Poverty Groups Research Articles

The association between socioeconomic deprivation and secondary school students' health: findings from a latent class analysis of a national adolescent health survey.

BackgroundThe aims of this study were to examine indicators of socioeconomic deprivation among secondary school students and to determine associations between household poverty, neighbourhood deprivation and health indicators.MethodsData were from a nationally representative sample of 8500 secondary school students in New Zealand who participated in a health survey in 2012. Latent class analyses were used to group students by household poverty based on nine indicators of household socioeconomic deprivation: no car; no phone; no computer; their parent/s worry about not having enough money for food; more than two people sharing a bedroom; no holidays with their families; moving home more than twice that year; garages or living rooms used as bedrooms; and, no parent at home with employment. Multilevel generalized linear models were used to estimate the cross-level interaction between household poverty and neighbourhood deprivation with depressive symptoms, cigarette smoking and overweight/ obesity.ResultsThree groups of students were identified: 80 % of students had low levels of household poverty across all indicators; 15 % experienced moderate poverty; and 5 % experienced high levels of poverty. Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking were 2–3 times higher in the poverty groups compared to student’s not experiencing poverty. There were also higher rates of overweight/ obesity among students in the poverty groups compared to students not experiencing poverty, but once covariates were accounted for the relationship was less clear. Of note, students experiencing poverty and living in affluent neighbourhoods reported higher levels of depressive symptoms and higher rates of cigarette smoking than students experiencing poverty and living in low socioeconomic neighbourhoods. This cross-level interaction was not seen for overweight/ obesity.ConclusionsMeasures of household socioeconomic deprivation among young people should not be combined with neighbourhood measures of socioeconomic deprivation due to non-linear relationships with health and behaviour indicators. Policies are needed that address household poverty alongside efforts to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in neighbourhoods.

The Use of Common Area k-Sample Test in Evaluating Targeting Methodologies: An Application to the Case of Egypt

This research utilizes a measure for evaluating targeting methodologies that is based on the common area under the kernel densities of per capita expenditure of different poverty groups. The proposed measure is incorporated with misclassification errors. It also compares some variables commonly used in targeting from a multidimensional perspective to show their overlap where standard statistical tests show them as significantly different. Such an integrated approach helps identify the complexity of model building thus providing a new tool in guiding social policies focusing on poverty alleviation. To demonstrate the added-value of the suggested measure, it is applied to a case study involving different methodologies to target poorest households in regions characterized with high prevalence of poverty in rural Upper Egypt. Results show that trials to classify the surveyed households using different models are faced with large overlap according to the proposed measure even when errors of under-coverage and/or leakage drop. Models built on the national-level of poor areas or on regional-level do not perform well on the level of these poor villages where geographical targeting would have been optimal.

Income Patterns of Households Including Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities According to Poverty Dynamics

AbstractThe purpose of this longitudinal study was to closely examine the economic status of households that include individuals with intellectual disabilities in South Korea as well as the factors contributing to their poverty dynamics. The 2008 and 2012 panel data from the Korea Employment Agency for the Disabled were used to determine the income movement, poverty dynamics, and income patterns of families in the sustained nonpoverty and sustained poverty groups. Data from 87 households that include individuals with intellectual disabilities was used for analysis. Income mobility was assessed using a transition matrix between 2008 and 2012, and poverty and nonpoverty were determined based on the absolute poverty standard. Poverty dynamics were classified by the changes in poverty status in 2008 and 2012, including sustained poverty, sustained nonpoverty, poverty exit, and poverty entry. Income patterns were composed of earned income, social insurance, property income, and transfer income. The results showed that 66.7% of the households including individuals with intellectual disabilities showed no movement in income distribution and 82.8% of these families stayed in the lowest income distribution for both periods. The demographic characteristics of education level, multiple disabilities, and change in the number of employed members of the household were related to poverty dynamics. The ratio of earned income in the sustained nonpoverty group was significantly higher than that of the sustained poverty group, whereas the public transfer income ratio was significantly higher than in the sustained‐poverty group in 2008 and 2012. To reduce the prevalence and severity of poverty among households with individuals with intellectual disabilities, opportunities and quality of employment need to be secured, not only for individuals with intellectual disabilities, but also for their supporting family members.

Economic and Political Inclusion in Human Development Conditional Income Transfer Programmes in Latin America

Most countries in Latin America have implemented human development conditional income transfer programmes to address intergenerational persistence of poverty. Typically, these programmes provide income transfers to households in poverty, conditional on children attending school and on household members attending health clinics. Evaluations have established that programmes reach their explicit short- and medium-term objectives, especially as regards nutrition, children's schooling and improved health care utilisation. It is too early to say whether they will be successful in reducing the intergenerational persistence of poverty. Crucially, this will depend on whether they contribute to the economic and political inclusion of groups in poverty. This article reviews the available literature and finds that participation in human development conditional income transfer programmes leads to improvements in productive capacity, but that favourable labour market conditions will be needed to guarantee economic inclusion. Improved political participation associated with programme participation raises the prospects for greater political inclusion.

Including the Poorest - Cross-national Perspectives on Financial Inclusion

This paper explores relationships between gender, mobile phone ownership, education, age, urbanity, job type, poverty group and ownership of official identification on determining financial inclusion. Financial inclusion is defined as a person using either their own registered bank account or their own registered mobile money account, within the last 90 days. Nationally representative survey data collected from seven countries in the second wave of face to face surveys for the Financial Inclusion Insight Program have been analysed. From an initial analysis of financial inclusion by poverty group, five countries were identified for logistic regression modelling; India, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda. Logistic regression modelling identified the significance of mobile ownership in predicting financial inclusion. Additional cross-cutting determinants including low education levels, poverty and lack of ownership of official identification significantly predicted being financially excluded. In a number of country contexts, having a skilled trade job status meant being more likely to be financially excluded compared with manual workers. This presents financial service providers an opportunity to develop services that meet the specific transactional needs of this target group. When considering the poorest population groups living on less than $1.25 per day, mobile phone ownership was a significant determinant of financial inclusion. In Nigeria, where ownership of mobile phones is higher than the other countries analysed, low education level, agricultural job status and a lack of identification ownership all negatively influence the likelihood of being financially included. This suggests that mobile phone ownership only provides part of the answer for increasing financial inclusion amongst the poorest. For the Sustainable Development Goal of eradicating extreme poverty to be achieved, it is recommended that policy initiatives are in place that facilitate education for all, and particularly for those living on less than $1.25 per day, through to at least secondary level.

The Development of Aggression During Adolescence: A Comparison of Trajectories between Poverty and Non-poverty Groups

The Development of Aggression During Adolescence: A Comparison of Trajectories between Poverty and Non-poverty Groups

The Effects of Healthcare Provisions on the 4x Poverty Population in the United States

The patent protection and affordable care act provides tax credits and cost-sharing subsidies to households at or below 400 percent of the federal poverty threshold. To be eligible to receive these subsidies, one must not be insured under other government health insurance programs such as Medicare or Medicaid, and must have a federal poverty status between 133-400%, also known as the 4X poverty population. This tech report discusses the demographics and profile of the 4X poverty population, the dynamics of this population, and means of developing education and outreach methods to effectively inform this population of their eligibility for benefits. The population demographics are broken down at the state and city level as well as urban and rural areas. In terms of population dynamics, there were four different possible ways of moving in and out of the 4X poverty group from both the top edge (400%) and the bottom edge (133%). Through virtual experiments on taxpayer compliance, interventions such as mail and newspaper ads were tested to determine which best help educate the public about these benefits.

Livestock Husbandry and Smallholder Response to Shocks in Southern Zambia

This study aims to provide information on smallholder farmer access to livestock inputs and services and their husbandry practices in normal and shock years. A combination of qualitative techniques (community mapping with cards; scoring; etc) and a set of carefully designed semi-structured questionnaires were used to elicit information about the underlying livelihoods. The survey areas were purposively selected bearing in mind the geographical variations in levels of vulnerability and the intra-district variations in production potential and market access. Inter-household variations within each sampled community were taken care of by categorizing the households into three poverty groups (non-poor, poor and extremely poor) and implementing a sampling strategy that ensured adequate representation of each. The results suggest a strong need to improve not only public service delivery to the livestock sector but also to devise a multi-faceted system for enhancing productivity and market participation. This is especially critical during shock times.

빈곤과 소득불평등 인식에 따른 문제음주 발달궤적의 변화

Objectives: Socioeconomic factors are one of the significant factors explaining drinking problems in our society. From the poverty and inequality perspective, not only absolute poverty but perceived level of poverty or inequality has a direct effect on one`s health and health behaviors. The purpose of the study is to explore the growth trajectories of problem drinking in Korea in relation to poverty and perceived income. Methods: Data from 13,414 adults were analyzed using 4 years of data (2010 to 2014) from the Korea Welfare Panel. Main variables included poverty status, perceived income inequality, and problem drinking. A latent growth modeling was employed for the analysis. Results: The non-poverty group had higher initial level of problem drinking; however, the poverty group showed higher rate of increase in problem drinking rate. The perceived income inequality had no significant influence on the initial level, but over time, those with higher level of perceived income inequality showed higher rate of increase in problem drinking. Conclusions: Findings showed that poverty and inequality affect changes in problem drinking. Efforts to prevent and decrease problems related to alcohol should not only focus on changing individuals` behavior but also on decreasing the inequality gap.

Impact of social capital on depression trajectories of older women in Korea

Objectives: This study examines the impact of social capital on depressive symptoms trajectories among Korean women aged 65 years or older. It also examines the difference in depressive symptoms and social capital by economic status (poverty group, non-poverty group) among community-dwelling older women in Korea.Method: This study used 2435 older women of the Korean Welfare Panel Study from 2006 (wave 1) to 2013 (wave 8) data using latent growth modeling. Social capital variables were cognitive (interpersonal trust, reciprocity) and structural (the size of family, the number of friends or neighbors, participation in leisure and volunteer activities).Results: The results showed both intra- and inter-individual variability in depressive symptoms over time. Interpersonal trust and reciprocity as cognitive social capital had an effect on the change of depressive symptoms in intercept and slope. The size of family, participation in leisure activities among structural social capital were associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms in intercept and slope.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest some practical implications for depression intervention and prevention and further research on late-life depression.

Forest reliance across poverty groups in Tanzania

An emerging body of knowledge has established that poorer households in forest adjacent communities in developing countries are generally more forest reliant (higher forest income share) while richer households tend to extract more and generate higher absolute forest income. These studies commonly categorize households based on observed income in cross-section data, presenting a snap-shot reflecting both inter-household and inter-annual income variation. In this paper we introduce a new approach to categorize households based on a combination of the observed one-year income and predicted income by an augmented asset approach. Applying this approach on household data from Tanzania, we find forest reliance to be high among structurally poor households (low observed income and assets). The highest forest reliance is found among the stochastically non-poor households (high income and low assets), and this group also has the highest absolute forest income.

Differential Impact of Message Appeals, Food Healthiness, and Poverty Status on Evaluative Responses to Nutrient-Content Claimed Food Advertisements

A 2 × 3 × 2 mixed factorial experimental design was used to examine how three message appeals (benefit-seeking vs. risk-avoidance vs. taste appeals), food healthiness (healthy vs. unhealthy foods), and consumer poverty status (poverty vs. nonpoverty groups) impact evaluative responses to nutrient-content claimed food advertisements. Subjects were partitioned into two groups, those below and those above the poverty line, and exposed to nutrient-content claimed advertisement treatments for healthy and unhealthy foods featuring the three appeals. The findings reaffirmed the interaction effects between perceivably healthy and unhealthy foods and different appeals reported in previous studies, and found interaction effects between consumer poverty level and response to the message appeals featured in the experimental food advertisements. Age, body mass index, current dieting status, education, and gender were examined as covariates.

Does the gender composition of forest and fishery management groups affect resource governance and conservation outcomes: a systematic map protocol

Abstract Background In the fields of environmental governance and biodiversity conservation, there is a growing awareness that gender has an influence on resource use and management. Several studies argue that empowering women in resource governance can lead to beneficial outcomes for resource sustainability and biodiversity conservation. Yet how robust is the evidence to support this claim? Here we focus on the forestry and fisheries sectors to answer the primary question: What is the evidence that the gender composition of forest and fishery management groups affects resource governance and conservation outcomes? Our objective is to produce a systematic map of the evidence highlighting, inter alia, the geographic distribution and quality of the evidence, the consistency and robustness of the findings, and where further research is needed. Methods/design This protocol provides the details of the methodology. The search terms used to identify relevant articles were developed in an iterative process using the phraseology of the primary question, Boolean operators, and a list of synonyms for each term. The search terms will be used to identify relevant articles in CAB Abstracts, Scopus, AGRIS, AGRICOLA, Google Scholar, and Google. A test library of 12 articles will ensure that the search captures the relevant literature. Searches will be in English but will not be restricted by publication date. The websites of 22 international organisations with a known interest in gender-related issues will be screened for relevant documents. The gender-focussed researchers at large conservation NGOs, the members of the Poverty and Conservation Learning Group, and the members of the Gender and Environment Working Group will be invited to submit relevant documents. The list of references of included articles will be screened to identify other relevant articles in a ‘backwards snowballing’ approach. The inclusion criteria are that an article refers to women or gender, forests or fisheries, a resource management group, a quantitative comparison, and an environmental governance or biodiversity conservation outcome in a non-OECD country. A data extraction template with 27 variables will be used to assess the included articles. The output will be a narrative report with descriptive statistics and an evidence-gap map.

Race-Ethnicity, Poverty, Urban Stressors, and Telomere Length in a Detroit Community-based Sample

Residents of distressed urban areas suffer early aging-related disease and excess mortality. Using a community-based participatory research approach in a collaboration between social researchers and cellular biologists, we collected a unique data set of 239 black, white, or Mexican adults from a stratified, multistage probability sample of three Detroit neighborhoods. We drew venous blood and measured telomere length (TL), an indicator of stress-mediated biological aging, linking respondents' TL to their community survey responses. We regressed TL on socioeconomic, psychosocial, neighborhood, and behavioral stressors, hypothesizing and finding an interaction between poverty and racial-ethnic group. Poor whites had shorter TL than nonpoor whites; poor and nonpoor blacks had equivalent TL; and poor Mexicans had longer TL than nonpoor Mexicans. Findings suggest unobserved heterogeneity bias is an important threat to the validity of estimates of TL differences by race-ethnicity. They point to health impacts of social identity as contingent, the products of structurally rooted biopsychosocial processes.

The emotional and behavioral problems of children exposed to poverty and/or collective violence in communities at the Mexico-United States border: A comparative study

Abstract Background. Collective violence attributed to organized crime has shown to be responsible for a considerable burden of physical and mental health morbidity among youth. Objective. To compare the emotional and behavioral problems of children exposed to early childhood poverty and/or collective violence in communities at the Mexico-United States border to children exposed to other social and health risks. Method. A cross-sectional study was carried out with individuals living in poverty at two sites at the Mexico-United States border. Individuals who responded once to the Pictorial Child Behavior Checklist (P+CBCL) in Spanish were selected randomly from clinics in a metropolitan area of El Paso, Texas, United States (poverty alone group), and Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico (poverty plus collective violence group). In addition, emotional and behavioral problems present in these groups were compared with available published emotional and behavioral CBCL scales of children exposed to other social and health risks. Results. Children exposed to both poverty and collective violence had higher emotional and behavioral problem scores as measured by the P+CBCL than those exposed to poverty alone. In addition, compared with children who were brain-injured, hearing impaired, or whose parents were exposed to drugs or alcohol, the poverty and collective violence group had higher levels of emotional and behavioral problems. Discussion and Conclusion. Systematic detection and treatment of children as young as 18 months exposed to trauma are necessary to diminish the mental health problems caused by the collective violence attributed to organized crime.

Using a community-based definition of poverty for targeting poor households for premium subsidies in the context of a community health insurance in Burkina Faso.

BackgroundOne of the biggest challenges in subsidizing premiums of poor households for community health insurance is the identification and selection of these households. Generally, poverty assessments in developing countries are based on monetary terms. The household is regarded as poor if its income or consumption is lower than a predefined poverty cut-off. These measures fail to recognize the multi-dimensional character of poverty, ignoring community members’ perception and understanding of poverty, leaving them voiceless and powerless in the identification process. Realizing this, the steering committee of Nouna’s health insurance devised a method to involve community members to better define ‘perceived’ poverty, using this as a key element for the poor selection. The community-identified poor were then used to effectively target premium subsidies for the insurance scheme.MethodsThe study was conducted in the Nouna’s Health District located in northwest Burkina Faso. Participants in each village were selected to take part in focus-group discussions (FGD) organized in 41 villages and 7 sectors of Nouna’s town to discuss criteria and perceptions of poverty. The discussions were audio recorded, transcribed and analyzed in French using the software NVivo 9.ResultsFrom the FGD on poverty and the subjective definitions and perceptions of the community members, we found that poverty was mainly seen as scarcity of basic needs, vulnerability, deprivation of capacities, powerlessness, voicelessness, indecent living conditions, and absence of social capital and community networks for support in times of need. Criteria and poverty groups as described by community members can be used to identify poor who can then be targeted for subsidies.ConclusionPolicies targeting the poorest require the establishment of effective selection strategies. These policies are well-conditioned by proper identification of the poor people. Community perceptions and criteria of poverty are grounded in reality, to better appreciate the issue. It is crucial to take these perceptions into account in undertaking community development actions which target the poor. For most community-based health insurance schemes with limited financial resources, using a community-based definition of poverty in the targeting of the poorest might be a less costly alternative.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-014-1335-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

An assessment of health and social-economic status among Lanoh ethnic sub-group of Orang Asli (indigenous peoples) in Air Bah I village, state of Perak, Malaysia

This study was conducted to assess the health and social economic status of Lanoh ethic sub-group of Orang Asli (indigenous peoples) in Air Bah I village, Malaysia. A one day study which involved health screening and structured interview was conducted on 16 April 2011. Forty five Orang Asli participated in the health screening. Fifteen subjects were newly discovered to have high blood pressure while 5 subjects had high blood glucose level. Only 37.8% had normal body mass index and 26.7% were pre-obese. Thirteen subjects were interviewed about their health seeking behavior and knowledge of the proper use of medications. Slightly more than half (53.8%) of the subjects was uneducated and 69.2% were rubber tappers with the median monthly household income of RM 400 (USD 122.31). Approximately 77% of the subjects had visited the health centre for body checkups. The utilization of herbs as medications (23.1%) was common and the majority (76.9%) said that traditional medications were safe compared to modern medications. Around 46% of Orang Asli had the opinion that medications should be kept in the refrigerator and exposed places and 61.5% shared medications with others. In conclusion, the Lanoh are still categorized under the poverty group and their education level remains low. Therefore, education intervention is necessary to improve their knowledge on the proper use of medications.

Social Entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa

Responding to calls for a better understanding of the relationship between social enterprises and their environments, this article focuses on contextual influences on social entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa. We identify four predominantly African contextual dimensions (acute poverty, informality, colonial history, and ethnic group identity) and explore their influence on the way social ventures perceive themselves and on their choice of activities. Our empirical study of 384 social enterprises from 19 sub-Saharan African countries suggests that ethnic group identity and acute poverty levels influence both self-perception and activity choices, the country's colonial history influences only self-perception, and informality has no significant influence on either. These findings point to the need to consider both self-perception and the choice of activities in defining social entrepreneurship. Our study also highlights the importance of African contextual dimensions for understanding social entrepreneurship, and underlines the added value of incorporating insights from African data into management research more broadly.

장애인의 문화적 권리 보장에 대한 소고

문화는 사회구성원의 삶의 질을 논함에 있어 필수적인 요소이며, 문화권은 국민의 기본적인 권리로서 인정받고 있다. 문화권이란 시민들이 문화향수를 위해 필요한 각종 문화적 생산수단을 공적으로 확보하고, 문화적 활동에 쉽게 접근할 수 있는 환경을 요구하는 것을 말한다. 그러나 우리사회에서 장애인의 문화권은 사회적 편견과 장벽으로 차별과 소외의 상태에 머물러 있으며 그것은 아직도 권리로서의 인식이 부족한 데서 기인한 것이라고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 장애인의 문화적 권리는 기본적인 인간의 권리라는 인식의 제고와 함께 그에 기반한 보편적 권리임을 분명히 하고, 장애인의 문화적 평등권 실현을 위한 적극적 조치(Affirmative Action)의 시행을 주장하는 데에 있다. 본 연구를 통해 도출된 장애인 문화권 보장과 실현을 위한 정책적 방안은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기초생활보장수급자와 차상위 계층으로 한정된 문화바우처 사업의 대상을 모든 장애인으로 확대해야 한다. 둘째, 문화체육관광부 산하에 장애인 문화지원을 전담하는 독립된 장애인문화국의 설치가 필요하다. 셋째, 주기적으로 장애인의 문화 활동과 문화욕구에 관한 전국단위의 실태조사가 요구된다. The culture is an integral factor when we deal with the quality of life of members of society, and the cultural right is accepted as the basic right. However, the cultural right of the disabled in our society stays in the conditions of the discrimination and alienation by social prejudices and barriers against people with disabilities, and that results from the lack of understanding as a right. The aim of this study is to further raise awareness about the cultural right of the disabled as the basic human right, make it clear to be a universal right based on that, and insist on implementing 'Affirmative Action' for actualizing the disabled's cultural right to equality. The political measures derived from this study to guarantee and realize the cultural right of the disabled are as follows. First, the target extent of cultural voucher system should be expand to not recipients of national basic livelihood guarantees and near poverty groups, but all the disabled. Second, to take full charge of the cultural support of the disabled as a independent organization, it is necessary to establish Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism-affiliated 'Bureau of Culture for Persons with Disabilities'. Third, the nationwide survey on cultural activities and desires of the disabled periodically is required.

Comer en Nueva España. Privilegios y pesares de la sociedad en el siglo XVIII

El propósito del artículo es entregar una visión de las prácticas alimentarias cotidianas de los habitantes del virreinato de la Nueva España durante el siglo XVIII, bajo una perspectiva de larga duración que permite la comprensión de una dinámica de cambios en las costumbres, relacionadas con la convivencia y el aprovechamiento del privilegiado entorno natural novohispano. Las prácticas alimentarias son utilizadas además, para detectar distinciones sociales en el comer, que no estarían necesariamente relacionadas con la procedencia étnica de la población, sino más bien con los costos de los alimentos y las posibilidades de adquirirlos. En ese sentido, se distinguen consumos de sectores privilegiados, de grupos de trabajadores y de miserables e indígenas.