Potentilla Alba Research Articles

Study of the effect of phytotherapeutic agents on the state and function of the thyroid gland

The prospects for the use of phytotherapeutic agents to maintain the thyroid gland and improve its function in various disorders of the thyroid status are assessed. The pharmacological properties of white cinquefoil (Potentilla alba), sugary kelp (Saccharina latissima), purple echinacea (Echinácea purpúrea), the prospects for the use of these plants in the prevention and complex therapy of endocrine diseases are considered. The characteristic of the Russian phytopreparation intended for the normalization of biochemical processes in the tissues of the thyroid gland and the restoration of the function of the organ is given.

MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STATE AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF REGIONAL LYMPH NODES IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHYROIDISM AND UNDER CORRECTION

Lymph nodes play an important role in the life of humans and animals. In the modern concept, the lymph nodes are the main homeostatic organs of the internal environment of the body, the lymph nodes are part of the lymphatic bed, on the other hand, they are the organs of the lymphoid (immune) system. Purpose: The work presents data on the morphofunctional state and microstructure of regional lymph nodes in experimental hypothyroidism and under correction. Materials and Methods: Experimental hypothyroidism in animals was induced by per os administration of mercazolil at a dose of 20 mg per 100 g of body weight with drinking water for 21 days. To correct thyroid disorders, starting from the 22nd day of the experiment, the animals received for 30 days an iodine-containing dietary supplement "Renaissance Plus" balm in powder at the rate of 2 μg/100 g of body weight and a decoction of the roots of the white cinquefoil (Potentilla alba L.) 50 ml per 100 g per day with drinking water. Results: The results of the study showed that in conditions of hypothyroidism, the lymph node becomes compacted with a decrease in the main structural and functional zones against the background of reduced lymphopoietic function. In the lymphoid nodule, there is a decrease of 1.43 times in the number of lymphoblasts, 1.56 times in the number of medium lymphocytes, 1.50 times in the number of small lymphocytes due to an increase of 1.29 times in the number of macrophages per unit area of the lymphoid nodule in the lymph node. There was a static decrease in the number of small lymphocytes in all structural and functional areas; the number of blasts decreases in the lymphoid nodule and increases in the paracortex and Billroth's strand; the number of macrophages increases in the lymphoid nodule, cerebral sinus, the number of mature plasma cells decreases in the paracortex and Billroth's strand, and there is also inhibition of cellular reactions in the lymph node, which reflects a decrease in the lymphopoietic function of immune activity and as a result of the immunosuppressive action of mercazolil. Conclusions: After an administration of corrigents, the area of the medulla and paracortex was restored to the control level and the ratio of cortical and medulla in the overall structure of the lymph node was leveled.

TOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TABLETS WITH AN EXTRACT OF POTENTILLA ALBA L. WITH REPEATED ADMINISTRATION TO RABBITS

Relevance. In recent years, there has been increased interest in medicinal plants, in particular, Potentilla alba L., used for the treatment of endocrine diseases, on the basis of which the thyroid drug - tablets for oral administration, containing 0,150 g of dry extract of roots and rhizomes of this plant. The dry extract of rhizomes and roots of Potentilla alba L. normalizes the functional activity of the thyroid gland, has an immunomodulatory and hypoli-pidemic effect in the rat model of experimental hypothyroidism. Aim. A study of the toxicity of tablets with dry extract of Potentilla alba L. with repeated administration to justify the conduct of clinical trials. Material and methods. The study of general toxic effects of tablets was carried out on 15 clinically healthy male rabbits of Soviet Chinchilla breed, which were given tablets in doses of 37,5 and 75 mg/kg for 90 days. Control animals received placebo tablets. Integral, hematological and biochemical parameters were recorded, electrocardiograms (ECG) were taken, and pathohistological studies were performed to detect health abnormalities. Results. Administration of tablets at 9- and 17-fold therapeutic doses had no effect on basic hematological, biochemical and ECG parameters charac-terizing functional state of liver, kidneys, cardiovascular system of experimental animals. Administration of tablets to rabbits in the tested doses caused a moderate dose-dependent decrease in their body weight gain, possibly related to the hypolipidemic effect. Pathohistological examination re-vealed changes that were dose-dependent: full-bloodedness of internal organs, including pituitary gland; stimulation of hematopoietic function charac-terized by increased spleen follicles and their confluence; inhibition of thyroid function and partially of spermatogenesis. At the maximum tested dose of 75 mg/kg, the studied drug had a selective specific pharmacological effect on the pituitary gland, causing a decrease in the size of basophilic cells. No irritating effect of the tablets on the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract of animals was noted. Conclusion. The obtained results of the preclinical toxicological examination of tablets 0.150 g were included in the dossier on the drug prepared for transfer to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for obtaining permission to conduct clinical trials.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ АНАТОМІЧНОЇ БУДОВИ КОРЕНЯ ТА КОРЕНЕВИЩА ПЕРСТАЧА БІЛОГО (POTENTILLA ALBA L.) ЯК ДІАГНОСТИЧНА ОЗНАКА СИРОВИНИ

Raw materials derived from the species Potentilla alba L. have been widely used in medicine. It has been shown that roots and rhizomes contain compounds with a number of antioxidant properties that may support therapeutic, namely anti-inflammatory and adaptogenic effects. The species is also promising in the complex treatment of thyroid pathology. Analysis of the obtained raw materials for the presence of the required plant species for the manufacture of medicines is essential procedure. The purpose of the research is to identify the anatomical features of the root and rhizome of Potentilla alba. It will help to identify these plants in the raw material. Comparison of the anatomical structure of the roots and rhizomes of five members of the genus Potentilla L.: P. alba L., P. anserinа L., P. argentea L., P. pilosa Willd., P. reptans L. has been held. All species have been grown in the collection of the Fomin Botanical Garden. The cross sections of the root and rhizome with a thickness of 15-20 μm were made by the means of a freezing microtome. The inclusions were identified in the resulting cross sections stained with safranin, KI and sudan. The species differ in the development and location of xylem elements, and by localization of inclusions. The most effective anatomical markers of P. alba, compared to other species of the genus, are the development and the location of rhizome xylem elements. The vessels of the secondary xylem are small, placed with uneven radial strands. The thicknes of strands is 1-3 vessels, delimited by the rays of the xylem parenchyma. The number of inclusions depends to a greater extent on the conditions of plant growth, so it is a less important factor during the analysis of plant raw materials.

Some aspects of the preclinical study of the safety of the dry extract of Potentilla alba L

Some aspects of the preclinical study of the safety of the dry extract of Potentilla alba L

Subclinical hypothyroidism: do you always need hormone replacement therapy? A modern view of the problem

Subclinical hypothyroidism is the initial stage of development of hypothyroidism, in which there are no clear clinical symptoms and there is a slow decline in thyroid function. It is known that subclinical hypothyroidism occurs in the population much more often than overt one, its prevalence depends on gender, age of patients and it is much more often diagnosed in elderly women. The literature review considers the effectiveness of the combined herbal preparation to improve the quality of life in hypothyroidism — Endomar, which contains 50 % of Potentilla alba, 25 % of Skutellaria baicalensis and 25 % of Rhodiola rosea. All three components of Endomar are synergistic in hypothyroidism. This multicomponent herbal product has a wide range of therapeutic properties and can be recommended for subclinical forms of thyroid hypofunction. Potentilla alba has been used in medical practice since ancient times. Biologically active components of Potentilla alba extract are flavonoids that regulate the permeability and elasticity of blood vessel walls, thereby neutralizing free radi-cals, phenolcarboxylic acids having antimutagenic and diuretic properties, saponin glycosides, which have a cardiotonic, neurotropic effect, hypocholesterolemic, adaptogenic, sedative action. Rhodiola rosea, an extract of the roots and rhizomes of this plant, is an adaptogen that increases the body’s resistance to stress, exhaustion, fatigue. Rhodiola rosea includes the following active substances: phenols and their derivatives aurol, salidroside; flavonoids: kaempferol, rhodiolin, rhodionin, rhodiosine, trace elements. Endomar includes Skutellaria baicalensis, which has unique properties. This plant contains flavonoid baicalin, which has a neuroprotective and neotropic effect, flavonoids scutellarin and vagonin that maintain normal vascular tone. In general, all components have an antioxidant, antispasmodic, antiinflammatory effect, they are also adaptogens and include trace elements such as magnesium, zinc, selenium.

Синдром тиреотоксикоза: новые клинические возможности коррекции тиреоидной дисфункции

Статья посвящена анализу литературы по изучению спектра терапевтических свойств препарата лапчатки белой, дополненного селеном и цинком, назначающегося в дополнение к стандартному ведению пациентов с гиперфункцией щитовидной железы. В виде монотерапии — при субклиническом тиреотоксикозе первой степени, а также при достижении стойкой компенсации диффузного токсического зоба. В составе комплексной терапии — при субклиническом тиреотоксикозе второй степени, диффузном токсическом зобе при нормализации содержания Т4 и Т3 в крови.

New possibilities of phytotherapy for hypothyroidism

The literature review contains new information about the spectrum of therapeutic properties of Potentilla alba, dry extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and dry extract of Rhodiola rosea L., and their possibilities in the comprehensive treatment of hypothyroidism. The necessity of in-depth study of the mechanism of pharmacological action of agents from this group of plants in accordance with the current state of health of the population of Ukraine and wider application in clinical practice is substantiated.

Condition of Adrenergic Innervation Apparatus of the Thyroid Gland, Blood and Lymph Vessels, and Lymph Nodes during Correction of Hypothyrosis.

We used specific histochemical fluorescence-microscopic method of visualization of catecholamines to study adrenergic innervation of the thyroid gland tissue, blood vessels of the thyroid gland, cervical lymphatic vessel and lymph nodes in rats during correction of hypothyroidism with a bioactive formulation (Vozrozhdenie Plus balm with Potentilla alba L.). In experimental hypothyroidism, adrenergic innervation of the thyroid gland and the wall of the cervical lymph node, concentrated mainly along the arterial vessels and the cervical lymphatic vessel, retained its structural formations (plexuses and varicosities), but diffusion of catecholamines outside these formations was observed. Correction with the bioactive formulation restored of the contours of the nerve plexuses and varicosities and their brighter fluorescence in the thyroid gland and cervical lymphatic vessel and node. During correction of hypothyroidism with the bioactive formulation, reorganization of regional lymphatic vessels and nodes was more pronounced than reorganization of the thyroid gland.

Effects of a new thyrotropic drug isolated from Potentilla alba on the male reproductive system of rats and offspring development

BackgroundThe dysfunction of the thyroid gland is a common medical condition. Nowadays, patients frequently use medicinal herbs as complementary or alternative options to conventional drug treatments. These patients may benefit from treatment of thyroid dysfunctions with Potentilla alba L. preparations. While it has been reported that Potentilla alba preparations have low toxicity, nothing is known about their ability to affect reproductive functions in patients of childbearing age.MethodsMale Wistar rats were orally treated with a thyrotrophic botanical drug, standardized Potentilla alba Dry Extract (PADE), at doses 8 and 40 times higher than the median therapeutic dose recommended for the clinical trials, for 60 consecutive days. Male Wistar rats receiving water (H2O) were used as controls. After completing treatment, half of the PADE-treated and control males were used to determine PADE gonadotoxicity, and the remaining half of PADE-treated and control males were mated with intact females. Two female rats were housed with one male for two estrus cycles. PADE effects on fertility and fetal/offspring development were evaluated.ResultsHerein, we report that oral treatment of male Wistar rats with PADE before mating with intact females instigated marked effects on male reproductive organs. Treatment significantly decreased the motility of the sperm and increased the number of pathological forms of spermatozoa. Additionally, a dose-dependent effect on Leydig cells was observed. However, these PADE effects did not significantly affect male fertility nor fetal and offspring development when PADE-treated males were mated with intact females.ConclusionsPADE treatment of male rates negatively affected sperm and testicular Leydig cell morphology. However, these changes did not affect male fertility and offspring development. It is currently not known whether PADE treatment may affect human male fertility and offspring development. Therefore, these results from an animal study need to be confirmed in humans. Results from this animal study can be used to model the exposure-response relationship and adverse outcomes in humans.

The influence of dry extract Potentilla alba L. on the generative function of female rats

The influence of dry extract Potentilla alba L. on the generative function of female rats

Vital structure of cenopopulations of Potentilla alba L. (Rosaceae) at the Southern Opillia

It is presented results of individuals vitality research and the vital structure of Potentilla alba L. (Rosaceae) cenopopulations at the Opillia. It is investigated 15 cenopopulations according to Yu. A. Zlobin. It is established that the vital status of individuals and the vital structure of P. alba cenopopulations vary depending on the ecological-cenotic conditions. In most cenopopulations, there are individuals of all classes of vitality, but in the correlation between classes there are significant differences. Cenopopulations belong to three vital types, however, prosperous types prevail. The predominance of vitality highest class individuals and high values of the quality index are characteristic for cenopopulations that grow at the mesophytic and steppe meadows and meadow steppes, at podzolic chernozems with a capacity 45-60 cm, formed at the slabs or sloping parts of the slopes – in formations groups of Brizietа mediae and Brachypodietа pinnati. Equilibrium cenopopulations with superiority of vitality higher or middle-class individuals are presented at the meadow steppes formed at relatively steep slopes – in formations groups of Caricetа humilis and Seslerietа heufleranae, as well as associations of Brachypodietum (pinnati) festucosum (valesiacae). Depressive type with minimum values of the quality index and advantage vitality lower class individuals includes the cenopopulation in the formation groups of Elytrigietа intermediae, which are characterized by a high density of dominant species and the plentiful flora composition. The same indicators are typical for the cenopopulation in association groups of Festucetum (valesiacae) stiposum (pennatae), which grows at a steep slope of a hill with shallow black soil and scattered gipsoandardites.

Development of biotechnology for cultivating Potentilla L. plant material with antivirus and antibacterial activity

The reported paper presents a biotechnology developed to produce phytomass of Potentilla L. species (P. alba, P. fragarioides, P. fruticosa, P. chrisantha, P. longifolia). Regenerative Potentilla plants are good at extracting bio-friendly elements (Pb, Cu, and Zn) from the Murashige and Skoog growth medium and accumulating them.Water extracts of plant material P. alba, P. fragarioides, P. fruticosa, P. chrisantha, P. longifolia have shown a good biological activity against herpes simplex virus type II. Extracts of bio-technologically produced Potentilla alba plants have demonstrated an antibacterial activity against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. typhimurium, St. aureus taken in a minimal dose of 37.5 μg/ml.

Изучение физико-химических свойств и биологической активности экстрактов из высушенной биомассы каллусных, суспензионных клеток и корневых культур in vitro

Introduction. One of the urgent problems of medicine and biology is the use of plant objects as industrial producers of target metabolites in vitro. In vitro cells can be used as pharmaceutical preparations. Study objects and methods. The present research featured medicinal plants that grow in the Siberian Federal district and are a popular source of medicinal raw materials. The physicochemical properties, e.g. total ash content in extracts, the content of heavy metals, the content of organic solvents in the extracts, and the mass loss upon drying was determined by standard methods. The antimicrobial properties of in vitro extracts were determined by the diffusion method and the method based on optical density measurement. The list of opportunistic and pathogenic test strains included the following microorganisms: E. coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC 25923, P. vulgaris ATCC 63, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027, and C. albicans EMTC 34. The number of viable cancer cells was determined using the MTT colorimetric method. Results and discussion. The paper describes the physicochemical properties, safety indicators, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, and antitumor properties of extracts of a complex of biologically active substances obtained in vitro from the dried biomass of callus and suspension cell cultures and root cultures. The root extracts proved to have the maximum antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. They could reduce the survival rate of cancer cells to 24.8–36.8 %. Conclusion. The research featured extracts obtained from the dried biomass of callus and suspension cell cultures and root cultures in vitro of safflower leuzea (Leuzea carthamoides L.), Rhodiola rosea (Rhodiola rosea L.), various sorts of skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis L., Scutellaria andrachnoides L., Scutellaria galericulata L.), Potentilla alba (Potentilla alba L.) and ginseng (Panax L.). The results showed that the extracts can be used for the production of pharmaceuticals and biologically active additives with antitumor, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.

Potentilla alba Extracts Affect the Viability and Proliferation of Non-Cancerous and Cancerous Colon Human Epithelial Cells.

The aim of this study was to determine the anti-tumor activity of extracts isolated from Potentilla alba L. on human colon cancer cells of the HT-29 line and on non-cancer colon epithelial cells of the CCD 841 CoTr line. The research methods we used to determine the cytotoxic and proliferative properties were 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red (NR) assays, the ability to produce nitric oxide, the Griess method, and the biochemical properties like 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods indicating reduction activity of tested samples. In order to obtain a phytochemical profile of the different extracts an analytical method based on liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection-electrospray ionization ion-trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-PDA-ESI-MS/TOF) was applied. Finally, the effects of the extracts on the morphology and cell counts were assessed by May–Grünwald–Giemsa staining. After a comprehensive analysis of all the experiments, the extracts were found to demonstrate cytotoxic properties, they stimulated the division of non-cancer cells, and they were able to scavenge free radicals. In the NR method, the cell viability dropped to approximately 80% compared to the control. In the MTT assay, tumor cell proliferation decreased to 9.5% compared to the control. Therefore, we concluded that this plant has medical potential.

Ecological-coenotic features of rare flora species of pine-oak stands of Volyn Polissya

Anthropogenic influence on the natural vegetation of Volyn Polissya threatens the existence of habitats of rare and endangered species of flora. Therefore, the region, unique in botanical and geographical terms, is gradually losing its specific vegetation characteristics. Having analyzed the literature data, herbarium data and materials of our own field studies in 2016-2019, we have compiled a list of rare and endangered species of pine-oak stands. In the habitat of pine-oak stands 89 rare species were found, 29 of which are listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine, while Silene lithuanica is included in the European Red List. 3 species (Cypripedium calceolus, Trapa natans та Caldesia parnassifolia) are included into appendices of “The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora”. 10 species are subject to protection according to the appendix of “Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats” 56 species are regionally rare species for the flora of the Volyn region, 4 species are rare species of pine-oak stands. In our research we have analyzed the age range, density and recovery index for the species studied. The study found that for 63 rare species the dynamics of species abundance and distribution are satisfactory. The area of distribution and the number of 7 species is increasing: Allium ursinum, Galanthus nivalis, Platanthera chlorantha, Anemone sylvestris, Campanula persicifolia, Corydalis cava, Isopyrum thalictroides In the study area 14 species grow sporadically: Juniperus communis, Potentilla alba, Digitalis grandiflora, Gymnocarpium dryoptheris, Daphne mezereum, Neottia nidus-avis, Epipactis helleborine, Scorzonera purpurea, Asparagus officinalis, Iris sibirica, Adonis vernalis, Cephalanthera damasonium, Gentiana cruciate, Gentiana pneumonanthe. Dissemination information for Caldesia parnassifolia, Succisella inflexa, Genistella sagittalis, Salix myrtilloides, Ophioglossum vulgatum is insufficient for establishing species dynamics and needs further investigation. The conservation of pine-oak stands in Volyn Polissya will help to create the conditions for the growth of rare and endangered species of flora.

Phytochemical Analysis of Biotechnological Raw Materials of Representatives of the Genus Potentilla L.

The genus Potentilla (Potentilla L.) is a member of the family Rosaceae, widespread in temperate, arctic, and alpine zones of the northern hemisphere. This genus has been known since ancient times for its curative properties. Recent pharmacological studies have confirmed the traditional use of extracts of the Potentilla species against different diseases. The phytochemistry of the members of Potentilla L. remains poorly studied. A biotechnological technique for the production of renewable raw materials has been developed only for Potentilla alba L. The goal of this work is to conduct the phytochemical analysis of biotechnological raw materials of Potentilla alba L. and Potentilla fragarioides L. and to identify the features of the elemental composition and accumulation of biologically active substances in regenerants, compared to the intact plants. The research has led to the development of a biotechnological technique for the production of P. fragarioides phytomass. The intensity and the specificity of accumulation of chemical elements by organs of regenerated plants of P. alba from the nutrient media in tissue culture have been evaluated. The elements of vigorous accumulation (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo, and Cu), as well as the element of strong accumulation, Co, are noted. The features of the elemental composition of P. alba raw materials, depending on the production method, are noted. The quality, the content of water- and alcohol-soluble extractives and of some groups of biologically active substances have been estimated. It is revealed that P. alba and P. fragarioides are concentrators of flavonoids and tannins. At the same time, the indicators of accumulation of biologically active substances in P. fragarioides are higher than those for P. alba, in both conventional and biotechnological plant raw materials.

INVESTIGATION OF IMMUNOTOXICITY AND ALLERGENIC PROPERTIES OF DRY EXTRACT OF POTENTILLA ALBA L

The comprehensive study of allergenicity and immunotoxicity of dry extract of Potentilla alba L. has shown that the extract has no sensitizing effect in tests of the general systemic anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock) and active skin anaphylaxis conducted on Guinea pigs albinos, as well as in the reaction of delayed hypersensitivity in mice. In the study of immunotoxic properties, it has been found that the extract has a stimulating effect on the primary humoral immune response at a therapeutic dose of 3 mg / kg and has no influence on the effectors of the cellular immunity of experimental animals.

Molecular cytogenetic characterization, leaf anatomy and ultrastructure of the medicinal plant Potentilla alba L.

Potentilla alba L. is a valuable medicinal plant widely used in folk and traditional medicine and particularly promising in complex treatment of thyroid pathology. Natural resources of this species are insufficient due to ever-growing use in contemporary medicine. Comprehensive investigations of different P. alba populations are essential for the successful extension of P. alba plantings. Aiming for a better understanding of karyotype structure, chromosome behaviour in meiosis and developing new diagnostic characters, we performed molecular cytogenetic characterization and leaf structure and ultrastructure analyses of two introduced P. alba samples originating from different habitats. Based on chromosome morphology, distribution of 45S/5S rDNA and DAPI-banding patterns, all chromosomes in the karyotypes were identified and the P. alba chromosomal idiogram was constructed. Our findings confirmed P. alba karyotype stability and also revealed several diagnostic characters of this species: the features of cells of upper and lower leaf epidermis, the presence of calcium oxalate druses and three types of leaf indumentum, essential for evaluation of genetic diversity in different populations, validation of raw materials and further selection progress. The meiotic abnormalities were detected probably related to low pollen activity and indicated the advantages of vegetative propagation in the development of a P. alba plantation system.

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL RAW MATERIALS OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE GENUS POTENTILLA L.

The genus Potentilla (Potentilla L.) is a member of the family Rosaceae, widespread in temperate, Arctic and Alpine zones of the Northern hemisphere. The genus is known since ancient times for its healing properties. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed traditional use of the extracts of Potentilla species in various diseases. Phytochemistry representatives of Potentilla L. are poorly understood. Biotechnology for the production of renewable raw materials is only developed for Potentilla alba L.Objective – to conduct phytochemical analysis of biotechnological raw materials and Potentilla alba L. Potentilla fragarioides L., identification of features of the elemental composition and accumulation of biologically active substances in comparison with intact plants.The result of the research developed in biotechnology for the production of biomass of P. fragarioides. The evaluation of the intensity and specificity of accumulation of chemical elements in bodies of regenerated plants of P. alba from the nutrient media in tissue culture. The elements of vigorous accumulation of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo Cu, and the element of a strong accumulation of Co. These features of the elemental composition of plant material P. alba, depending on the production method. Estimated purity, content of water and alcohol-soluble extractives, and certain groups of biologically active substances.It is revealed that white Potentilla and cinquefoil zemlyannikova are the hub of flavonoids and tannins. The incidences of accumulation of biologically active substances in the bloodroot zemljanichnoe exceed the targets set for the white cinquefoil, both traditional and biotechnological raw materials.