Poultry Droppings Research Articles

PHYTOREMEDIATION CAPACITY OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) ON DIESEL OIL POLLUTED SOIL

The potential of maize plants in the remediation of diesel oil-polluted soil was evaluated. Soil samples were polluted with diesel oil in concentrations of 100ml, 200ml, 300ml, and 400ml and amendedseparately with poultry droppings. Samples wereanalyzed at two weeks intervals for 9 weeks. Results show a significant reduction of diesel oil in polluted soil.The effect was concentration dependent. Agromorphological parameters that were observed were Petiole Length, Plant Height, Leaf Length, Leaf Width, and Number of Leaves. Results obtained showed that as the concentration increased the more it reduced the growth of the plant. TPH content of diesel oil showed a significant reduction through the growth period, reducing from a baseline data of 8502mg/kg to 2843mg/kg. Hence, theplants have a higher potential for phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated soils.

Growth Performance of Clarias gariepinus in Paddy Rice Field in Kwadon, Gombe, Nigeria

In this scenario, a rice and fish farming system is merged, where the fish are farmed alongside or interchangeably with the rice. Integrated fish farming is a sequential linkage between two or more farming operations. However, occasionally the advancement of rice-fish farming has been ham-pered by changes in rice growing methods as well as the widespread use of insecticides and artifi-cial fertilizers. A cutting-edge agricultural technique where the primary crop is rice and fish fin-gerlings are used as a secondary source of income. By generating employment opportunities and ensuring food security, rice cum fish culture not only helps farmers who are living in poverty to earn more money but also increases the output of their paddy crops. This study aims to assess the performance of the fish as a result of the rice-fish culture. Kwadom, in the Yamaltu-Deba local government area of Gombe State, Nigeria, practiced rice-fish culture. The study used six (6) rice paddy fields with the labels "pond X and X1 received artificial feed, pond Y and Y1 received poultry dropping, and pond Z and Z1 serve as control." at twenty-one (21) days following plant-ing, local rice seedlings Jamila and improved rice seedlings Faro 44 were transferred into the paddies. Each pond received 5 g of Clarias gariepinus per fingerling. But only one treatment (X and X1) produced positive results for the rice variety faro 44, which managed to live. When compared to the other 2 treatments (poultry dropping and control), the fish output in treatment one (artificial feed) had an overall weight (g) of 54000 g, which is considerably greater. The study's high mean in faro 44 reading of 96264.73 g was observed. An analysis of resource use efficiency found that, with the exception of labour, irrigation, and insecticide, most resources in the rice-fish industry were underutilized by farmers. In order to improve food security and maintain sustained rural development, it is crucial that the government actively supports the integration of rice and fish farming.

Assessment of Pre-sowing treatments on germination and early growth of tamarind (<i>Tamarindus indica</i> L.)

Germination of seeds is often very difficult for many useful species principally because of dormancy. In other to achieve the aim of any regeneration programme, seed collection and germination must be taken into consideration. In view of this, germination and early growth assessment of Tamarindus indica L. were conducted to determine the suitable medium for germination and early growth. The viable seeds of the study species were treated with four concentrations of cow milk and four concentrations of coconut milk (1 molar, 2 molar, 3 molar and 4 molar) and five treatments at a time (14 hours) which constituted main and sub-plot treatments, with four replications. After treatment, seeds were washed with distilled water, air-dried for 30 minutes and treated with fungicides (vinclozolin). Treated seeds were sown in 4cm depth of sterilized sand and 80ml of water per seed was applied regularly at two days interval. The data collected on the effect fresh cow milk and coconut milk on seed germination and mean germination time was subjected to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The percentage germination value of seeds treated in all concentrations of coconut milk, for all treatments ranged from 65% to 100% while seeds soaked in all concentrations of fresh cow milk for all times of treatments ranged from 70% to 100%. Seeds soaked in all concentrations of coconut milk for all treatment time were statistically significant compared to control. However, growing T. indica with coconut milk concentration in the mixture of sand and poultry droppings after 14 hours pre-treatment was recommended.

Assessment of Early Growth Response of Albizia lebbeck to Different Seed Sources, Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers in the Nursery

A field experiment was carried out to assess the effects of seed source, NPK fertilizer and organic fertilizers on the early growth parameters of womens toung (Alibizia lebbeck). The experiment was conducted at the Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Agriculture Shabu- Lafia Campus, Nasarawa State University Keffi. It was laid out in a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD), analyzed with respect to three sources of seed and three (3) types of manure, the growth variables measured were: plant height, collar girth, leaves number, leave length, and leave width. The results of parameter assessed on the basis of locations shows that seedlings from Wamba had the highest mean height of 8.19±2.60cm at 14 week, closely followed by seedling from Keffi with mean height of 7.93±2.36cm while seedling from Lafia had the least mean height of 7.32±2.23cm. The result of leave count revealed that seedling from Wamba had the highest leave count of 90.71±41.72 followed by Keffi with 81.84±39.39 while leave count of seedlings from Lafia had the least leave count of 77.71±35.83. The result of growth variables revealed that, Albizialebbeck seedlings treated with NPKwere7.66±2.18cm for height, 1.68±0.48mm for collar girth, 95.42±38.81 for number of leaf, 1.39±0.54cmfor leave length while mean value of seedlings treated with poultry dropping were 8.65±2.76cm for height, 1.83±0.46mm for collar girth, 101.01±38.48 for number of leaves, 1.47±0.58cm for leave length while mean value of seedlings treated with cow dung were 8.45±1.99cm for height, 1.55±0.49mm for collar girth 85.91±23.42 for number of leaves, and 1.23±0.53cm for leave length. The result of the ANOVA revealed that, the effects of location and all the treatments were highly significant on plant height, collar girth, number of leaves, leave length and leave width respectively at P<0.05 probability level. It is evidence from this study that seeds from different source demonstrated different growth performance. It also showed that organic manure (poultry dropping) support rapid growth of Albizialebbeck seedlings more appropriately in the nursery.

Improving biogas yield via poultry droppings doped with plantain peels

This research work investigates biogas production from poultry droppings mixed with plantain peels and poultry droppings without plantain peels and its statistical analysis using Microsoft excel and a four factor response surface methodology (RSM). Chemical and proximate compositions of digestate were carried out with the aids to determine the potential use for agricultural purposes. Result obtained from poultry droppings mixed with plantain peels and poultry droppings without mixing with plantain peels indicates the maximum biogas yield as 3.06 x 10-2 and 2.42 x 10-2 m3/day respectively. Analysis of variance of regression equation shows the coefficient of determination (R2) of 99.67% and 99.98% respectively. Ambient, slurry, gas layer and interface between slurry and gas layer temperatures were measured during the fermentation process and were found to be within the mesophilic temperature range. Chemical and proximate compositions of the digestates show that it could be used as replacement for biological fertilizers. Therefore, it can be concluded that mixing plantain peels with poultry droppings increased the biogas volume.

Campylobacteriosis in Poultry: A Review

Campylobacter is common in poultry, including layer and broiler chickens, geese, ducks, and turkeys. This review aimed to emphasize the prevalence of campylobacteriosis, recent poultry diagnoses, and strict prevention measures. Campylobacter species colonize the intestines of poultry and waterfowl but are generally nonpathogenic in poultry. However, they are the most common bacterial cause of sporadic human enteritis in both developed and developing countries. The main species responsible for campylobacteriosis is Campylobacter jejuni, followed by Campylobacter coli. A number of other Campylobacter species, such as Campylobacter lari, fetus, upsaliensis, and hyointestinalis are rarely associated with campylobacteriosis. Campylobacter hepaticus is the species linked to spotty liver disease in layers and breeder chickens, and it may be the etiological agent of the disease previously known as avian vibrionic hepatitis. The most prevalent infection source for Campylobacter is environmental contamination from poultry droppings. However, some Campylobacter species can be transmitted vertically, either on the surface of eggs or via trans-ovarian transmission in addition to consumption of contaminated feed or water. Due to the non-specific clinical signs such as diarrhea and weight loss, diagnosing campylobacteriosis in poultry requires culture or polymerase chain reaction tests. Little is known about the available vaccine or effective antibiotic treatment due to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, strict biosecurity measures play a crucial role in preventing Campylobacter infection in commercial poultry. These measures include decontaminating housing between flocks, preventing the entry of rodents, wild birds, and animals, and eradicating insects. To control campylobacteriosis and reduce infection risks, it is important to implement efficient on-farm biosecurity measures, conduct regular inspections of workers at meat processing plants and poultry farms, and ensure thorough preparation of chicken meat and eggs before consumption. These measures are vital in minimizing the Campylobacter transmission from both broiler and laying chickens, thereby reducing the risk of foodborne diseases caused by contaminated food.

Effects of using P.juliflora leaves as additive in anaerobic digestion of poultry wastes

This study explores the influence of P.juliflora leaves as an additive in the anaerobic digestion of poultry droppings from layers and broilers. Six digesters (A, B, C, D, E, and F) were used with a retention time of 31 days. The dry weight content of the digesters include: 100% layer wastes (control), 100% broiler wastes (control), 95% layer wastes + 5% P. juliflora leaves, 90% layer wastes + 10% P. juliflora leaves, 95% broiler wastes + 5% P. juliflora leaves, and 90% broiler wastes + 10% P. juliflora leaves. Layer wastes plus 5% Prosopis Juliflora created 18% more biogas than layer wastes alone, and layer wastes plus 10% Prosopis Juliflora produced 22% more biogas than layer wastes alone, which was the control set-up. In comparison to digester broiler wastes alone, broiler wastes plus 5% and broiler wastes plus 10% both produced 20% and 24% more biogas, respectively. In conclusion, adding 5 and 10 percent of Prosopis Juliflora to poultry manure from layers or broilers has significantly increased the generation of biogas. Broiler wastes plus 10% Prosopis Juliflora yielded the most amount of methane and least amount of hydrogen sulfide, which makes it the most suitable substrate.

Responses of Worowo [Senecio biafrae (Oliv. & Hiern.) S. Moore] to Composts enriched with Organic Nitrogen Sources

Worowo (Senecio biafrae) is a semi-wild, indigenous and nutritious vegetable. Demand for worowo vegetable is increasing due to its nutritional values, thus necessitating its domestication for increased production. However, there is limited information on soil fertility requirements of worowo and the use of inorganic fertilizers could be expensive and detrimental to environment. Composts, on the other hand are environment-friendly and effective, but their use is constrained by low nitrogen contents, thereby necessitating enrichment with various nitrogen sources. Responses of worowo to organically enriched composts were therefore investigated. Composted Cattle Dung+Sawdust (CDS) and Poultry Droppings+Sawdust (PDS), at 1:1 (w/w) were enriched to 60 g N/ kg with meals from dried bone-BnM, blood-BM, hoof-HM, and horn-HnM, neem-NM and Tithonia leaves-TM. Compost treatments obtained were: CDS and PDS (no enrichment added), CDSBnM, CDSBM, CDSHM, CDSHnM, CDSNM and CDSTM; PDSBnM, PDSBM, PDSHM, PDSHnM, PDSNM and PDSTM. Worowo was raised in pots with CDS, PDS and 60 g N/kg enriched composts at 30 t/ha and control (soil alone), compared with 60 kg N/ha NPK 15-15-15 in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Data generated from the growth indices and edible Shoot Yield (ESY) of worowo (t/ ha), which were measured at 60, 120 and 180 Days After Planting (DAP) were analyzed using ANOVA at α0.05. ¬¬¬¬¬¬The ESY (t/ha) of 60 g N/kg CDSNM (54.93) was significantly higher than NPK (36.53) and others but similar to CDS (50.93) while pots treated with PDS were lowest (8.00). The CDSDNM at 60 g N/kg applied at 30 t/ha could hence be adopted for worowo production.

Assessment of Early Growth Response of Albizia lebbeck to Different Seed Sources, Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers in the Nursery

A field experiment was carried out to assess the effects of seed source, NPK fertilizer and organic fertilizers on the early growth parameters of womens toung (Alibizia lebbeck). The experiment was conducted at the Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Agriculture Shabu- Lafia Campus, Nasarawa State University Keffi. It was laid out in a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD), analyzed with respect to three sources of seed and three (3) types of manure, the growth variables measured were: plant height, collar girth, leaves number, leave length, and leave width. The results of parameter assessed on the basis of locations shows that seedlings from Wamba had the highest mean height of 8.19±2.60cm at 14 week, closely followed by seedling from Keffi with mean height of 7.93±2.36cm while seedling from Lafia had the least mean height of 7.32±2.23cm. The result of leave count revealed that seedling from Wamba had the highest leave count of 90.71±41.72 followed by Keffi with 81.84±39.39 while leave count of seedlings from Lafia had the least leave count of 77.71±35.83. The result of growth variables revealed that, Albizialebbeck seedlings treated with NPKwere7.66±2.18cm for height, 1.68±0.48mm for collar girth, 95.42±38.81 for number of leaf, 1.39±0.54cmfor leave length while mean value of seedlings treated with poultry dropping were 8.65±2.76cm for height, 1.83±0.46mm for collar girth, 101.01±38.48 for number of leaves, 1.47±0.58cm for leave length while mean value of seedlings treated with cow dung were 8.45±1.99cm for height, 1.55±0.49mm for collar girth 85.91±23.42 for number of leaves, and 1.23±0.53cm for leave length. The result of the ANOVA revealed that, the effects of location and all the treatments were highly significant on plant height, collar girth, number of leaves, leave length and leave width respectively at P<0.05 probability level. It is evidence from this study that seeds from different source demonstrated different growth performance. It also showed that organic manure (poultry dropping) support rapid growth of Albizialebbeck seedlings more appropriately in the nursery.

EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER (COW DUNG, SHEEP/GOAT, AND POULTRY DROPPING) ON THE PERFORMANCE OF AMARANTHUS (Amaranthus creuntus)

The experiment was conducted in Bauchi State College of Agriculture (BSCOA) demonstration field during 2021 rainy season to evaluate the effect of organic manure on performance of Amarant (Amarthus cruentus). The experimental was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments (poultry manure, sheep and goat manure, cow dung and control), replicated three times. The result showed significant difference (P< 0.05) for all the parameters measured. Plant height at 5 weeks after planting (WAP); poultry dropping had the tallest plant with value of 43.41cm and the shortest 23.81 cm recorded by the control. The control had the lowest value for all the parameters and poultry dropping recorded the highest. The yield value showed that poultry had 47333 kg/ha. Based on the result obtained, poultry dropping can be recommended to farmers in the study area to improve Amaranthus production.

Soluble salt concentrations and properties of mound tilled degraded soil amended with fresh and decomposed rice mill waste and effects on maize (Zea mays L) grain yields in Abakaliki, southeast Nigeria

ABSTRACT A two-year field experiment was carried out in 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons to investigate the effects of applying fresh and decomposed rice mill waste on soil properties, pollution potential in terms of concentrations of soluble salts (sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), % exchangeable sodium (ESP), % exchangeable potassium (EPP) and soil nitrate (NO3 −)) and on the yield of maize (Zea mays L). The experiment was arranged as randomised complete block design with four treatments and five replications. The treatments were a) control (no amendment, C); b) 5 t ha−1 fresh rice mill waste (FRMW); c) 5 t ha−1 rice mill waste decomposed with 2.5 t ha−1 poultry droppings (PDMW); and d) 5 t ha−1 rice mill waste decomposed with 2.5 t ha−1 cow dung (CDMW). The results showed significant (p < 0.05) decreases in soil bulk density and increases in aggregate stability in soil amended with fresh or decomposed rice mill waste, relative to the control. Significant increases in available P, total N, organic carbon and pH were observed in the amended soils, compared with the control. ESP, SAR, EPP and NO3 in the soil were also increased in amended soils, but they were still at levels lower than the threshold considered as detrimental in soils. Application of fresh and decomposed rice mill wastes significantly increased maize grain yields relative to the control. These findings suggested that the use of both fresh and decomposed rice mill waste can enhance soil fertility in the area.

The Effect of Organic Manure and Days of Incorporation on the Growth and Yield of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Grown in Jos Plateau State. Nigeria

The experiment aimed to evaluate effect of organic manure on the growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria. The treatments used are organic manure source (Poultry dropping, Cow dung, goat manure, dung site and control) and time of inclusion (5, 10 and 15 days before transplanting) was adopted for the experiment. The experiment is laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications, with 12 plots in a block and 45 plots for the whole experiment. Data were collected from the following parameters, plant height, plant diameter, number of leaves, leaf area (LA), net assimilation rate (NAR), crop growth rate (CGR), fresh weight, and dry weight. All the study parameters of lettuce were significantly different (P&lt;0.05) on both organic manure, days of inclusion and season. Poultry droppings produce plant height (25.73), plant diameter (8.42), number of leaves (32.02), leaf area index (16.75), net assimilation rate (4.67), crop growth rate (3.20), fresh weight (6.65 ha-1), and dry weight (4.23 ha-1) when compared with other sources of nutrient. Similarly maximum plant height (23.32), plant diameter (6.66), number of leaves (31.86), leaf area (15.19), net assimilation rate (3.32), crop growth rate (3.54), fresh weight (5.79 ha-1), and dry weight (4.00 ha-1) was recorded in lettuce plant treated with organic manure of 5 days of inclusion. On seasons, higher plant height (25.83), plant diameter (8.23), number of leaves (31.34), leaf area (15.32), net assimilation rate (4.00), crop growth rate (3.61), fresh weight (7.01 ha-1), and dry weight (5.99 ha-1) &nbsp;was obtained in 2021 as against 2020 season. Based on the results obtained, it can be recommended to lettuce farmers in the locality the use of poultry manure and 5 days of inclusion for optimum growth and yield of lettuce.

Co-digestion of poultry droppings and banana waste for maximizing biogas production in Bangladesh

Poultry industry is a promising sector for meeting protein demands in Bangladesh. Poultry droppings generated from farms pose a threat to the environment, but could be one of the best sources of plentiful substrates for anaerobic co-digestion. Poultry droppings mixed with carbon rich banana waste, which is readily available in Bangladesh, can be used for increasing biogas production. Hence, a study was conducted to assess the bio-methane potential from the anaerobic co-digestion of poultry droppings (PD) with raw banana peel (BP), and to find the optimal mixing ratio. The batch study was conducted in an incubator at 35 °C for a retention time of 83 days. The PD and BP were mixed at a ratio of 100:0, 90:10, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70,10:90 and 0:100 to find out the optimum one. Five kinetic models were used to fit the experimental result to determine different kinetic parameters. The highest amount of biogas (347.0 ± 53.6 ml/gVS) and methane (200.1 ± 18.6 ml/gVS) were obtained at 50:50 ratio of PD and BP for the digestion period. The biogas and methane yield at this ratio were 1.68 and 3.12 times higher than the mono-digestion of banana peel, respectively. Biogas production was not significant when compared with mono-digestion of PD, but co-digestion at 50:50 ratio showed maximum usability of banana peel. Furthermore, the results of kinetic modelling showed both the cone model and the modified Gompertz model are best fitted for predicting methane production.

A Preliminary Survey on The Enzymatic Effects of Roxylene on West Africa Dwarf (Wad) Goat Fed Cassava Peels and Poultry Droppings

A 112days feed trial on West Africa Dwarf (WAD)goats fed cassava peels (CPM) and poultry droppings (PDM) with varying inclusion levels of enzymes on their growth performance and blood indices.Five dietary treatments levels based on the different percentage body weights per treatment were fed with varying levels of Roxazyme G2® at 4.4g, 4.6g, 4.8g and 5.0g which serves as T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively per kg of CPM + PDMThe moisture, dry matter, ash, crude fibre, ether extracts, crude protein and Nitrogen free extracts of the diets were 10.76-12.06%, 87.94-90.34%, 8.27-9.25%, 12.68-13.62%, 5.26-5.46%, 14.21-14.95 and 45.69-46.73% respectively.Data collected on the growth parameters and bloodindices of the goats were analysed, while the means were separated with Duncan Multiple Range Test. Results on the general performance of WAD fed poultry dropping with varying inclusion levels showed that T5 have superior mean values on the weight gain, daily weight gain and better FCR. On the blood indices of WAD goats fed enzyme showed increase values on the parameters evaluated at higher inclusion levels. It was concluded that higher inclusion levels of enzymes resulted to a better growth performance with increase immunity to fight infection as observed at higher concentrations on their blood profile.

Inclusion of vermiculture biomass grown on a substrate of accelerated fermentation into combined feeds for broiler chickens

As the population increases, the problem of meat production will grow. An alternative method of solving this problem is growing broiler chickens; however, with this technology, the question of protein content and available amino acids in poultry feed remains open. Vermiculture biomass can be an inexhaustible source of protein for broiler chickens feeding. Under the vivarium of the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, worms were grown on a substrate containing poultry droppings with litter fermented by an accelerated method with the participation of a destructor. Therefore, the work aims to establish the effect of such vermiculture biomass on productivity and protein metabolism in the body of broiler chickens. For this purpose, the broiler chickens of the research groups were fed with compound feed with a content of 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 % of vermiculture biomass. Poultry compound feed from the control group did not contain worm biomass. At the end of the experiment, the bird's body weight was recorded, the absolute and average daily gains were determined, and the indicators of protein accounting in the liver of broiler chickens were determined. It has been established that the body weight of broiler chickens varies depending on the content of vermiculture biomass in compound feed. Using a low dose of worms in the feed did not make it possible to obtain a statistically significant increase in the body weight of broiler chickens. By adding 3.0 and 4.5 % vermiculture biomass to the compound feed, the body weight of broilers increases by 3.5 and 3.7 % compared to the index of birds that were not fed worms. It was found that the absolute and average daily growth of broiler chickens that consumed compound feed containing 3.0 and 4.5 % vermiculture biomass increased by a statistically significant amount. It has been proven that using vermiculture biomass affects the protein metabolism indicators in broiler chickens' livers. In the liver of broiler chickens, which were fed with compound feed with a content of 3.0 and 4.5 % of vermiculture biomass, a tendency to an increase in the total protein content and a statistically significant increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase was established. In the liver of broilers, which were fed with compound feed with a content of 3.0 and 4.5 % of worm biomass, a tendency to increase the content of total and protein total groups was revealed.

Telaah: Pengaruh Variasi Jenis Bahan dan Metode Pengawetan Alami Terhadap Kualitas Telur Ayam

Chicken eggs are one of the food products that are easily contaminated by microorganisms either directly or indirectly. Contamination generally comes from straw where eggs are laid, soil, air and poultry droppings. Eggs stored at room temperature for more than 10-14 days will undergo chemical and microbiological changes which result in a decrease in quality. One of the things that is needed to address this is to preserve egg products so that the products can be stored for a longer time. The main parameters of egg quality can be observed based on the index of egg yolk and egg white, HU value, and pH value. active ingredients contained in the ingredients, conditions and duration of storage, and methods of preservation. Preservation methods can be done by utilizing natural ingredients that contain active compounds. Active compounds that play a role can be tannins, polyphenols, flavonoids which act as natural antimicrobial substances. Generally, these active compounds will inhibit the entry of microorganisms through the pores of the eggs by forming complex compounds so that the metabolism of microorganisms will be disrupted. Keywords: Active Compounds , Damage, Eggs , Natural Ingredients, Preservation .

Anaerobic Digestion of Poultry Droppings in Semi-Continuous Mode and Effect of Their Co-Digestion with Physico-Chemical Sludge on Methane Yield

Poultry waste is rich in organic matter, which allows its treatment by the process of anaerobic digestion (AD) to reinforce economic and environmental green strategies. The aim of this study is to assess the technical feasibility of poultry waste AD in semi-continuous mode and to intensify methane production by co-digestion with physico-chemical sludge, i.e., the product of the primary treatment of wastewater after the slaughtering process. First, the AD of poultry droppings is conducted in a continuous stirred anaerobic digester (CSAD) at 37 °C. A volume of 0.791 and 0.623 Nm3·Nm−3 reactor·days−1 of biogas and methane, respectively, were produced during the entire process stabilization period. Biochemical characterization of the substrate and the final digestate show high reduction rates of the biochemical fractions, which corroborates with methane yield. In addition, the co-digestion of poultry droppings with two different ratios of physico-chemical sludge (20% and 40% added sludge considering the amount of volatile solids) shows an increase in methane production versus droppings alone, with a higher increase of 54% with a sludge ratio of 40%. Altogether, these promising results were obtained in stable processes, highlighting the pertinence of our study.

Antibiotics Profile and Public Health Implication of Pathogenic Enteric Bacteria Associated With Poultry Stool

Poultry waste are not properly disposed and most rural farmers make use of it as manure therefore poultry wastes may serve as source of enteric organism capable of infecting humans. The antibiotic resistance from these bacteria can be transferred to natural microbial community as a result of involvement of antibiotics in poultry farming. This research was carried out to assess the multidrug resistant pattern of enteric bacteria in poultry stool dropping. samples of poultry droppings were obtained from a free-range commercial poultry farm in Otuoke, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Samples were cultured on selective and differential media. 16 isolates of enteric bacteria were obtained from poultry stool droppings. The isolates identified were of four genera. Salmonella species which is predominant 6(37%) followed by Escerichia coli 5(31%) Proteus species 3(19%) and Kiebsiella species 2(13%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using the disk diffusion technique. Gram negative antibiotics including crioxacin cefprozil, nitrofuration, ceftazidime co-trimoxazole, genetamicin, cefuroximo. The resistant pattern in among the gram negative pathogens revealed that more than 98% were resistant to nitrofuratioin cefprozil, gentamicin and augumentin while 12.89% resistant to certazidime, 90.10% resistant to augmentin, 15.32% cefuroxime, 12.30% co-trimoxazole, 38.17% resistant to gentamicin, 15.20% resistant to cefprozil and 50.20% resistant to ofloxacin, Multidrug resistance species were isolated from poultry stool dropping and some of the bacterial isolates are potentially pathogenic to humans and animals and therefore poses a serious threat to public health.

INDICATORS OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF BROILER CHICKEN DROPPINGS WITH LITTER DURING DIFFERENT STORAGE TIMES

The increase in the population on the planet leads to an increase in the volume of food production. The high demand for poultry products leads to a rapid increase in the number of broiler chickens both in the world and in Ukraine, and at the same time to an increase in the volume of poultry waste, especially droppings and litter. Intensive and uncontrolled use of fresh broiler droppings as organic fertilizer for agricultural plants has a number of economic and ecological disadvantages. Therefore, there is a need to store (ferment) the broiler chickens droppings for a certain period of time (up to 20 months) in order to use it safely in crop production. Bacteria play an important role in the course of enzymatic processes in poultry droppings during its storage. It is of scientific interest to determine the number of bacteria in the droppings of broiler chickens with litter (cereal straw) stored for different times in the cold season. The content of microorganisms was determined in the droppings of broiler chickens. Samples were taken in January at an air temperature of 1.3 °C under the conditions of the experimental farm of the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University from droppings 2 days after unloading from poultry houses, and which was stored for 4 and 9 months in barns. The content of CFU Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli was determined in the litter. The indicator of KMAFAnM in the droppings of broiler chickens unloaded from poultry houses was 3.5x108. Until the 4th month of storage of the droppings, the KMAFAnM indicator in it increased. For 9 months of storage, the index of KMAFAnM in the droppings of broiler chickens decreases by 58.7 times compared to the index obtained after 4 months of composting. A group of bacteria Bacillus spp. was represented by the following species: Bacillus subtilis (dominant), Bacillus mesentericus, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mycoides. Colonies of Bacillus spp. sown from droppings of different periods of storage were dry, with a wrinkled surface. They were colorless and light velvety in color. The edges of the colony of this bacterium were wavy. The lowest rate of CFU Bacillus spp. was found in the droppings unloaded from poultry houses. The number of CFU Bacillus spp. in droppings that was stored for 4 months was the largest. In broiler droppings that was stored for 9 months, the CFU indicator of Bacillus spp. was 10 times lower compared to droppings that was stored for 4 months. A group of bacteria Staphylococcus spp. was represented mainly by the following species: Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. CFU index of Staphylococcus spp. in the droppings unloaded from the poultry houses was 4.6x107. The largest number of CFU Staphylococcus spp. was found in droppings that were stored for 4 months. In the droppings of broiler chickens after 4 months of storage, the CFU index of Streptococcus spp. was greater than at the beginning of storage by 28.8 times and by 53.1 times relative to the droppings stored for 9 months. Research on the detection of Escherichia coli bacteria in the droppings of broiler chickens had a negative result regardless of the time of storage of poultry droppings. CFU Escherichia coli were not detected.

BIOCHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF VERMICULTURE BIOMASS GROWN ON POULTRY LITTER FERMENTED BY THE ACCELERATED METHOD

The intensive increase in the number of meat poultry, directly broiler chickens both in our country and in the most countries of the world, is accompanied by the accumulation of a large amount of waste (droppings with litter) of this technology in limited areas. According to a number of researchers, the utilization of this biomass must take into account environmental requirements and challenges. These requirements are met by the utilization of poultry droppings by means of vermiculture (growing worms). It is promising to prepare the droppings of broiler chickens with bedding for its use as a substrate for vermiculture by composting with the participation of biodestructors (microbiological preparations). However, the problem of the influence of poultry droppings in the composition of the substrate fermented with the help of biodestrutor BTU-CENTER on the chemical composition of vermiculture biomass remains unstudied. The material for study was the biomass of worms grown on a substrate containing broiler droppings fermented with various doses of a biodestructor. In the control group, vermiculture biomass was grown on a substrate that included 92.0% by weight of broiler chicken droppings with litter fermented for 540 days without the use of a biodestructor and 8.0% wheat straw. In the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd experimental groups, worms were grown on a substrate consisting of 92.0% by mass of broiler chicken droppings with fermented litter for 180 days using the BTU-CENTER biodestructor, respectively, in the amount of 3.75, 7 .5 and 11.25 cm3/t and 8.0% wheat straw. The content of total protein, lipids, ash, zinc, ferrum, copper, lead and cadmium was determined in vermiculture biomass. It has been proven that the content of total protein in vermiculture biomass grown on broiler chicken droppings fermented with a low dose of biodestructor almost does not change. In the biomass of worms obtained on a substrate with the content of broiler droppings fermented with a biodestructor in the amount of 11.25 cm3/t, the total protein content increases by 2.1% compared to the control one. A statistically significant increase in the content of lipids in the biomass of vermiculture grown on a substrate containing broiler droppings fermented with the highest dose of biodestructor (experimental group III) was established. The difference with the control group was 6.7%. It was proven that the more biodestructor was used for fermentation of poultry droppings, the higher the content of total ash was found in the vermiculture biomass grown on it, comparing the I, II and III research groups. The highest ash content was found in the control one. The difference with the experimental groups was 18.1, 12.1 and 6.0%, respectively. Using the substrate with the content of manure fermented with a biodestructor in doses of 7.5 and 11.25 cm3/t, the content of ferrum in the vermiculture biomass was lower than in the control group by 1.95 and 0.76%, respectively. The highest content of copper and zinc was found in the biomass of worms from the control group. In the biomass of vermiculture grown on a substrate with manure fermented with a biodestructor at a dose of 11.25 cm3/t, the content of copper and zinc was lower than in the control group by 2.5 and 0.9%, respectively. It was established that the content of lead and cadmium did not exceed the maximum allowable norm for growing vermiculture on a substrate containing broiler chicken droppings fermented with a biodestructor.