Poultry Meat Meal Research Articles

Digestibility, apparent amino acid availability and waste generation potential of soybean flour: poultry meat meal blend based diets for tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), fingerlings

Nutrient digestibility and amino acid availability were assessed in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), fingerlings fed diets containing soybean flour (SF): poultry meat meal (PMM) blends (25:75, 50:50 and 75:25), and 0.5 or 1.0% Cr2O3. Although there was variability in individual amino acid availability, average availability was in agreement with the pattern of overall protein digestibility. The best lipid, protein digestibility and amino acid availability values were obtained in the 75:25 SF:PMM blend and 0.5% Cr2O3 treatment, which corresponded to the lowest level of faecal crude protein while the best ash digestibility was observed with 25:75 SF:PMM blend and 1.0% Cr2O3. Chromic oxide inclusion level appeared to affect nutrient availability. Increased marker level might have resulted in decreased nutrient digestibility coefficients. Protein and lipid of diets containing more soybean flour seemed to be more digestible than those of poultry meat meal while the reverse was the case for ash.

The Nutritional Evaluation of Meat Meals for Poultry

There is a wide variation in both the nutritional value to chicks and composition of meat meals. Toxins from oxidised fats or bacterial contamination have little effect on the nutritional value of ...

Nutritional evaluation of meat meals for poultry. VIII.* Nutritive values of and limiting amino acids in cereal diets, supplemented with meat meal

When a commercial meat meal was used to supplement wheat, corn and sorghum diets to growing chicks, there was a wide variation in performance. Feed conversion efficiencies were higher on diets based on wheat and corn than those based on sorghum. The nutritive value as determined by chick growth tests of a wheat-plus-meat meal diet was higher than a corn or sorghum-plus-meat meal diet. The nutritive value of a wheat–plus–meat meal diet, supplemented with lysine and methionine, was the same as that of a crystalline amino acid reference diet. The weight gains of chicks given these two diets were higher than those obtained with diets based on wheat, corn and sorghum, not supplemented with lysine and methionine. The results were explained in terms of the limiting and digestible essential amino acids in these diets. The limiting amino acids in the diets were determined from the plasma amino acid levels in chicks given these diets. ______________________ *Part VII, Aust. J. agric. Res., 23: 913-22 (1972).

Nutritional evaluation of meat meals for poultry. VII.* Effect of processing temperature on total and biologically available amino acids

The effect on the protein quality of meat meals of processing them under commercial conditions in a continuous dry renderer at maximum temperatures ranging from 116 to 160°C for a running time of 115 min was studied. Although the total levels of amino acids were little affected by processing temperatures, the biological availability of all essential amino acids, as determined by the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis, was reduced as the processing temperature increased. At 140 and 160°C the availability of certain amino acids was reduced by 37-56%, lysine, histidine, and methionine being the most severely affected. The availability of essential amino acids in meals produced at temperatures from 121 to c. 138° was not significantly different. The growth-promoting ability of the meat meals for chickens was closely related to the availability of the essential amino acids. __________________ *Part VI, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 19: 171 (1968).

Kualitas Fisik Cangkang Telur Ayam Arab dengan Ransum Kombinasi Azolla microphylla dan Sumber Mineral Kalsium Berbeda

The aim of the present research was to evaluate the contribution effect of calcium derived from Azolla microphylla and different mineral sources on egg shell in Arab hen. Ninety six birds of Arab hen, age was + 16 weeks, with an average body weight of 814,73 g ± 46,86 g were used as experimental animals, and were divided randomly into a randomized block design with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Feedstuffs used for dietary treatments were rice bran, yellow corn, poultry meat meal, Azolla microphylla, CaCO3, Ca2HPO4, oyster shell, palm oil, and top mix. The rations were formulated approximately iso metabolizable energy and iso protein of 3100 kkal/kg and 17% respectively. Inclusion levels of Azolla microphylla 6% in the ration were categorized as treatments, namely, Azolla microphylla 6% without different mineral source (T1); Azolla microphylla 6% and 3% CaCO3 and 6% oyster shell (T2); Azolla microphylla 6% and 3% Ca2PO4 and 6% oyster shell (T3). Conclusion of the research is that calcium retentions are not inhibited by the Azolla microphylla, moreover it can increase calcium deposited in egg shell.
 
 Keywords: Arabian chicken, eggshell, Azolla micophylla, mineral

Poultry manure and meat meal as a source of dietary nitrogen for sheep

Two experiments were performed to test the feasibility of using poultry manure as a nitrogen source with a low quality roughage in maintenance diets of sheep. In experiment 1, three diets were offered, all including sorghum grain and cottonseed hulls. One contained no additional source of nitrogen, but the other two were designed to offer equal amounts of nitrogen, either from meat meal or from meat meal and poultry manure (nitrogen ratio of 1 : 2.8). The liveweight changes of sheep on the diet containing poultry manure and meat meal were no different from those of sheep on the diet to which meat meal only was added. In experiment 2, four diets were offered in a cross-over design. All diets included wheat straw and three of them contained wheat grain and meat meal and poultry manure (nitrogen ratio 1 : 3.1). The fourth diet consisted of wheat straw and chaffed lucerne hay. To simulate the litter from caged broilers, either 15 per cent or 30 per cent sawdust was added to two of the diets that contained poultry manure. Adding 15 per cent sawdust had no adverse effect on liveweight changes, the amount eaten, or dry matter digestibility. Inclusion of 30 per cent sawdust, however, resulted in weight loss and reduced feed intakes and dry matter digestibility.

Nutritional evaluation of meat meals for poultry. VI. Association of growth promotion, protein digestibility, and hot-water-soluble protein content, and effect of amino acid supplementation

Despite considerable variation in digestibility (from 68 to 83%) and in the hot-water solubility (from 14 to 27%), of the protein of meat meals, these parameters were not significantly correlated with chick growth on diets based on wheat, skim milk, and the meat meals. Although growth rates on both high and low quality meals were increased by addition of arginine, lysine, methionine, and tryptophan, with the major part of the response due to lysine, methionine, or both, differences in growth rates on high and low quality meals were not eliminated. However, with high levels of the amino acids and additional minerals, vitamins, and antibiotic, growth rates on some low quality meals were similar to those on the supplemented high quality meat meals. It is concluded that differences in the available essential amino acid content of the meat meals were the main cause of variation in growth-promoting ability, but that when amino acid deficiency was corrected a second limiting factor could be one or more of vitamins, minerals, and antibiotic.

Nutritional evaluation of meat meals for poultry. V. Effect of addition of antioxidants during and after processing on growth-promoting value of high and low qualtiy meat meals

Two antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene and ethoxyquin, were added separately, at c. 0.01 % and 0.02% of the fat, to high and low quality meat meals either during or after processing. Samples with 0.02% ethoxyquin added, and without antioxidant, were then stored for 3,6, and 9 months at l°, room temperature (c. 20°), and 37°C. The growth of chicks on diets based on wheat, skim milk, minerals, vitamins (including tocopherol) and antibiotic, and fresh or stored meals was then studied. Only the addition of 0.02% ethoxyquin after processing to both high and low quality meals significantly increased growth rates (by about 7%), and only with the fresh samples. The other treatments were without effect. It was concluded that oxidation in the course of processing or autoxidation during storage are unlikely to be major determinants of the relative growth-promoting ability of meat meals.

Nurtitional evaluation of meat meals for poultry. III. Association of chick growth with the bone, calcium, and protein contributed by meat meals to diets, and the effect of mineral and vitamin plus antibiotic supplementation

Experiments were conducted to study the effect on chick growth of equalizing the bone, bone ash, or calcium contents of diets based on wheat plus skim milk and containing high or low quality meat meals with and without soybean meal, and of supplementing these diets with minerals and with vitamins plus antibiotic. Bone or ash content was the major cause of variation in the growth of chicks on diets in which meat meal provided about 35% and soybean meal about 22% of the total dietary protein, but not on diets in which meat meals provided about 57% of the protein. The first type of diet gave significantly faster growth than the second type, but this was not due to the lower bone or calcium content of the first type. The results are interpreted as indicating that when meat meals provided a major proportion of the protein, protein quality rather than the bone or ash content of the diets was the major cause of variation in growth. As supplementation with bone ash, or bone with the same ash content, or with calcium carbonate with the same calcium content, depressed growth equally, it was concluded that the main cause of depressed growth on diets containing high levels of added bone was the high calcium content of the diets. Though supplementation of some low quality meat meal diets with minerals, with or without vitamins plus antibiotic, slightly increased growth rates, the variation in growth-promoting ability between diets containing high and low quality meat meals was not appreciably reduced. The experiments confirmed previous indications that the growth-promoting ability of a meat meal included in chicken diets is mainly the resultant of any growth depression due to excess calcium and growth promotion due to the contribution of essential amino acids.

Nutritional evaluation of meat meals for poultry. IV. Prevention of growth depression from high levels of bone or calcium by vitamin and antibiotic supplementation

Experiments were conducted to determine the reason for depressed growth in chickens when high levels of bone, bone ash, or calcium were added to diets based on wheat, skim milk, and soybean and/or meat meal, and containing a basal supplement of vitamins and an antibiotic. The growth depression was not due to energy dilution of the diet, nor to an induced deficiency of essential fatty acids or minerals. The growth rates of pair-fed groups of chickens indicated that about half the growth depression was due to a reduced food intake. Depression of appetite and growth was completely prevented by further vitamin . plus antibiotic supplementation of diets containing added bone, bone ash, or calcium carbonate up to a total calcium content of c. 2.5%, but not when calcium exceeded this level. Additions of either vitamins or antibiotics alone produced responses but were not as effective as in combination.

Nutritional evaluation of meat meals for poultry. I. Variation in quality and its association with chemical composition and ash and lipid factors

On the basis of chick growth and efficiency of feed conversion, wide variation in the nutritional value of Australian meat meals has been observed, with all samples inferior in value to imported fish meal. No necessary relationship was observed between the crude protein and fat contents of the meals and the chick growth-promoting ability or efficiency of feed conversion. Small variations in growth response were significantly associated with the amount of ash contributed by meat meals to diets. However, ash was not the major cause of the differences between high and low quality meals. The addition of ash or ether extract from low quality meat meal to high quality meal did not indicate the presence of growth-depressing or toxic factors in these fractions. The results are interpreted as indicating that neither total protein content, ash content, or lipid content, nor ash or lipid toxic factors was the main cause of variation in the nutritional value of the meat meals studied.

Nutritional evaluation of meat meals for poultry. II. Effect of increasing protein concentration, removal of bone, and folic acid, pyridoxine, and pantothenic acid supplementation of diets based on high and low quality meals

The effect of increasing the protein and B vitamin concentrations in chicken diets based on wheat, milk powder, and high and low quality meat meals, and of removing bone from such meals, has been studied. Meat meal protein provided approximately 50% of the total protein of 20% protein diets, and up to 85% of the protein of higher protein diets. Without additional pyridoxine and folic acid, increased growth was obtained by increasing the proportion of high quality meat meal in diets providing up to 35% protein (metabolizable energy calorie/protein ratios of 32–33). With low quality meat meals, increased growth was observed on diets containing up to 25 or 30% protein. Severe growth depression and high mortality rate was observed on low quality meat meal diets containing 30–35% protein. Addition of 5 p.p.m. pyridoxine and 8.8 p.p.m. folic acid to low quality meat meal diets containing 30–35% protein significantly improved growth and decreased mortality. This improvement was mainly due to folic acid, and in one case to folic acid and pyridoxine. The available evidence did not indicate whether the response was due to an increased need for or decreased intake of these vitamins, or both. Although growth was significantly improved by the removal of bone from both a high quality–low ash and a low quality–high ash meat meal, the removal did not significantly affect the (calculated) proportion of the total collagen protein in the diet. From this and other evidence, it is concluded that growth depression on high bone content diets is mainly due to excessive calcium content, and not because high bone content is associated with a high proportion of collagen provided by bone protein. Even after removal of bone, however, growth on the low quality meat meal diet did not approach that on a high quality meal diet, which indicated that higher bone content was not the main cause of the low growth-promoting ability of the low quality meal. Addition of meat meal ash to diets depressed growth, but not sufficiently to account for most of the variability in growth-promoting ability of meat meals when they supplied 50% or more of the total protein in the diet. It is tentatively concluded that the growth-promoting ability of meat meals in chick diets is mainly a resultant of: (i) Any effect of excess ash (particularly the calcium component) contributed. (ii) The quality (digestibility or biological value, or both) of their protein, which is not related to the proportion of collagen; and of course the proportion of meat meal protein in the diet, and the extent to which it is complemented by other proteins in the diet. (iii) At high levels of meat meal protein, the folic acid and/or pyridoxine contents of the diets and/or the requirements of the chicks.