years) represented 9% of the population. Additionally, older population reported disabilities at about 5 times the rate of Peruvians between 36 and 64 years old, and 30% of older population lived in poverty. Peruvian seniors living in extreme poverty experience disabilities and the extent of their access to healthcare is unknown.ObjectiveThis study assesses associations between disability and access to healthcare among Peruvians older individuals living in extreme poverty.MethodsSecondary analysis of a national representative population based survey that utilizes information from Peru’s 2012 survey Health and Wellbeing in Older Adults (ESBAM), which includes older adults living in extreme poverty. We define disability in terms of the Activities of Daily Living (ADL disability) framework. Healthcare access was assessed as having any of Peru’s available health insurance schemes combined with preventive health services (vision assessment, influenza vaccination, blood pressure assessment, diabetes screening, and cholesterol assessment). Poisson robust regression models were used to evaluate the associations among relevant variables. Prevalence Ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were reported.ResultsData from 3869 individuals (65 to 80 years old), of whom 1760 (45.5%) were females, were analyzed. The prevalence of ADL disability was 17.3% (95%CI: 16.0%-18.4%). In addition, more than 60% had never received any of the preventive measures evaluated, except for the blood pressure assessment. In the adjusted model, people with ADL disability had 63% less probability of having extensive insurance, compared to those without disability (p<0.05).ConclusionsThis study shows that this Peruvian older population living in extreme poverty has limited access to healthcare services. Although there was no consistent association between ADL disability and the healthcare access, there is an urgent need to reduce the inequitable access to healthcare of this poor Peruvian older population.

Economic mobility along the business cycle. The case of Peru

ABSTRACTThe performance of Latin American countries in reducing poverty and expanding the middle class has been remarkable. By taking a close look at the Peruvian experience, we examine how this aggregate behavior relates to business cycle conditions and whether different population groups share this behavior. We find that social mobility is cyclical; it decreases in recessions but increases with strong economic growth. The reduction in poverty in Peru appears to be the result of a sustained increase in the poverty exit rate together with a prolonged decrease in the poverty entry rate. These results hold among heterogeneous groups and are particularly marked for households regarded as initially disadvantaged.

Inversión minera, conflictividad y pobreza regional en el Perú 2007-2017

Inversión minera, conflictividad y pobreza regional en el Perú 2007-2017

The Role of Nutrition and Literacy on the Cognitive Functioning of Elderly Poor Individuals

ABSTRACTMaintaining cognitive function is a prerequisite of living independently, which is a highly valued component in older individuals’ well-being. In this article we assess the role of early-life and later-life nutritional status, education, and literacy on the cognitive functioning of older adults living in poverty in Peru. We exploit the baseline sample of the Peruvian noncontributory pension program Pension 65 and find that current nutritional status and literacy are strongly associated with cognitive functioning for poor older adults. In a context of rising popularity of noncontributory pension programs around the world, our study intends to contribute to the discussion of designing accompanying measures to the pension transfer, such as adult literacy programs and monitoring of adequate nutrition of older adults.

Do community factors matter? An analysis of the achievement gap between indigenous and non-indigenous children in Peru

In both the developed and developing world, the racial and ethnic test score gap is a vexing and persistent social problem. While the literature has focused on achievement gaps' underlying family and children determinants, in this article, we demonstrate how to expand the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to include community sorting effects and heterogeneity in community impact effects, factors that have not been considered before in achievement gap research. Using the 2001 cohort of the Young Lives Longitudinal Survey for Peru, our results show that at over the first four years of school, however, indigenous children lose substantial ground relative to non-indigenous children, increasing the average gap to 0.49 standard deviations (of the distribution of test scores) in math and 0.66 in vocabulary. Our findings suggest that parental education and child's health are important determinants of the gap for math and vocabulary; but also that the vocabulary gap is due in part to community effects. The pathways considered yield valuable information for policy makers who are interested in targeting policies to improve student learning among indigenous groups. These pathways are important for human capital formation and could potentially have longlasting impacts on educational attainment and poverty in Peru.

Epidemiological clinical and laboratory characterization of sporotrichosis in patients of a tertiary care hospital in Lima, Peru, from 1991 to 2014

Sporothricosis is endemic in numerous Latin American countries and the rest of the world. In Peru is concentrated in regions with warm and humid climate being little known in the rest of the country. To describe the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients diagnosed of sporotrichosis in a tertiary-care level hospital in Lima, Peru from 1991 to 2014. This was a retrospective, case series. Ninety four patients were involved; most of them were male adults. This condition was acquired more frequently in Cajamarca, Apurímac, and Amazonas. Fixed and lymphocutaneous form were the most frequent forms of presentation in adults and were mostly distributed in upper limbs. Lesions located in head and neck were most frequent in children. Comorbidities were present in 15% of patients and were more frequent in those who presented disseminated cutaneous form. Seventy eight percent of cultures from skin lesions were positive within 7 days. The time to positivity of cultures was longer if the sample came from skin biopsies than skin scraping or skin aspiration. Most cases of sporotrichosis were acquired in areas of extreme poverty in Peru. The clinical, epidemiological and laboratory findings were similar to those reported elsewhere. The time to positivity of cultures varies based on the type of skin sample. This finding needs to be further evaluated in studies with an increased number of cases.

La pobreza monetaria desde la perspectiva de la pobreza multidimensional: el caso peruano

There are several approaches to poverty, but two of them are more widely used: monetary poverty and multidimensional poverty. This paper analyzes the determinants of poverty in Peru, linking both approaches by means of a logistic regression in distinct periods. It is found that access to services (water, electricity, telephony) and housing ownership reduce remarkably the probability of being poor and that having health insurance also reduces it, but to a lesser extent. Interestingly, primary or secondary education does not have a significant impact in reducing the probability of being poor, which can be due to restrictions in the current labor market.

Meeting the Need before Learning to Read: A Holistic Approach to Educational Achievement

Traveling to Peru with a group of students from Gustavus Adolphus College in Minnesota opened my eyes to the numerous possibilities in my career as a librarian to make a difference in the lives of students who confront seemingly insurmountable obstacles to success. Our January Interim service learning course Education, Healthcare, and Poverty in Peru asked us to reflect on our individual purpose, expectations, and philosophy of service. Our small group of about 20 students came to the program from different fields with varying interests motivating our desire to participate in the course. The majority were nursing or education majors seeking to contribute their expertise through medical field work and English instruction, while others were either bilingual Spanish speakers or showed interest in pursuing a degree in medicine. I was drawn to the program because of the service aspect and the opportunity to use my Spanish language skills to engage with the people I would meet, live, and work with in Peru and to interpret for my team.

Gender Differences in Cognitive Ablilities Among the Elderly Poor of Peru

This paper analyses gender differences on cognitive abilities for the elderly poor in Peru. We use a unique and recent survey for the elderly individuals living in poverty in Peru (ESBAM) that includes cognitive tests and a comprehensive set of socio-demographics and subjective and objective health measures. We find significant differences in mental intactness in favour of males, and in episodic memory in favour of females. In contrast, there are not gender differences in an overall measure of cognition, but regional differences appear to matter in favour of urban localities. The sizeable associations of education and childhood nutrition quality with cognition confirm the long-term impacts of early life developments on current outcomes. Therefore, policies aimed at improving early childhood development are expected to have a positive impact in later-life.