Poultry By-product Meal Protein Research Articles

Partial Replacement of Fishmeal with Poultry By-Product Meal in Diets for Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Post-Smolts.

The present study evaluated the effects of partially substituting fish meal (FM) with poultry by-product meal (PBPM) on the growth, muscle composition, and tissue biochemical parameters of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) post-smolts. Five isonitrogenous (7.45% nitrogen) and isoenergetic (18.61 MJ/kg gross energy) experimental diets were made by substituting 0%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and 60% FM protein with PBPM protein, which were designated accordingly as PBPM0 (the control), PBPM10, PBPM20, PBPM40, and PBPM60, respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicates of ten post-smolts (initial individual body weight, 180.13 ± 1.32 g) in three floating cages three times daily (6:50, 11:50, and 16:50) to apparent satiation for 84 days. Both specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) among the control, PBPM10, and PBPM20 groups, which were remarkably (p < 0.05) higher than those of the PBPM40 and PBPM60 groups. Feed conversion ratio varied inversely with SGR. The PBPM replacement had no remarkable effects on the morphological indices and proximal muscle components. The control and PBPM10 groups led to significantly higher muscle contents of leucine, lysine, and methionine than groups of higher PBPM inclusion. The groups of PBPM40 and PBPM60 obtained significantly (p < 0.05) higher serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities than the control and low PBPM inclusion groups. The control group had significantly higher albumin and total cholesterol contents than the groups with PBPM inclusion. The control group had significantly higher triglycerides content than the PBPM60 group. The PBPM60 group had significantly lower contents of high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and total protein than the control and PBPM10 groups. The high PBPM replacement level up to 40% and 60% had adverse effects on hepatic malondialdehyde levels. The catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were not affected by low PBPM inclusion, but significantly decreased in high-PBPM-inclusion groups. Based on broken-line regression analysis of SGR and PER, the optimum dietary PBPM replacing level was evaluated to be 16.63-17.50% of FM protein for coho salmon post-smolts.

Assessment of Conventional and Low Gossypol Cottonseed Meal as Alternative Protein Sources in Low-Fishmeal Diets of Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀× Epinephelus lanceolatus♂): Growth, Feed Utilization, Gut Histology, and Immunity.

Simple SummaryThe rapid and sustained growth rate of global aquaculture has forced the aquaculture industry to explore alternative and more sustainable feed ingredients. Plant protein ingredients are promising substitutions for fish meal in the aquaculture industry. The current study aimed to investigate the potential influence of replacing poultry by-product meal protein with conventional cottonseed meal protein (CCMP) or low-gossypol cottonseed meal protein (LGCMP) on growth, feed utilization, gut micromorphology, and immunity of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) juveniles fed low fish-meal (18.53%, dry matter) diets. Results demonstrated that, without any reduction in fish performance, 80% dietary PBMP could be replaced by CCMP, while this replacement level was 40% for LGCMP. Survival remained unaffected in all dietary treatments, and no fish mortality was observed during the growth trial. These results suggest that cottonseed meal could be a suitable alternative protein source for hybrid grouper farming.A 9-week growth trial was carried out to assess the influence of replacing poultry by-product meal protein with conventional cottonseed meal protein (CCMP) or low gossypol cottonseed meal protein (LGCMP) on growth, feed utilization, gut micromorphology, and immunity of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) juveniles fed low-fish meal (18.53%, dry matter) diets. Eleven experimental diets were prepared. The control diet (PBMP) contained 46.15% poultry by-product meal protein. Both conventional cottonseed meal protein (CCMP) and low-gossypol cottonseed meal protein (LGCMP) were used in replacement ratios of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of poultry by-product meal protein (PBMP) from the control diet, forming ten experimental diets (CCMP20, CCMP40, CCMP60, CCMP80, CCMP100, LGCMP20, LGCMP40, LGCMP60, LGCMP80, and LGCMP100). Results demonstrated that weight-gain percentage (WG%) was not different between different sources of cottonseed meal (CCMP and LGCMP). However, values of WG% significantly differed among different replacement levels, with CCMP80 and LGCMP40 having significantly higher values compared to other treatments. Fish fed CCMP80 and LGCMP40 exhibited higher protein efficiency ratios (PERs) than fish fed other experimental diets. The regression analysis from a second-order or third-order polynomial model based on WG% showed that the optimal PBMP replacement levels by CCMP and LGCMP are 74% and 33%, respectively. The whole-body lipid contents remarkably decreased as dietary CCMP or LGCMP inclusion levels increased. The relative mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) in liver was higher in fish fed CCMP80 and LGCMP40 diets compared to fish fed other diets. Generally, in low-FM diets of hybrid grouper, CCMP and LGCMP could replace 74% and 33% of PBMP, respectively.

Replacing poultry by‐product meal protein with soybean protein isolate in low fishmeal diets for juvenile hybrid grouper ( Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂)

A 7-week growth trial was conducted to assess the potential of using soybean protein isolate (SPI) to replace poultry by-product meal (PBM) protein in low fishmeal (FM) diets for juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂). Seven isoproteic (490 g kg−1) and isolipidic (90 g kg−1) experimental diets were formulated, including six low FM diets and a high FM diet (HFMP). The low FM diets contained 0, 74.8, 149.7, 224.5, 299.4 and 374.2 g kg−1 SPI, replacing approximately 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of the PBM protein (designated as SPIP0, SPIP20, SPIP40, SPIP60, SPIP80 and SPIP100, respectively). Each diet was hand-fed to triplicate groups of 12 hybrid grouper juveniles (average initial body weight: 14.30 ± 0.1 g per fish). After being fed for 7 weeks, fish fed with HFMP and SPIP60 showed significantly higher (p < .01) weight gain percentage (WG%), protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value than fish fed with other experimental diets. These three parameters were elevated with the increment in PBM protein (PBMP) replacements, reaching the peak value at the 60% replacing level, and then, they were significantly reduced at the 80% or 100% replacing level. Analysis of the two-slope straight broken-line model showed that the maximum PBMP replacement level by SPI protein (SPIP) at the intercept value of WG% was estimated to be 60%. Feed conversion ratio showed an opposite tendency of variation to WG%. Fish fed with SPIP80 and SPIP100 displayed lower mRNA levels of hepatic insulin-like growth factor-1, hypothalamus neuropeptide Y and head-kidney nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 than fish fed with other experimental diets. Generally, 60% of PBM protein could be replaced with SPI protein in low FM diets for hybrid grouper.

The ameliorative effects of various fish protein hydrolysates in poultry by-product meal based diets on muscle quality, serum biochemistry and immunity in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer

In an effort to reduce the use of fishmeal (FM), the effect of using protein from poultry by product meal (PBM) along with the supplementation of three different fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) including yellowtail kingfish, carp and tuna hydrolysate (designated as KH, CH and TH, respectively) were evaluated in juvenile barramundi for growth performance, fillet quality, mucosal immunity, serum biochemistry, immune response and infection against Vibrio harveyi. Fish were fed a FM based control diet + three isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing 90% of PBM protein supplemented with different types of hydrolysates: 90% PBM +10% KH (90PBM + KH), 90% PBM + 10% CH (90PBM + CH) and 90% PBM + 10% TH (90PBM + TH). Growth performance and indices were unaffected by the hydrolysate supplemented diets when compared to the control. FPH supplemented PBM diets resulted in improved muscle quality by improving poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), ∑n-3, ∑n-6 and ∑n-9, and health related lipid indexes were not affected. The internal architecture of spleen and kidney were not altered by test diets whilst FPH supplemented PBM modulated acidic mucins in intestine and skin of fish. Improved infection rate in response to two weeks post infection with V. harveyi in the FPH supplemented diets was further associated with an increased serum immune response and a concomitant regulation of proinflammatory and inflammatory cytokines in the head kidney. Serum biochemistry including alanine transaminase (ALT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and total bilirubin (TB) showed a decreasing trend both in pre-challenge and post-challenge barramundi fed FPH supplemented diets whereas cholesterol level decreased significantly in post-challenge groups fed 90PBM + KH and 90PBM + TH than pre-challenge barramundi. This study signifies that supplementation of 10% with different three FPH, hydrolysed by an alcalase® enzyme in PBM-based diets for barramundi could be good strategies to overcome the negative consequences triggered by animal by-product ingredients.

EFFECTIVE UTILISATION OF POULTRY BYPRODUCT MEAL AS AN INGREDIENT IN THE DIET OF GENETICALLY IMPROVED FARMED TILAPIA (GIFT), CULTURED IN RESERVOIR CAGES IN TAMIL NADU, SSOUTH INDIA

Evaluation of efficiency of poultry byproduct meal (PBM) as alternative protein source by replacing fish meal (FM) in the diets of GIFT strain of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was carried out in cages installed in Poondi Reservoir, Tamil Nadu, South India. Six isonitrogenous (30% protein) and isolipidic (7% lipid) diets were formulated using graded levels of PBM protein to replace FM protein. Each diet was fed to two replicate groups of GIFT tilapia with mean initial weight of 20.38±0.0678 g, for 60 days in cages. The best growth performances in terms of mean weight gain (116.72 g), best food conversion ratio (FCR, 1.14) and maximum hepatosomatic index (HIS, 2.47) values were observed in GIFT tilapia fed PBM diet with 40% fish meal replacement. However, no significant (p&gt;0.05) differences were observed in the whole body proximate composition of fish fed control and treatment diets. It was concluded that, poultry byproduct meal can replace 40% fish meal protein in the diets of GIFT tilapia cultured in reservoir cages without compromising growth, FCR and whole body proximate composition. The study suggests that poultry byproduct meal could effectively replace fish meal without affecting growth and feed conversion of the fish. The findings thus may pave a productive way for reducing environmental pressure of disposal of slaughter house waste.

Efficient utilization of poultry by-product meal-based diets when fed to giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

ABSTRACT Two feeding trials were conducted to investigate the utilization of poultry by-product meal (PBM) in the post-larvae and juveniles of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. In experiment 1, five diets were formulated using PBM to replace fish meal protein at 0-100% replacement level at 25% interval. The growth performance was highest in diet with 75% replacement level. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) ranged from 1.52 to 1.88 and survival was fairly high (79.37–83.73%). In experiment 2, seven diets with higher replacement levels of fish meal protein with PBM protein (starting at 75% replacement level) were fed to triplicate groups of the juvenile prawn. The best growth performance was obtained in diet without fishmeal. Meanwhile, survival rate (83.33–89.56%) did not show any significant difference among the treatments. The result showed that high-quality PBM is a good candidate to replace fish meal protein in the diet and its utilization improved with the size of giant freshwater prawn.

Effects of replacing fishmeal protein with poultry by-product meal protein and soybean meal protein on growth, feed intake, feed utilization, gut and liver histology of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) juveniles

Two consecutive eight-week growth trials were undertaken to evaluate the effects of replacing fishmeal protein (FMP) with poultry by-product meal protein (PBMP) and soybean meal protein (SBMP) on growth, feed intake, feed utilization, gut and liver histology of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) juveniles. In trial 1, eight isoenergetic (340 kcal per 100 g dry matter) and isoproteic (53.5% of dry matter) experimental diets were formulated to replace 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% FMP with PBMP, being abbreviated as FMP, PBMP10, PBMP20, PBMP30, PBMP40, PBMP50, PBMP60 and PBMP70, respectively. Based on the results of trial 1, another six isoenergetic (340 kcal per 100 g dry matter) and isoproteic (53.5% of dry matter) experimental diets including a high FM (86.64%) diet (FMP) and five low-FM (25.99%) diets were formulated in trial 2, and in the low-FM diets, 0%, 7%, 14%, 21% and 21% PBMP was replaced with SBMP, being abbreviated as PBMP, SBMP7, SBMP14, SBMP21, SBMP28, respectively. The initial average body weights of experimental fish were 6.0 ± 0.05 g in trial 1 and 6.8 ± 0.08 g in trial 2 (means ± S.D.), and fish were fed their described diets by hand to apparent satiation twice daily (08:00 and 16:30) at a density of 30 fish/cage (trial 1) or 15 fish/cage (trial 2). Experimental cages were labeled and located in connective 6-m3 indoor concrete tanks (L 3 m × W 2 m × H 1 m) with 3 cages occurring in each tank. Each treatment had three replicates both in trial 1 and in trial 2.Results showed that in trial 1, weight gain% (WG%), daily feed intake (DFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) as well as protein productive value (PPV) were not significantly affected by different FMP replacements with PBMP. Fish fed FMP, PBMP10 and PBMP20 had higher hepatosomatic index (HSI) and condition factor (CF) than fish fed PBMP30, PBMP40, PBMP50, PBMP60 and PBMP70, and intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio was increased as dietary PBM inclusion levels increased. Whole-body and muscle lipid contents of fish were elevated by the increments in PBM. High FMP replacements (50%–70%) by PBMP induced steatosis in hepatocytes. Different replacements of FMP by PBMP had no significant effects on gut morphology of experimental fish. In trial 2, there were also no remarkable variations in WG%, DFI, FCR and PER among various experimental treatments. Fish fed SBMP7, SBMP14, SBMP21 and SBMP28 showed similar fold height (hF), enterocyte height (hE) as well as microvilli height (hMV) in foregut and hF, hE in midgut in comparison to fish fed PBMP or the high FM, but for midgut hMV and hindgut hF, hE, hMV, fish fed the low-FM diets (PBMP, SBMP7, SBMP14, SBMP21 and SBMP28) displayed lower values of these parameters than fish fed the high-FM diet. Swelling in hepatocytes was observed in fish fed SBMP14, SBMP21 and SBMP28. Generally, replacing 70% FM protein or reducing the FM inclusion level to about 26% with PBMP or the combination of PBMP and SBMP at the 53.5% dietary crude protein level did not negatively affect growth, feed intake as well as feed utilization of hybrid grouper, but liver health and gut morphology of fish fed low FM diets need to be further focused on.

Bioprocessed poultry by-product meals on growth, gut health and fatty acid synthesis of juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch).

Poultry by-product meal (PBM) has been utilised as a substitute of fishmeal (FM) in many aquaculture species. However, little information is known regarding the use of bioprocessed PBM (BPBM) in aquaculture production. This study was undertaken to investigate whether replacing FM with BPBM improved growth performance, gut morphology and fatty acid synthesis of juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer. The PBM was bioprocessed by baker yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisae and Lactobacillus casei. The BPBM was used to replace FM at 75% and 100% (75BPBM and 100BPBM) contrasting against unprocessed PBM (75PBM and 100PBM) at the same levels and FM based diets as the control. Juvenile barramundi with a mean initial weight of 3.78±0.16 g were stocked at a density of 20 fish per tank. After the 42 days of study, the final weight, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratios of fish fed 75PBM and 75BPBM were not significantly different from the control. However, 100% supplementation diets of 100PBM and 100BPBM resulted in reduced performance in all growth and feed variables except total feed intake and survival. The hind gut microvillus density was significantly higher (P<0.05) in fish fed 75BPBM, whereas the microvillus diameter remained unaffected with the other experimental diets when compared to the control. A reduction in eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids of fish muscles led to a lower Σn−3/Σn−6 ratio in all dietary groups when compared to the control. The percentage of Σn-3 PUFAs decreased in 100% FM replacement diets of 100PBM and 100BPBM, while Σn−6 PUFAs increased when both bioprocessed and unprocessed PBM protein was increased in the diets. Fish fed bioprocessed diets had higher fatty acid hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratios (HH), indicating improved suitability for human consumption.

Beneficial effects of tuna hydrolysate in poultry by-product meal diets on growth, immune response, intestinal health and disease resistance to Vibrio harveyi in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer

This study was conducted to investigate the effects that tuna hydrolysate (TH) supplementation in poultry by-product meal (PBM) diets would have on growth, immunity and resistance to Vibrio harveyi infection in juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing fishmeal (FM) without TH supplementation (control) and four diets with 10% TH supplementation viz. a FM protein diet (FMBD + TH), a 75% PBM protein diet (LPBM + TH) and two 90% PBM protein diets, either bioprocessed (BPBM + TH) or unprocessed (HPBM + TH), were formulated for juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile barramundi (average pool weight 12.63 ± 0.11 g) for 10 weeks. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher final body weights and specific growth rates were noted in fish fed with FMBD + TH and BPBM + TH diets when compared to the control. Transmission electron microscopy observation of fish distal intestines revealed a significant enhancement of microvilli length in fish fed FMBD + TH and BPBM + TH whereas scanning electron microscopy analysis found no significant difference in microvilli density. A bacterial challenge with Vibrio harveyi was conducted for 14 days after the growth trial to test the immune response and survival of barramundi. In the pre-challenge condition, a significant reduction in blood glucose was found in BPBM + TH compared to the control, and fish in the post-challenge at 24 h had higher glucose levels compared to fish in the pre- and post-challenge conditions at 72 h. The serum lysozyme activity was significantly higher in FMBD + TH and BPBM + TH compared to the control and fish at 72 h post-challenge exhibited higher lysozyme activity in each treatment compared to all dietary groups in the post-challenge condition at 24 h and to HPBM + TH and BPBM + TH in the pre-challenge condition. Fish fed FMBD + TH, LPBM + TH and BPBM + TH diets had significantly higher survival to the bacterial challenge than fish in the control and HPBM + TH. These results showed that PBM supplemented with TH could successfully replace FM without compromising growth, however, bioprocessed PBM supplemented with TH (BPBM + TH) may significantly improve growth performance, immune response, intestinal health and disease resistance in juvenile barramundi.

Evaluation of poultry by-product meal as partial replacement of fish meal in practical diets for juvenile tench (Tinca tinca L.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate different replacement levels of fish meal (FM) by poultry by-product meal (PBM) on survival, growth performance and body composition of juvenile tench (Tinca tinca). A 90-day experiment was conducted with 5 month-old juveniles (31.95 mm total length, 0.396 g weight). Eight practical diets (50% crude protein) differing in the level of replacement of FM protein by PMB protein were tested: 0% (control), 25%, 31%, 37%, 43%, 49%, 55% and 61% corresponding to 0, 184.8, 229.2, 273.5, 317.8, 362.1, 406.5 or 450.8 g PBM kg−1 diet respectively. Significant differences were not found (P > 0.05) between 25% replacement of FM protein by PBM protein (184.8 g kg−1 PBM in diet) and control diet. At higher replacement levels, fish had significantly lower growth, higher feed conversion ratio and lower protein productive value (P < 0.05). Fish with externally visible deformities ranged from 1.1% to 3.3%. The relation among amino acid profiles of the diets, body composition, growth performance of juveniles and amino acid requirements of other fish species is discussed. Up to 184.8 g PBM kg−1 diet can be included in diets for juvenile tench without impairing growth performance.

Replacement of fish meal with poultry by-product meal in practical diets for juvenile crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana, Astacidae) from the onset of exogenous feeding

The aim of this study was to evaluate different replacement levels of fish meal (FM) by poultry by-product meal (PBM) on survival and growth of juvenile crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus). An 80-day experiment was conducted with stage 2 juveniles from the onset of exogenous feeding. Six practical diets (50% crude protein) differing in the level of replacement of FM protein by PBM protein were prepared: 0% (control), 15%, 25%, 35%, 45% or 55%, corresponding to 0%, 10.5%, 17.7%, 24.4%, 31.3% or 38.2% dietary PBM, respectively. Each diet was tested on grouped or individually isolated crayfish. There were no significant differences in survival among grouped crayfish fed the control diet (0% replacement) and those fed replacement levels up to 45% (31.3% dietary PBM) (average: 74.9%). Survival of grouped crayfish fed the highest replacement level (55%) was significantly lower (63.0%). In the case of isolated crayfish, diets tested had no significant effects on survival (average: 98.3%). Diets with 15%, 25%, 35% or 45% replacement of FM protein by PBM protein resulted in growth values (grouped and isolated: 13.2mm carapace length, 555mg weight) similar to those obtained with the control diet. Final growth of isolated crayfish was significantly higher than that of grouped crayfish with all diets. FCRs (average of grouped and isolated crayfish) ranged from 0.98 to 1.32. The relations among the amino acid profile of the diets, the amino acid requirements of other crustacean species, the amino acid composition of whole body of crayfish and the performance of juveniles are discussed. The present study provides the first data on the substitution possibilities of FM by PBM in diets for freshwater crayfish. Up to 31.3% PBM (45% replacement of FM protein) can be included in formulated diets (50% crude protein) for juvenile P. leniusculus during the first 80days of intensive rearing without impairing growth or feed conversion.

Effect of Dietary Fish Meal Replacement by Poultry By-Product Meal with Different Grain Source and Enzyme Supplementation on Performance, Feces Recovery, Body Composition and Nutrient Balance of Nile Tilapia

The efficacy of replacing Fish Meal (FM) with Poultry By-product Meal (PBM) in Nile tilapia diets on an ideal protein basis with different grain sources and enzyme supplementation was evaluated under condition of cement pond culture. An experimental diet was formulated contain 30% crude protein, 5% ether extract and 3355 Kcal ME/Kg. Four other diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric as the basal diet No. 1, in which FM protein was substituted completely by PBM protein (Basal diet No. 2), while diet No. 3, 4 and 5 sorghum grain replaced 100% of wheat grain (w/w) or 100% of corn grain or 50% of both wheat and corn for the three diets respectively. The fish experimental diets were fed to the fish without or with enzyme supplementation. Statistical analysis of data revealed that inclusion of PBM instead of FM with wheat or sorghum grain plus corn (group 2 and 3) in Nile tilapia diet had no significant (p>0.05) effect on Body Weight (BW), Daily Body Gain (DBG), Daily Feed Intake (DFI), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and Efficiency of Energy Utilization (EEU) when compared with the control. While corn replacement by sorghum (group 4) or 50% of both corn and wheat by sorghum (group 5) had no effect on DFI, but significantly (p 0.05) affected when FM replaced by PBM with different grain sources. Carcass chemical composition data indicated that there is no significant effect of different experimental diets on fish body dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and carbohydrate and phosphorus contents. PBM as FM alternatives has a high potential as feed ingredients replacing FM. Nutrients balances and fecal recovery data showed that PBM with corn + wheat or corn + sorghum results in good fish performance for a similar replacement of FM on protein percent basis. However, they result as well in slightly higher waste loads, in particular of N and C to the system. Sorghum grain as alternative to corn (weight/weight) results in lower fish production and higher nutrient fecal and non fecal losses and prefer to rejected because it has a negative impact on the system. Moreover, enzyme supplementation highly improved the fish performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits and fecal recovery and reduces the excessive losses of the nutrient to the environment.

Substituting fish meal with poultry by-product meal in diets for black Sea turbot Psetta maeotica

A 60 days feeding experiment was carried out with Black Sea turbot Psetta maeotica to determine the amount of poultry by-product meal (PBM) that could replace fish meal (FM) in formulated diets without reducing growth performance. Juvenile Black Sea turbot (initial average weight, 30 g) were fed five isoenergetic (gross energy, 20.5 ± 0.21 kJ g⁻¹ diet) and isonitrogenous diets (protein content, 550 ± 0.35 g kg⁻¹). The control diet used white FM as the sole protein source, the other four diets were prepared to replace FM protein at levels of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% with PBM. The fish readily accepted all experimental diets and no mortality were recorded during the trial. There were no significant differences in growth performance of turbot (P < 0.05) fed the diets with 25% and 50% replacement levels compared with fish offered the control diet (100% FM), however, final body weight and specific growth rate values in the 50% replacement diet were about 8% lower than those of the control. Total nitrogen excretion in fish fed 50% replacement diet were about 10% higher than the control group, even though these parameters were not found to be statistically different. At the levels of 750 and 1000 g kg⁻¹ of the protein, PBM inclusion caused a severe decrease in growth performance, feed utilization, protein efficiency ratio and per cent nitrogen retention. The results in the present study indicate that up to 25% of FM protein can be replaced by PBM protein without causing reduction in growth performance, nutrient utilization and nitrogen retention.

Order of amino acid limitation in poultry by-product meal

1. Two chick assays (from 8 to 17 d posthatching) were conducted to determine the order of amino acid (AA) limitation in poultry by-product meal (PBPM) using AA deletion and addition assays. 2. In the deletion assay, the basal diet contained 155 g/kg crude protein (provided solely by PBPM) and was fortified with cystine, tryptophan, threonine, lysine, valine, isoleucine, histidine, methionine and phenylalanine to meet the Illinois ideal AA Pattern. Each AA was then deleted individually from the basal diet and its effect on growth assessed. 3. In the addition assay, various individual or combined additions of nine AAs were made to an unfortified 155 g/kg crude protein diet containing PBPM as the sole source of dietary crude protein. 4. The results from the deletion assay were in general agreement with those from the addition assay. Based on the combined results of the deletion and addition assays, the order of AA limitation in PBPM was 1) cystine, 2) tryptophan, 3) threonine and lysine, 5) valine, and 6) isoleucine and histidine with the degree of deficiency of valine, isoleucine and histidine being similar. The results also suggested that methionine may be slightly limiting in PBPM protein.

Chemical composition and protein digestibility of poultry by-product meals for salmonid diets

Poultry by-product meal (PBM) is a potential substitute for a portion of the fish meal typically used in salmonid feeds. The nutritional value of commercial PBM as a fish meal replacement will depend primarily upon the quality and quantity of protein in a particular PBM batch. The purposes of this study were to quantitate the chemical variability in samples of PBM obtained from several manufacturers in North America, and to determine the digestibility of PBM protein by salmonids using one in vivo and three in vitro methods. The range in dry weight proximate composition among PBM samples was 55–74% for protein, 10–19% for lipid, and 11–23% for ash. Of the three in vitro methods for predicting in vivo protein digestibility, a method using trout pyloric ceca enzymes was the most sensitive and was more closely correlated to in vivo results than the other in vitro methods examined. We found significant differences in chemical composition and protein digestibility of PBM samples obtained from different manufacturers, illustrating the range of protein quality in PBM products that fish feed manufacturers will encounter in the marketplace.