Poultry Farm Workers Research Articles

Bronchopulmonary pathology among egg poultry workers

Introduction. Poultry farming is one of the leading branches of agriculture, whose workers work under the influence of various factors that have a sensitizing, fibrogenic and toxic effect on the respiratory system. Materials and methods. As part of a cross-sectional study, the incidence of diseases of the respiratory system, medical and social factors of life, and the state of the respiratory system in one hundred thirty five egg poultry workers were studied. A hygienic assessment of the factors of the working environment and the labour process was carried out. The results of the study were statistically processed using the Statistica 10 software. Results. The air condition of the working area at the enterprise under study was established to meet sanitary and hygienic requirements. A high incidence of chronic bronchitis and a significant prevalence of respiratory dysfunction in egg poultry workers have been detected. With an increase in work experience, there is a decrease in the indices of external respiratory function and an increase in the level of allergic mood of the body of employees of the main occupationso. The use of smoking tobacco products is not a priority risk factor in the formation of diseases in workers of the main poultry farming occupations. Taking into account the results obtained it is planned to continue research on the study of working conditions that are risk factors for violations of the state of the respiratory system in egg poultry workers and the mechanism of their formation. Limitations. The study has regional (Saratov region) and occupational (poultry farm workers) limitations. Conclusion. The concentration of the dust in the air of the working area in workers in the main occupations of egg poultry does not exceed acceptable values. At the same time, a high incidence of chronic bronchitis was revealed, as well as a significant prevalence of respiratory dysfunction in workers, which is associated with an increase in occupational experience. The results of the assessment of the state of the respiratory system determine the expediency of studying modern working conditions in egg poultry workers and their influence on the formtation of bronchopulmonary pathology.

Larger Airway Functions in Poultry and Dairy Confinement Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The peak expiratory flow (PEF) test is a crucial tool for assessing larger airway functions, particularly in individuals exposed to occupational hazards. This study aims to compare PEF values between animal workers (poultry and dairy farm workers) who are regularly exposed to animal allergens and other respiratory irritants and normal workers who do not have such exposures. A cohort of animal workers from poultry and dairy farms were evaluated alongside a control group of normal workers without known respiratory hazards. PEF measurements were taken using a computerized spirometer, and results were analyzed to determine differences in respiratory function between the two groups. There was a significant difference in PEF values, with animal workers exhibiting lower PEF compared to their control group. Further, poultry farm workers had a significant decrease in PEF when compared to dairy farm workers. This study represents a pioneering effort in the comparative analysis of respiratory health among workers in poultry and dairy farms. The findings indicate that occupational exposure to allergens and irritants associated with animal environments may have deleterious effects on respiratory health. Further analysis, controlling for confounding variables such as smoking status, age, and baseline health conditions, reinforces the initial observation of compromised respiratory function in animal workers. This study underscores the importance of regular respiratory health monitoring and implementation of protective measures for individuals in occupations with high exposure to respiratory irritants. Enhanced awareness and preventive strategies could mitigate the long-term health impacts on animal workers, ensuring safer working environments and improved overall health outcomes.

Assessment of Knowledge and Biosecurity Practices Related to Avian Influenza Among Poultry Workers in a District of South India.

Avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, is a contagious disease that affects both animals and humans, posing a significant threat to public health, animal welfare, and the economy. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge of avian influenza among poultry farmworkers and evaluate the biosecurity practices implemented on their farms. The study's primary objective was to assess the knowledge regarding avian influenza among poultry farmworkers and the biosecurity practices they follow at the farm. Cross-sectional study. The study was conducted in a district of South India. This study included 105 poultry farmworkers across 70 poultry farms in the district. Assessment of the participants' knowledge related to avian influenza, and the association between knowledge levels, demographic, and farm-related factors such as working experience in the poultry farm, type of poultry farm, type of poultry reared, and biosecurity practices. In the study, 90% of participants were aware of avian influenza, with 36% correctly identifying the virus as its cause, whereas 5% wrongly cited it to be a bacteria. Although 90% knew avian influenza was infectious, only 18% recognized its potential transmission to humans; however, 82% understood prevention methods. Participants with an education level beyond high school displayed significantly higher awareness ( P < .05), emphasizing importance of the education. The study showed diverse awareness levels among poultry farmworkers regarding avian influenza, emphasizing gaps in the knowledge, particularly about its transmission to humans. This underscores the need for targeted awareness campaigns focusing on zoonotic risks to improve the level of understanding and implement effective preventive measures against avian influenza.

Correlation of Job Satisfaction of Poultry Farm Workers and Product Compliance Sustainability

The study aimed to scrutinize the relationships between Job Satisfaction and Product Compliance indicators such as Supervisor's Relations, Co-workers' Relations, Nature of Work, Working Conditions, Pay and promotions, Product Attributes, Product Standards, and Product Disclosure. The samples were poultry farm workers from the province of Bulacan, Philippines. In addition to employing random sampling, the research instruments comprised rating scale-equipped questionnaires. The research utilized Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis to test the significant difference, Spearman's Rho to test the relationship, and SEM to analyze the structural relationship. The results showed that pay and promotion have significant differences when grouped according to sex, family size, and length of service. Co-worker relations significantly differ when grouped according to average monthly income and educational attainment. Product disclosure has significant differences when grouped according to age and educational attainment. Product attributes significantly differ when grouped according to average monthly income, educational attainment, length of service, and number of training attended. Product standards have significant differences when grouped according to the number of training attended. Product disclosures have significant differences when grouped according to average monthly income, length of service, and number of training attended. Co-workers’ relations have a significant relationship with product attributes. SEM shows that supervisor relations, product attributes, and product disclosures are correlated. Job satisfaction can be enhanced through the provision of higher pay, training, and good working conditions. Future research should be qualitative for a richer qualitative interpretation.

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Leptospirosis in High-Risk Occupational Groups in the State of Gujarat as Determined by IgM ELISA and MAT Test: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Leptospirosis is a reemerging zoonosis affecting humans and animals worldwide in tropical and subtropical countries. The study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in high-risk occupational groups (cattle farm workers, poultry farm workers, and slaughterhouse workers) in the state of Gujarat and to determine related risk factors for leptospirosis. Using an interview-guided questionnaire, a cross-sectional study was conducted involving 123 people in high-risk occupational groups (namely, cattle farm workers, poultry farm workers, and slaughterhouse workers) from five districts of the state of Gujarat, India. The participants' serum samples were screened for antileptospiral antibodies by using Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) followed by a microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The Chi-square (χ2) test and odds ratio were calculated using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA) to ascertain the associated risk factors. Regarding demographic information, this study included 104 men and 19 women in high-risk occupational groups. The overall seroprevalence of antileptospiral antibodies in these high-risk workers was 46.3%. The seroprevalence was the highest among poultry farm workers (56.6%), followed by cattle farm workers (54.5%) and slaughterhouse workers (25.6%). The MAT in combination with IgM is adequate for the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis, but we have also employed IgG ELISA to understand the chronic infection in these high-risk occupational groups as exposure was both past and present. Tests were conducted for antibodies against various Leptospira serovars in the major serogroups; frequent serovars included Hurstbridge, Panama, Javanica, Tarassovi, Copenhageni, Pomona, and Weaveri, among others. The significant (P < 0.05) risk factors associated with leptospirosis in these high-risk occupations reported to be living in field areas, the presence of livestock in the neighborhood, working in slaughterhouses, drinking water from natural water resources, contact with animals such as dogs or livestock, and wounds during occupational practice. Considering the high seroprevalence of leptospirosis, high-risk occupational groups should be regularly screened for potential development of the fatal disease. Hurstbridge was found to be the most prevalent serovar in the studied population, followed by Panama, Javanica, and Tarassovi.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae Among Large Scale Poultry Farm Workers in Nairobi Metropolis

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae Among Large Scale Poultry Farm Workers in Nairobi Metropolis

Influenza A(H5N1) detection in two asymptomatic poultry farm workers in Spain, September to October 2022: suspected environmental contamination.

In autumn 2022, the Spanish Influenza National Reference Laboratory (NRL) confirmed the detection of influenza A(H5N1) in samples from two asymptomatic workers linked to an outbreak in a poultry farm in Spain. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken according to a national screening protocol for exposed workers. Absence of symptoms, low viral load and negative serology in both workers suggested environmental contamination. These findings motivated an update of the early detection strategy specifying timing and sampling conditions in asymptomatic exposed persons.

A cross-sectional survey of avian influenza knowledge among poultry farmworkers in Indonesia.

Avian influenza (AI) poses a serious threat to global public health, especially the highly pathogenic form. Awareness and protective behavior among the public, particularly the high-risk populations, are essential for prevention and control. This study aimed to ascertain the level of AI knowledge among Indonesia's poultry farmworkers. This was a cross-sectional study conducted online. A predesigned standardized questionnaire, containing six demographic questions and 14 questions on AI knowledge, was used. The questionnaire was distributed via WhatsApp and email platforms. Volunteers (respondents) included 119 men and 81 women, aged 18-50 years, who work on poultry farms in Indonesia. Data were analyzed using the chi-squared and Fisher exact tests. The study's findings revealed that more than two-thirds (67.0%) of the respondents had heard about AI. Their primary sources of information were health workers (36.0%) and media, especially television (34.0%). The majority of the participants (91.3%) had good knowledge about AI as a contagious infection, transmissible from birds to other birds, animals, or humans. A total of 76.8% of the respondents believed that poultry workers and veterinarians were at high risk of contracting AI infection. The study concluded that poultry workers had good knowledge about AI infection, transmission, and risk variables. Health workers and television were the main sources of information on AI. The level of AI knowledge was high among the respondents.

Determination of antimicrobial resistance patterns of Escherichia coli isolates from farm workers in broiler poultry production and assessment of antibiotic resistance awareness levels among poultry farmers in Lusaka, Zambia.

The challenges posed by antibiotic-resistant pathogens have continued to increase worldwide, particularly in resource-limited countries. Human-livestock interactions are implicated in the complex AMR causal web. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four districts of Lusaka Province, Zambia to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns, ESBL production of E. coli isolated from stool samples of broiler poultry farm workers, and to assess poultry farmers' antibiotic resistance awareness. Sixty-six human stool samples were collected and processed for E. coli isolation, antibiotic resistance testing, and screened for ESBL production. In addition, 80 farmers were assessed for their level of awareness on antibiotic resistance. A total of 58 single E. coli isolates were obtained which showed high (87.9%) resistance to tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (48.3%), and ampicillin (46.8%); followed by nalidixic acid (19.0%), ciprofloxacin (12.1%), cefotaxime (8.6%) and chloramphenicol (5.2%). The prevalence of AMR E. coli was 67.2%, and 29.3% were MDR. Two (3.4%) isolates were identified to be ESBL producers, harboring the CTX-M gene. The study results also showed that broiler farmers were aware and knowledgeable of antibiotic resistance, although knowledge about its impact on human health was low. This study demonstrated the presence of resistant and ESBL producing E. coli among poultry farm workers.

Antibiograms of Gut Flora of Poultry Farms Workers Reveal Higher Resistance Levels as Compared to Non-Workers.

Antibiotics are being used in humans and animals for treatment and control of bacterial infections. Excessive use of antibiotics in the production of poultry is a popular practice, but it poses serious health issues by transferring resistance from farm to humans via food or direct exposure. The objective of this study was to carry out a comparison of the resistance and sensitivity profile of isolated isolates from sewage of toilets that were in use of workers inside the farm and from sewage of household toilets. In this study, a total of 320 sewage samples were collected. The antibiotic susceptibility profile was checked by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and the statistical analysis was carried out by MS excel. Chi-square test was performed to determine whether the antibiograms from two sample types were statistically different from each other or not. From 320 sewage samples, a total of 296 bacterial isolates were isolated among which the leading bacterium was E. coli. The proportion of resistance, ESBL production and MDR was significantly higher in bacteria isolated from sewage of toilets under use of poultry farm workers as compared to the sewage from domestic use toilets. Resistance significantly increased in the bacteria isolated from toilets under use of poultry farm workers as compared to the ones isolated from control sewage samples.

Zoonotic diseases risk perception and infection prevention and control practices among poultry farmers in the Buea Health District, Cameroon: A one health perspective.

Livestock are associated with pathogenic microbes and farm workers play a significant role in the transmission of zoonotic diseases (ZDs). Lack of awareness of exposure risk among farmers may influence their farm practices, thereby enhancing the spread of diseases on farms and to the community. This study was aimed at evaluating the knowledge, risk perception, and prevention and control practices of ZDs among poultry farmers to provide baseline data for establishing a "One Health" practical approach to reducing ZD transmission in poultry farms. Using the exponential discriminative snowball technique, a community-based cross-sectional study involving poultry farmers was carried out in the Buea Health District from April to July 2021. Six feed-producing mills were used as focal points to identify and recruit farmers who were also referred to other farmers. Questionnaires were used to collect data related to participants' knowledge, risk perception, and prevention and control practices of ZDs. Descriptive analyses were performed for all variables while the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to determine associations at 95% confidence level. In all, 183 poultry farms and 207 workers were enrolled in the study. Despite being aware that animal diseases can be transmitted to humans, most participants showed poor knowledge (54.6%), low-risk perception (51.7%), and poor prevention/control practices (54.1%) on ZDs. The majority did not consider coming in contact with birds' body fluid (blood) or apparently healthy birds to be a risk of infection. More participants with small farms (<500 birds) had low-risk perception of ZDs than those with larger farms (>1000 birds) (p = 0.03). Furthermore, most participants reported practicing hand washing but they neither used protective devices such as gloves and face masks, and >50% would not invite veterinary professionals to their farms. There was a significant association between risk perception and knowledge (p = 0.007; CI = 1.257-4.200) as well as between risk perception and prevention/control practice (p = 0.002; CI = 1.451-4.867). Poultry farm workers in Buea had poor knowledge and perception of ZD risk and this might have contributed to their poor prevention/control practices on the farms. Enhanced informal education of poultry farmers through training workshops and seminars will improve their knowledge and skills on ZD transmission risk and prevention.

Bird Mortality and Incidence of Chlamydial Infections Among Poultry Farmers in Abia State, Nigeria

Bird mortality has been frequently reported among poultry farmers, and the prevailing circumstances in the poultry farms seem most favourable for incidental cross-infections, notably Chlamydia infections among poultry farmers. This study therefore has investigated Bird mortality and incidence of Chlamydia infections among poultry farmers in Abia State, Nigeria. A total of 127 poultry farmers, comprising 66 females and 61 males aged 21-60 years were evaluated for Chlamydia and other microbial infections using Endo cervical swab, urethral swab, from female, male workers respectively, as well as nasal/mouth secretions from sick birds, for microbiological cultures. Two (2) mls of venous blood was also collected from each farmer for serological detection of Chlamydia Antibody using Chlamydia kit. Three hundred and sixty (360) Sick birds comprising 18 sick birds from each of the 20 poultry farms studied were collected with sterile swab sticks, and then transported to the laboratory in transport medium for processing immediately for isolation and identification of microorganism using appropriate media. Each of the 20 poultry farms randomly selected has grown their birds for at least ten (10) weeks before study recruitment, and the number of deaths recorded in each farm was obtained. Of the 20 farms with 10,200 birds 427 (4.3%) deaths were obtained. A total of 360 sick birds evaluated microbiologically, 157 (43.6%) were infected with either bacteria or fungi or a combination of the two. Three hundred and sixty (360) birds, poultry farm workers evaluated, 6(1.7%) Chlamydia antibody was reported, 16 (4.4%) Aspergillus sp; 48(13.3%) Bacillus sp; 98(27.2%) Staphylococcus sp; 108(30.0%) E. coli, and 18 (5.0%) Salmonella sp. These microbial agents isolated in the study could be responsible for the recorded proportion bird deaths from the poultry farms investigated. At the time, the microbial agents isolated from the urine, urethral and Endo cervical swabs of the poultry farmers appeared similar to those from the mouth secretion of sick bird, thus suggesting that the poultry farmers may have acquired the pathogens from the birds following cross-infection.

Antibiotic Use and Resistance Knowledge Assessment of Personnel on Chicken Farms with High Levels of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Ica, Peru

Poultry farming represents Peru’s primary food animal production industry, where antimicrobial growth promoters are still commonly used, exerting selective pressure on intestinal microbial populations. Consumption and direct animal-to-human transmission have been reported, and farmworkers are at high risk of colonization with resistant bacteria. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 54 farmworkers to understand their current antimicrobial resistance (AMR) awareness in Ica, Peru. To gain insight into the potential work-related risk of exposure to bacteria, we also measured the AMR rates in Escherichia coli isolated among 50 broiler chickens. Farmworkers were unaware of antimicrobial resistance (31.5%) or antibiotic resistance (16.7%) terms. Almost two-thirds (61%) consumed antibiotics during the previous month, and only 42.6% received a prescription from a healthcare professional. A total of 107 E. coli chicken isolates were obtained, showing a high frequency of multidrug-resistant (89.7%) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production (71.9%). Among ESBL-producer isolates, 84.4% carried the blaCTX-M gene. Results identified gaps in knowledge that reflect the need for interventions to increase antimicrobial awareness among poultry farmworkers. The high AMR rates among E. coli isolates highlight the need to reduce antimicrobial use in poultry farms. Our findings reveal a critical need for effective policy development and antimicrobial stewardship interventions in poultry production in Ica, Peru.

Impact of inland waters on highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in neighboring poultry farms in South Korea.

BackgroundSince 2003, the H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype has caused massive economic losses in the poultry industry in South Korea. The role of inland water bodies in avian influenza (AI) outbreaks has not been investigated. Identifying water bodies that facilitate risk pathways leading to the incursion of the HPAI virus (HPAIV) into poultry farms is essential for implementing specific precautionary measures to prevent viral transmission.ObjectivesThis matched case-control study (1:4) examined whether inland waters were associated with a higher risk of AI outbreaks in the neighboring poultry farms.MethodsRivers, irrigation canals, lakes, and ponds were considered inland water bodies. The cases and controls were chosen based on the matching criteria. The nearest possible farms located within a radius of 3 km of the case farms were chosen as the control farms. The poultry farms were selected randomly, and two HPAI epidemics (H5N8 [2014–2016] and H5N6 [2016–2017]) were studied. Conditional logistic regression analysis was applied.ResultsStatistical analysis revealed that inland waters near poultry farms were significant risk factors for AI outbreaks. The study speculated that freely wandering wild waterfowl and small animals contaminate areas surrounding poultry farms.ConclusionsPet birds and animals raised alongside poultry birds on farm premises may wander easily to nearby waters, potentially increasing the risk of AI infection in poultry farms. Mechanical transmission of the AI virus occurs when poultry farm workers or visitors come into contact with infected water bodies or their surroundings. To prevent AI outbreaks in the future, poultry farms should adopt strict precautions to avoid contact with nearby water bodies and their surroundings.

Molecular characterization of Chlamydia species in commercial and backyard poultry farms in Costa Rica.

AbstractOutbreaks caused byChlamydia psittaciand other chlamydial species have recently been reported in poultry farms worldwide, causing considerable economic losses. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of chlamydial species in these birds in Costa Rica. One hundred and fifty pools of lung tissue samples from industrial poultry with respiratory problems and 112 pools of tracheal swabs from asymptomatic backyard poultry were analysed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), end-point PCR and sequencing. A total of 16.8% (44/262) samples were positive forChlamydiaspp., most of them detected in asymptomatic backyard poultry (28.6%, 32/112) and fewer in industrial poultry (8%, 12/150). Of these positive samples, 45.5% (20/44) were determined to beC. psittaci. For the first timeC. psittacigenotype A is reported in poultry in Latin America. In addition, the presence ofChlamydia gallinaceain backyard poultry and ofChlamydia muridarumin industrial and backyard poultry is reported for the first time in Central America. In 40.9% (18/44) of the positive samples, it was not possible to identify the infecting chlamydial species. These findings reveal a zoonotic risk, particularly for poultry farm and slaughterhouse workers having direct contact with these birds.

Occupational risks and their implications for the health of poultry farmers.

Poultry activity exposes workers to accidents and unhealthy conditions with physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychological risks. The objective was to list risk factors in poultry farms in operational, behavioral, and environmental aspects. We evaluated poultry farm workers through quantitative and qualitative analysis applying a semi-structured online questionnaire containing 58 questions to identify risks in the workplace and health implications. Most facilities were air-conditioned, workers performed their activities in a totally closed environment, with low light (1 to 10 lux), for more than 40 h/wk. Regarding accidents, 61%of workers claimed to have suffered some type of accident, 34%claimed to not use personal protection equipment, and 41%felt unable to perform their activities at some time due to health problems; handling animals and animal waste were the most significant biological risks; dust and ammonia corresponded to the most significant chemical risks; and electric shock, burns, and heat exposure were the most significant physical/accident risks. Workers expose themselves daily to physical, chemical, biological, psychosocial, and ergonomic risks. These exposures often lead to symptoms such as stress, headache, eye and mucous membrane disorders, respiratory diseases, back and muscle pain, depression, and symptoms often associated with Sick Building Syndrome.

Prevalence, antibiotic spectrum and genetic relatedness in thermophilic Campylobacter species from poultry production environment of Punjab

Campylobacter is responsible for human gastroenteritis worldwide. C. jejuni and C. coli are most frequently encountered in animals, birds and man, but mainly C. jejuni is particularly adapted to poultry. The disease in humans ranges from gastroenteritis to Guillain-Barre Syndrome. To know the status of Campylobacter species especially, C. jejuni in poultry environment in Punjab, 342 poultry fecal samples (228 from layers and 114 from broilers) were collected from 30 poultry farms of Punjab. Additionally, 27 fecal samples from poultry farm workers were also collected. Analysis of the samples revealed that 21 (6.14%) fecal samples (from poultry farm) and two (7.41%) from farm workers were positive for Campylobacters based on cultural and molecular detection. Out of 23 Campylobacter positive isolates, 19 (80.95%) were C. jejuni and 4 (19.04%) were C. coli. Antibiotic resistance in the isolates was low. The majority of the isolates were sensitive to macrolide and quinolone class of antibiotics which are important for the treatment of campylobacteriosis. Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) showed high genetic diversity among C. jejuni, however, it was limited in C. coli isolates. Poultry production in Punjab poses a potential risk of campylobacteriosis. However, antibiotic resistance in the isolates was low.

Differences in fungal contamination of broiler litter between summer and winter fattening periods.

This study aimed to compare fungal contamination of poultry litter between warm and cold seasons. It was carried out in commercial production conditions over two five-week fattening periods: one in the summer (July-August) and one in the winter (December-January). Broilers were reared on a litter composed of chopped straw and sawdust. Litter fungal concentration and composition were investigated weekly, along with litter temperature, moisture, and pH. Litter concentration of total fungi increased over both fattening periods, with no differences in median concentrations between them. Season also had no effect on yeast, Aspergillus section Nigri, and Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Rhizopus spp. concentrations, while the Aspergillus section Flavi and Aspergillus spp. combined showed higher concentrations in the summer, and Mucor and Penicillium spp. in the winter. Total fungal concentration highly correlated with litter temperature, moisture, and pH, regardless of the season. Our findings can be useful in the assessment and control of potential harmful effect of fungi on the health of poultry and poultry farm workers.

Inflammatory Response and Lung Function Toward Illness Perception of Poultry Farm Workers

The poultry farm workers should aware to the risk of respiratory disorders. The illness perception represents belief about health condition of the body. The inhaled organic particles at poultry farm area could trigger chain of immunological reactions that begin from the release of neutrophil and lymphocyte up to fibrogenesis resulted in pulmonary dysfunction. The aim of this study was to identify the association between inflammatory response and lung function with illness perception of poultry farm workers.The study used observasional analytic methods with cross sectional design. One hundred and five poultry farm worker were taken as samples which obtained by purposive sampling methods. Illness Perception Questionnaire-Occupational Respiratory Disorder Risk (IPQ-ORDR) was used to measure the illness perception while the inflammatory response was measured by neutrophil levels. The lung function examination resulted in several lung function parameters (FEV1, FVC and FEV1 to FVC ratio). The results showed that there was no association between the inflammatory response and illness perception (p = 0.228) and the lung function was associated with illness perception (p = 0.001). The illness perception is not always match with the actual respiratory health conditions in poultry farm workers. It is needed to provide more information on the risk of respiratory disorders to the poultry farm workers.

Prevalence of Extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Escherichia coli Isolated from Chicken, Water and the Poultry Farm Workers

Prevalence of Extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Escherichia coli Isolated from Chicken, Water and the Poultry Farm Workers