Pounds Of Feed Research Articles

P2 Alphabet Soup - One School's Effort to Reduce Food Waste

Objective To determine the amount of food saved within two food waste reduction programs at an elementary school. Use of Theory or Research Food waste has many contributors: individuals, industry, grocery stores, restaurants and schools. A 2018, USDA study estimated the average person wastes 300 pounds of food a year in the US alone, equating to 150,000 tons of food, enough to feed two billion people. Schools waste 270,000 metric tons of food annually. Changes to the National School Nutrition Program has brought more fruits and vegetables into schools making it imperative to manage the waste from preparation and leftovers. Target Audience Food Service Managers Program Description A rural Ohio community of 7,212 people with a school district feeding 720 students daily in grades kindergarten through 12th grade with a 25% participation rate in free and reduced lunch. The kitchen, providing lunch for three school buildings, currently runs two food waste programs. Program one focuses on food scraps given to a local pig farmer; waste that cannot be served including the ends of vegetables and fruits. Program two focuses on leftover vegetables and grains from the school lunch service. Leftovers collected over the week are made into a vegetable soup that is served with the lunch on Fridays. The soup is offered to students and members of the school community including teachers, staff and visitors at no cost. Evaluation Methods Leftover vegetables and grains were collected and weight recorded daily for four school days for the vegetable soup. Food scraps were collected and weighed daily for five school days. Amounts were totaled. Results Food waste collection yielded 221.5 pounds or an average of 55.4 pounds a day of leftover vegetables and grains used in the vegetable soup. Food scraps program provided a total of 90.2 pounds or 18 pounds of feed daily for local pigs. Conclusions Food scraps and food saving programs work to reduce food waste. Utilizing leftover food may be a way to turn food waste back into edible food for people and/or animals. School kitchen was able to save over 250 pounds of food from the trash in one week. Funding None.

LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SUMMER FEEDLOT DEATHS

Summer heat has already been identified as a major factor for cattle deaths in the feedlot. This study attempts to assess what other factors contribute to and/or influence cattle deaths. Identifying multiple factors that contribute to summer feedlot deaths could aid feedlot managers in implementation of mitigation strategies and minimize the loss of nearly finished cattle. Daily pen, cattle, and nutritional characteristics were recorded and included in this generalized linear mixed model analysis. Cattle data were obtained from cattle pens at a single location from July 1, 2010 to July 31, 2010. Hourly weather data were acquired from this feed yard while solar radiation was received from a neighboring town. Rather than using multiple weather variables, a single comprehensive climate index that summarizes several weather variables is used to capture the apparent feel of the weather. After reviewing the data, a statistical model is developed and odds ratios are computed for statistical inference. According to these odds ratios, cattle fed on severe west slopes had significantly higher odds of death than other types of slopes. Analysis of feed intake indicates pens consuming 16 pounds of feed per head or less during July 16 – 18 have higher odds of death than other consumption levels.

Factors Affecting Beef Cow-Herd Costs, Production, and Profits

Cow-herd standardized performance analysis (SPA) data for Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico were used to determine economic factors affecting cow-herd costs, production, and profitability. Total cost was defined as the financial cost associated with raising a calf through the weaning stage; production, as pounds weaned per exposed female; and profits, as rate of return on assets. Variables affecting one or more performance measures included herd size; pounds of feed fed; real estate, machinery, and breeding-stock investments; calving percentage; death loss; and breeding-season length. Management variables were especially important for financial costs and profitability of the cow-herd operation.

Red Meat Production can be Part of an Environmentally Sound Future

Red Meat Production can be Part of an Environmentally Sound Future

Effectiveness of vaccination of feedlot cattle with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)

In 1984, 96 calves of approximately 500 pounds body weight were kept in a feedlot in 6 pens (16 calves/pen). 48 of the calves in 3 pens were vaccinated with an attenuated BRSV vaccine. At the start of the trial 62% calves in the vaccination treatment group and 50% in the non-vaccinated group were seropositive to BRSV and at the end of the trial 92% of calves in both groups were seropositive. In 1985 the experiment was repeated with a similar group of calves. 50% and 23% calves respectively were seropositive at the start of the trial and 92% and 75% were seropositive respectively at the end of the trial. The average daily weight gain of the vaccinated cattle was 12% greater than the non-vaccinated cattle during the 32 day trial in 1984 and 74% greater during the 28 day trial in 1985. In both trials the pounds of feed consumed per pound of weight gained was higher in the non-vaccinated cattle. The incidence of cattle with respiratory diseases requiring treatment was 33% in the vaccinated groups in both years and 44% and 46% in the non-vaccinated groups in 1984 and 1985.

Whey, steam rolled or whole oats, and fishmeal or meat and bone scraps for weaned pigs (1981)

In two feeding trials, the use of whey, steam rolled or ground oats, fishmeal or meat and bone scraps in starter diets for the weaned pig was evaluated. In Trial I, pigs fed the basal corn-soybean meal diet gained 5% slower than pigs fed diets containing 8.75% whey, with either 8.75% steam rolled or ground oats and 2.5% fishmeal or meat and bone scraps. The pounds of feed required per pound of gain were similar for all diets, resulting in the cheapest gain with the corn-soybean meal basal diet. In Trial II, 192 lighter pigs were used (13 to 24 lbs., initial weight) with similar results. No significant difference was observed in rate of gain, average daily feed intake, or feed efficiency when whey, steamed rolled or ground oats, or fishmeal or meat and bone scraps were added to the basal ration. All diets contained approximately 17.5% crude protein, 1.08% lysine, .88% calcium, and .75% phosphorus. No beneficial effect seemingly is gained using more expensive feedstuffs (steam rolled oats and fishmeal) than more common feeds (ground oats and meat and bone scraps). The cheapest feed. cost per lb. of gain in both trials was observed with the basal corn-soybean meal fortified diet.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 12, 1981

Influence of fiber sources on weaned pigs' performance (1980)

Yorkshire pigs weaned at 5 to 6 weeks and averaging 25 lb were used to determine effects of diets with increased fiber from ground oats, wheat bran, alfalfa meal, or dried beet pulp on performance and diarrhea. The basal diet (corn-soybean meal fortified) contained 2.2% crude fiber; the diets using more fibrous feeds contained 3.9% fiber. Average daily gains on the basal and fiber diets were similar, as were the pounds of feed per pound of gain. Pigs fed the ground oats and wheat bran diets had slightly better fecal scores than those fed the other diets. None of the differences in performance or in daily fecal scores was statistically significant. Fiber added by ground oats, wheat bran, dried beet pulp, or alfalfa meal was neither beneficial nor detrimental to the performance of the weaned pigs.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 13, 1980

Influence of Protamone and Dienestrol Diacetate on Bone Fragility of Caged Layers

THE effect of various thyroproteins on laying hens has been studied fairly extensively since 1923 when Crew and Huxley first attempted to demonstrate that thyroid feeding had an effect on egg production. Turner et al. (1945a, b) found that protamone, an iodinated casein with high thyroidal activity, increased egg production when added to the diet. These workers concluded that an optimum level of protamone in the feed ranged between five and ten grams per hundred pounds of feed. Additional work by Turner et al. (1946) demonstrated that protamone fed continuously at ten grams per 100 pounds of feed prevented a decrease in egg production during the summer months. Work by Singh and Shaffner (1950) indicated that thyroprotein elevated the basal metabolic rate. However, Lillie et al. (1952) questioned whether it improved egg production although the hen’s basal metabolism was increased.The use of estrogens to prevent further degeneration and relieve…

Wheat in growing-finishing rations (1970)

Varying percentages of wheat replaced sorghum grain in rations for growing pigs in two trials. There were no significant differences in performance of pigs in trial one. In trial two significant differences unrelated to wheat in the diet occurred. Average feed efficiency for all groups receiving no wheat (100% sorghum) was 3.13 pounds. Average feed efficiency for all groups receiving no sorghum grain (100% wheat) was 3.31 pounds. Barrows gained 9% faster than gilts. Pelleting the ration saved an average of 49 pounds of feed for every 100 pounds of gain (17%).; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, October 1, 1970

Título en español.

Veinticuatro vacas cruzadas con sangre Holstein, las cuales produjeron diariamente no menos de 30 libras de leche durante un período preliminar de 30 días, se sometieron a dos tratamientos: 1, El tratamiento testigo que consistió en pastoreo en yerba Pangola debidamente abonada, suplementada con un alimento comercial con un 20 por ciento de proteína bruta; y 2, el tratamiento experimental que consistió en confinar las vacas y alimentarlas a discreción con una ración completa con un 22.5 por ciento de bagazo de caña molido y un 77.5 por ciento de concentrados, minerales y un suplemento vitamínico. Durante el período preliminar, las vacas testigo y las que se sometieron a un tratamiento experimental produjeron diariamente un promedio de 42.9 y 40.1 libras de leche, respectivamente. Las cifras correspondientes al período de comparación fueron las siguientes: Durante los primeros 30 días de dicho período, cuando ocurría la lactación máxima, 43.8 y 42.0 libras; durante los siguientes 175 días, cuando ocurría un descenso en la lactación, 35.3 y 31.6 libras; y durante el período completo de los 205 días, 36.5 y 33.1 libras, respectivamente. Ninguna de las diferencias entre los tratamientos fue significativa estadísticamente al ajustar los datos mediante el análisis de covarianza, cuando se usaron los datos del período preliminar como variable independiente. Las vacas del grupo bajo el tratamiento experimental consumieron diariamente un promedio de 36.1 libras de la ración completa y necesitaron 1.09 libras de esta ración por cada libra de leche que produjeron. El contenido promedio de proteína fue significativamente (P < .01) mayor en la leche de las vacas bajo el tratamiento experimental que en la del tratamiento testigo (3.55 contra 3.18 g./100 ml.). Los promedios en cuanto al porcentaje de grasa en la leche fueron 3.07 y 3.28, y en cuanto a los sólidos-no-grasos 8.33 y 8.34, bajo los tratamientos testigo y experimental, respectivamente. La ganancia diaria promedio en peso vivo fue de 0.52 y 0.56 libra en las vacas de los grupos bajo los tratamientos testigo y experimental, respectivamente. Basándose en un costo de $3.58 y $4.41 por cada 100 libras de la ración completa y la mezcla comercial de alimento concentrado, respectivamente y $0.34 por cabeza por día de pastoreo, y en un ingreso de $7.80 por cada 100 libras de leche producida, se hicieron los siguientes estimados bajo los tratamientos testigo y experimental, respectivamente: Costo total de la alimentación por vaca por día, $1.16 y $1.29; ingreso diario por concepto de la leche producida, $2.85 y $2.58; ingreso después de deducir el costo de la alimentación, $1.69 y $1.29; y costo de la alimentación para producir 100 libras de leche, $3.18 y $3.90. En cuanto a las respuestas de las vacas en términos de producción no se encontró evidencia en contra de la hipótesis de nulidad, de que el tratamiento bajo evaluación no era superior al tratamiento testigo. A pesar de que no se obtuvieron suficientes datos sobre costos e ingresos para analizarse estadísticamente, los promedios favorecieron el tratamiento testigo. Los resultados enf atizan la indispensabilidad de obtener un alto promedio de producción de leche (por lo menos 40 libras diarias por vaca) para que la ración completa pueda competir en términos económicos.

Effects of Dietary Protein and Changes in Energy Levels on the Laying House Performance of Egg Production Stocks

IMPROVEMENTS in breeding, feeding, housing, and disease control have greatly reduced the pounds of feed required for a dozen two-ounce eggs. Less of the total daily feed intake is now required for maintenance. With these changes, readjustment of the dietary nutrient balance is required if maximum feed efficiency is to be obtained. Protein and energy sources make up the greatest bulk and cost of laying rations. The present study compares the effects of 13, 15, and 17% dietary protein on the major economic performance traits of egg-type chickens, and the effects of dietary energy increases after three and five months of production respectively on these same traits. The authors have observed in previous experiments that birds peak in production during the third or fourth month of lay and at this same time tend to lose body weight. The purpose of increasing the energy level of the diets in the present …

Efficiency of Growing Broilers to a Heavier Weight

Abstract THE vast growth of our nation’s broiler industry in the last two decades has been geared to the production of a three pound bird which now can be grown in about nine weeks on seven pounds of feed. With the faster growing, more efficient broiler of today, a study was conducted to determine if production efficiency could be increased by rearing the birds to a heavier weight. It is believed that a good market can be developed for heavy broilers or light roasters if their production can be shown to be economical. PREVIOUS WORK Little work has been reported on this phase of broiler production. Using birds that required approximately 10½ weeks and 8½ pounds of feed to reach a 3-pound body size, Heady et al. (1956) have shown how optimal market weights depend upon the ratio of broiler prices to feed costs. Smith (1959), in a more recent study,…

Daily Nutrient Intake as a Basis for Formulating Turkey Starter and Grower Diets

SEMI-PURIFIED experimental turkey starter and grower diets which were developed at Oklahoma State University made it possible to produce a pound of market turkey on 2.2 pounds of feed (Thayer et al., 1961). The data from this feeding trial were used as a nutrient standard, and a linear programming program with an electronic computer was employed to formulate starter diets which contained practical feed ingredients. These practical type starter diets were formulated to be the equivalent in protein, amino acids and energy of the original semi-purified starter diet. Daily nutrient intake standards were developed for males and for females for each successive week of the growing period. These daily nutrient intake standards were utilized in modifying the starter diets into a series of grower diets. The practical type grower diets developed in this manner were fed to growing turkeys during an entire growing period from day-old to market weight. The…

Energy and Protein Interrelationships in Turkey Grower Diets

IT HAS been demonstrated that within the bounds of present genetic potentials one pound of chicken broiler can be produced on 1.6 pounds of feed (Donaldson et al., 1957). Nutrient requirement data obtained under laboratory conditions have been used in the development of economically feasible chicken broiler diets for use under commercial production conditions. Commercial broiler producers using these practical diets have produced a pound of chicken broiler using 1.9 pounds of feed.A series of feeding trials with growing turkeys was initiated at Oklahoma State University in 1955 in order to determine the maximum efficiency with which growing turkeys could convert feed to turkey meat within present genetic limitations (Dunkelgod and Thayer, 1957, 1961). The results of this series of feeding trials indicated that poults of both sexes averaging 5.15 pounds in body weight could be produced in an eight-week growing period. Each pound of live turkey produced required…

The effect of diethylstilboestrol, hexoestrol and testosterone on the growth rate and carcass quality of fattening beef steers

The use of the hormones, diethylstilboestrol, hexoestrol and testosterone propionate, as growth stimulants in beef cattle has been studied.The subcutaneous implantation of 60 mg. stilboestrol into steers fattening in yards produced a highly significant increase in rate of gain (65%) and little difference in the yield and quality of the carcass. The implantation of 24 nig. or 36 mg. of diethylstilboestrol or 30 mg. hexoestrol into Friesian bullocks fattening on pasture produced highly significant increases in rates of gain (29%, 48% and 33% respectively). No significant difference was found in the rates of gain produced by these three treatments.The oral administration of 10 mg. diethylstilboestrol per head per day for 168 days or the oral administration of 20 mg. rising to 40 mg. testosterone propionate per head per day for 154 days to dizygotic twin steers on equal feed intake significantly increased rate of gain by 15% and 21% respectively Feed efficiency as measured by the pounds of feed required to produce a pound of gain was significantly improved by both treatments. Carcass yield and carcass quality were not significantly affected by either treatment. No significant differences were found between the two treatments.Examination of the thyroid and adrenal glands of treated and untreated steers revealed no consistent changes in size due to treatment. The gonadotrophin and thyrotrophin content of the anterior pituitary glands of treated and untreated cattle were compared using the male chick bioassay. The results showed that a lower gonadotrophin content was not a factor associated with the extra growth due to treatment, but in two out of three experiments there was some evidence that sex-hormone treatment leads to a mild hyper-thyroidism which, in turn, resulted in a decrease in the thyrotrophin content of the anterior pituitary gland. It was concluded that hyperactivity of the thyroid gland was probably more important in accounting for the extra growth than hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex.

THE PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS REARED ON RESTRICTED AND FULL FEEDING PROGRAMS

Experiments were conducted in 3 successive years to measure the effect on the performance of laying hens of restricting feed during the rearing period on range. About 1100 birds were reared and carried through a laying year in each experiment. Feed restriction was 72, 76 and 63 per cent of full feed for the test groups in Experiments 1, 2, and 3 respectively. All birds were full-fed in the laying house.Feed restriction changed the pattern of egg production, in that the restricted birds came into production later but subsequently laid at a higher rate than their full-fed counterparts. After 318 and 322 days in production the restricted birds in Experiments 1 and 2 respectively had overcome the disadvantage of a late start (7 and 14 days) and produced as many eggs as the full-fed birds. In Experiment 3, the restricted birds were held back 20 days, and after 315 days in production were still significantly behind in number of eggs produced.The restricted birds in the three experiments consumed an average of 0.17 pounds less feed per dozen eggs over the combined rearing and laying periods This amounts to a saving of 3 pounds of feed per bird, since the mean egg production of the restricted groups was 18 dozen eggs per bird.Early egg size was markedly increased by feed restriction and egg weights taken later in the year (after 3 months in production) remained slightly higher for the restricted groups. Albumin score for eggs from the restricted birds was better in all tests, but not significantly so in any given experiment. Specific gravity of the eggs was not influenced by feed restriction.Mortality on range and in the laying house was not affected by feed restriction on range. Body weight at housing time was much lower for the restricted birds but was not significantly lower at the end of the laying year.

Factors Affecting Feed Efficiency for Egg Production in Selected Strains of Caged Layers

THE use of individual laying cages for market egg production has gained widespread popularity throughout the southern portion of the United States. Breeding is known to affect body size, rate of production, egg size, and feed conversion. Titus (1928) found that White Leghorn pullets weighing an average of 1,632 grams required 64 grams of feed per day for body maintenance, and 40 grams of feed for each egg produced. Byerly (1941) found annual feed requirement for body maintenance to be 46.8 pounds for three pound laying hens, and 81.4 pounds in the case of seven pound hens. He further determined that for each 100 standard weight eggs (12.5 pounds) the hen must consume an additional 14.2 pounds of feed. Bhuwan et al. (1949) found that with hens laying at a rate of 72 percent, approximately 71 percent of the feed consumed was used for body maintenance, 27 percent for the …

The Use of High Quality Fat and the Effect of Protein Level in Broiler Diets

INTRODUCTIONRECENT surpluses of animal fats in the U.S.A. have stimulated interest in its wide incorporation into broiler diets. The resulting high energy diets have been shown to improve the efficiency of feed utilization when measured as pounds of feed consumed per pound of gain (Sunde, 1956; Donaldson et al., 1957). This improvement may possibly be due partly to lowered feed wastage than occurs with light, bulky mashes. It has also been shown that high energy diets, by reducing volume of feed intake will reduce the amount of each nutrient consumed and show up deficiencies of marginal nutrients, unless the nutrient is suitably more concentrated in the diet (Thayer and Davis, 1953; Peterson, Grau and Peak, 1954; Baldini and Rosenberg, 1955).Although the animal fats at present obtainable in N.S.W. are more expensive per unit of energy than more conventional energy sources in poultry mashes, it is conceivable that a …

Supplementation of Cottonseed Hulls with an Alcohol-Urea Preparation

Summary Twenty Holstein heifers were used in a 120-day feeding trial to study the feeding value of a liquid protein supplement, composed of 10% urea, 80% molasses, 6% ethyl alcohol, 4% phosphoric acid, and an assortment of trace minerals, upon growth and feed consumption. Pasture clippings supplemented with 2 lb. of ground corn were fed to six of the heifers; whereas, cottonseed hulls plus 2 lb. of cottonseed meal and 1 lb. of corn were fed to a second group of seven heifers, and cottonseed hulls, 3 lb. of an alcohol-urea preparation, and 1 lb. of corn were fed to a third group of seven heifers. The average daily gains and pounds of feed per pound of gain were 1.21 and 16.91, 0.78 and 29.48, and 0.88 and 29.22 lb. for the groups receiving pasture clippings, cottonseed hulls plus cottonseed meal, and cottonseed hulls plus the alcohol-urea preparation and corn, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups of heifers receiving cottonseed hulls in gains per day or gain per pound of feed eaten. The alcohol-urea preparation represented over 80% of the total protein equivalent.

Effect of Protein Level in Calf Starters on the Growth Rate and Metabolism of Young Calves

Summary Eighty two-day-old male and female calves representing the Holstein and Jersey breeds were used in two separate experiments, to determine the effect of protein level of calf starters on growth rate and metabolism of young dairy calves. In the first experiment, no significant differences were observed in growth rates of calves receiving starters containing either 12.2, 16.6, 20.2, or 24.3% crude protein. The most efficient gains made were on the 12.2 and 16.6% protein levels. In the second experiment, no significant differences were found among groups receiving either a 13.0, 20.0, or 23.7% crude protein starter. A starter containing only 8.5% crude protein supported growth at a significantly lower rate than any of the other starters. A 16.6% crude protein starter gave growth superior to any of the other groups, which may be explained in part by increased feed consumption. The most efficient gains as measured in terms of pounds of feed required per pound of gain were made by this group. The digestibility, nitrogen balance, and blood studies tended to confirm results obtained from growth studies. Based on these studies, it appears that dairy calves two to 84 days of age do not require starters containing more than 12.0 to 16.0% crude protein, to maintain normal growth when a limited amount of whole milk and a medium to good quality alfalfa hay are fed. It was also shown that starters containing only 8.5% crude protein would not support normal growth, thereby indicating that the minimum protein level of calf starters is in excess of 8.5% crude protein.