Sources Of Potentially Toxic Elements Research Articles

Occurrence, accumulation, ecological risk, and source identification of potentially toxic elements in multimedia in a subtropical bay, Southeast China

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in seawater and sediments may be amplified along the aquatic food chain, posing a health threat to humans. This study comprehensively analyzed the concentrations, distribution, potential sources, and health risk of 7 PTEs in multimedia (seawater, sediment and organism) in typical subtropical bays in southern China. The results indicated that Zn was the most abundant element in seawater, and the average concentration of Cd in sediment was 3.93 times higher than the background value. Except for As, the seasonal differences in surface seawater were not significant. The content of Zn in fishes, crustacea, and shellfish was the highest, while the contents of Hg and Cd were relatively low. Bioaccumulation factor indicated that Zn was a strongly bioaccumulated element in seawater, while Cd was more highly enriched by aquatic organisms in sediment. According to principal component analysis (PCA), and positive matrix factorization (PMF), the main sources of PTEs in Quanzhou Bay were of natural derivation, industrial sewage discharge, and agricultural inputs, each contributing 40.4%, 24.2%, and 35.4%, respectively. This study provides fundamental and significant information for the prevention of PTEs contamination in subtropical bays, the promotion of ecological safety, and the assessment of human health risk from PTEs in seafood. Environmetal implicationPreventing and controlling pollution was one of the priorities for protecting the nearshore marine environment and providing safe water and habitats for organism and seafood production. We collected samples of seawater, sediment, and marine organisms from Quanzhou Bay, characterized the pollution status of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), analyzed their spatiotemporal distribution, evaluated ecological risks, and explored the anthropogenic sources of PTEs. We found that the seawater and organisms in Quanzhou Bay are safe, while sediment needs further purification. Our research provides insights into the protection of the nearshore marine environment and the formulation of policies for the Blue Bay.

Bioavailability, risk assessment, and source traceability of potentially toxic elements in bivalve species widely consumed in the emblematic Acapulco Bay, Mexico

The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTE) was determined in edible tissue, digestive system, and shells of two bivalve species (Hyotissa hyotis and Spondylus limbatus) highly consumed in Acapulco Bay (southern Mexico) to evaluate the impact on marine ecosystems and human health risk associated with the consumption of potentially contaminated bivalves. PTE concentrations (Ba–Cd–Cu–Co–Cr–Mn–Ni–Pb–Sr–V–Zn) in edible tissues were lower than in the digestive system and shells in both bivalve species. Except for Cr, Pb, and Cd, PTE concentrations in the edible tissue of both species did not exceed international threshold limits. In addition, the biota-sediment accumulation factor values indicate bioaccumulation in edible tissues (Ni, Cd, Pb, Co, and Zn), digestive system (V, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, Co, and Zn), and shells (V, Cr, Pb, Co, and Mn), evidencing availability of pollutants in the Acapulco Bay. Contents of Pb and Cd found in edible tissue can threaten human health. Target Hazard Quotient values indicate that the consumption of edible tissue does not represent any risk of developing non-cancerogenic effects. However, the Target Cancer Risk values indicate a moderate risk of developing carcinogenic effects due to the accumulation of Cr and Pb and an even greater risk due to the accumulation of Cd. Additionally, although local rocks and sediments should be the only source of PTE in uncontaminated marine ecosystems, a low radiogenic Pb isotope composition was detected in the bivalve shells, which partially overlap with Pb isotope compositions of paints and gasoline, indicating anthropogenic lead sources participation in the Acapulco Bay.

Geochemical, ecological, and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the surrounding soil of a cement plant

Cement plants are the major anthropogenic sources of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), which are generated from the processing of raw materials and combustion of fossil fuels. This study determined the PTE concentration and assessed the geochemical, ecological, and health risks associated with the activities in the Ashaka cement plant, Bajoga, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected between 2019 and 2020, and analyzed by ICP-OES for 20 PTEs. The data obtained were statistically evaluated for descriptive and inferential statistics. The mean concentrations of PTEs were in the declined order of Al > Fe > Mn > Zn > Ti > Ba > Sr > Pb > Cu > V > Cr > Ni > As > Sc > Mo > Hg > Cd > Se > Sb > Co. Multivariate analysis revealed that the main sources of PTEs might be related to anthropogenic activities from the cement plant. The geochemical load index (GLI) values obtained range from unpolluted to moderate. The ecological risk ranged from 4.74 × 10–3 to 8.00 × 100, and the overall risk index indicated low contamination for the investigated elements. The hazard index (HI) was < 1, suggesting non-probable non-carcinogenic effects. However, children were more susceptible to risk than adults, and the cancer risk (CR) values of Cd for children and adults were higher than the threshold level of 1.0 × 10–4, which suggests probable development of cancer risk for residents.

Characteristics, source analysis, and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements pollution in soil of dense molybdenum tailing ponds area in central China.

The issue of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) contamination of regional soil caused by mining activities and tailings accumulation has attracted wide attention all over the world. The East Qinling is one of the three main molybdenum mines in the world, and the concentration of PTEs such as Hg, Pb and Cu in the slag is high. Quantifying the amount of PTEs contamination in soil and identifying potential sources of contamination is vital for soil environmental management. In the present investigation, the pollution levels of 8 PTEs in the Qinling molybdenum tailings intensive area were quantitatively identified. Additionally, an integrated source-risk method was adopted for resource allocation and risk assessment based on the PMF model, the ecological risk, and the health risk assessment model. The mean concentrations of Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, As, and Hg in the 80 topsoil samples ranged from 0.80 to 13.38 times the corresponding background values; notably high levels were observed for Pb and Hg. The source partitioning results showed that PTEs were mainly affected by four pollution sources: natural and agricultural sources, coal-burning sources, combined transport and mining industry sources, and mining and smelting sources. The health risk assessment results revealed that the risks of soil PTEs for adults are acceptable, while the risks for children exceeded the limit values. The obtained results will help policymakers to obtain the sources of PTEs of tailing ponds intensive area. Moreover, it provides priorities for the governance of subsequent pollution sources and ecological restoration.

Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) Pollution Characteristics in an Accident Site in Zhangqiu, China

Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) Pollution Characteristics in an Accident Site in Zhangqiu, China

Source analysis and contamination evaluation of potentially toxic elements in soil in typical high geological background areas at the county scale in northeastern Yunnan, China

The pollution risk of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil is a common concern in the fields of environmental science and agriculture. The spatial distribution characteristics, pollution risk assessment and genetic sources of PTEs in soil in high geological background areas are crucial to the safe use of land. Based on the data for five PTEs in 921 surface soil samples from typical high geological background areas in SW China, we discuss their spatial distribution characteristics using geostatistics, the semivariance function and its model. We carry out pollution risk assessment using the influence index of comprehensive quality (IICQ) and analyse their genetic sources using the UNMIX receptor model. The spatial distribution of element content has a high spatial coupling with the stratigraphic spread, which is affected by external random factors, resulting in a weakened autocorrelation. The IICQ indicates that soil is dominated by mild and moderate pollution, accounting for 42.24 and 44.95%, respectively, with cadmium contributing up to 63.00% to the IICQ. Chromium and cadmium are controlled by natural sources, accounting for 83.98 and 69.39%, respectively. Arsenic and mercury have anthropogenic sources, accounting for 68.7 and 44.0%, respectively. Lead is controlled by both lead–zinc mining and geological background, accounting for 47.7 and 36.4%, respectively. The UNMIX model demonstrates that the spatial variability of PTEs is influenced by anthropogenic factors, such as coal combustion emissions, which account for 30.1% of the pollution sources. Soil parent material sources contribute 49.4%, followed by lead–zinc mining and smelting activities at 20.5%.

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and ecological risk at waste disposal sites: An analysis of sanitary landfills.

This study presents an analysis of soil contamination caused by Ni, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Pb at municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills, with a focus on ecological risk assessment. The approach aims to assess how different landfill practices and environmental conditions affect soil contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and associated environmental risks. Soil samples were collected from MSW landfills in Poland and the Czech Republic. The research included a comprehensive assessment of PTEs in soils in the context of global environmental regulations. The degree of soil contamination by PTEs was assessed using indices: Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Single Pollution Index (Pi), Nemerow Pollution Index (PN), and Load Capacity of a Pollutant (PLI). The ecological risk was determined using the Risk of PTEs (ERi) and Sum of Individual Potential Risk Factors (ERI). The maximum values of the indicators observed for the Radiowo landfill were as follows: Igeo = 4.04 for Cd, Pi = 24.80 for Cd, PN = 18.22 for Cd, PLI = 2.66, ERi = 744 for Cd, ERI = 771.80. The maximum values of the indicators observed for the Zdounky landfill were as follows: Igeo = 1.04 for Cu, Pi = 3.10 for Cu, PN = 2.52 for Cu, PLI = 0.27, ERi = 25 for Cd, ERI = 41.86. The soils of the tested landfills were considered to be non-saline, with electrical conductivity (EC) values less than 2,000 μS/cm. Varying levels of PTEs were observed, and geostatistical analysis highlighted hotspots indicating pollution sources. Elevated concentrations of Cd in the soil indicated potential ecological risks. Concentrations of Cu and lead Pb were well below the thresholds set by the environmental legislation in several countries. In addition, Ni concentrations in the soils of both landfills indicated that the average levels were within acceptable limits. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed common sources of PTEs. The identification of specific risk points at the Radiowo and Zdounky sites contributes to a better understanding of potential hazards in landfill environments. By establishing buffer zones and implementing regular maintenance programs, emerging environmental problems can be addressed in a timely manner.

Geochemical baselines of potentially toxic elements in Brunei-Muara soils, Brunei Darussalam: Towards environmental assessment and risk management

We present a comprehensive study on the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the topsoil and subsoil of Brunei-Muara District in Brunei Darussalam. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the data, and the threshold values for PTEs in both soil layers were determined. Adopting the Tukey's inner fence method, we recommend baselines for PTEs. The study delved into the distribution patterns and potential sources of PTEs in Brunei-Muara, and we identified traffic and agricultural activities as significant contributors to the presence of As, Cr, Cu, and Pb. Industrial and agricultural areas exhibit spatial associations with Mn, Ni and Zn. Cadmium (Cd) was determined to be negligible in Brunei-Muara's soils. Furthermore, geochemical mapping unveiled highly acidic soil conditions in the region, characterized by variations in pH between the topsoil (2.13–8.00) and subsoil (1.89–6.76) layers that generally facilitate mobility of heavy metals. We employed Principal Component Analysis on the log10-transformed data to examine the behavior and mechanisms governing the mobility and retention of PTEs in the soil. This helped us to better characterize the element distribution within the baseline and the recognition of three additional processes enriching the topsoil and subsoil in PTEs. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into the distribution, sources, and behavior of PTEs in the soils of the Brunei-Muara District, which can greatly aid environmental monitoring and management endeavors.

Necrophagous flies as bioindicators in Cd and Zn co-contaminated areas of Tak Province, Thailand

Necrophagous flies may be effective bioindicators of chemical substances within polluted locations, as they are sensitive to environmental changes, have large populations, and thrive in a single location over their lifespan. Diversity and abundance of necrophagous flies were determined at livestock farms contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Tak Province and Nakhon Sawan Province, Thailand. Substantial soil zinc (Zn) concentrations (> 1100 mg kg−1) were detected at a cattle farm at Khaothong, Nakhon Sawan Province, and soil cadmium (Cd) values were significantly elevated (> 3 mg kg−1) at a cattle farm in Pha De, Tak Province. Anthropogenic inputs including Zn mining, domestic wastewater, and certain materials used in local agriculture were point sources of PTEs at the livestock farms in the Pha De and Khaothong subdistricts. Lower temperatures and humidity during the rainy season may have resulted in increased numbers of necrophagous flies, which was 1.5 times greater compared to the dry season. However, the dry season exhibited a higher PTE buildup in fly tissue. The order of important value index (IVI) values of the necrophagous flies were: Chrysomya megacephala (56.80), Musca domestica (27.21), C. rufifacies (25.40) and Sarcophaga spp. (17.54), respectively. These necrophagous flies may play a significant role in PTE-contaminated ecosystems based on their high IVI values, suggesting that they could be used as bioindicators of PTEs. Principal component analysis (PCA) results for necrophagous flies associated with each sampling site during the dry season were consistent with flies having substantial IVI values. Musca domestica and C. megacephala of both sexes displayed substantial correlations with Cr, Al, and Mn, while females of Sarcophaga spp. displayed strong associations with Cd. At the cattle farm in Khaothong, males of M. domestica showed a significant relationship with Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni. When considering PTE accumulation capacity in flies commonly found at field sites, C. megacephala and M. domestica are the most suitable bioindicators of PTEs. This study confirms that necrophagous flies serve as reliable bioindicators of PTE pollution.

Spatial distribution and source identification of potentially toxic elements in Yellow River Delta soils, China: An interpretable machine-learning approach

Identifying the driving factors and quantifying the sources of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are essential for protecting the ecological environment of the Yellow River Delta. In this study, data from 201 surface soil samples and 16 environmental variables were collected, and the random forest (RF) and Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) methods were then combined to explore the key factors affecting soil PTEs. An innovative t-distributed random neighbor embedding-RF-SHAP model was then constructed, based on the absolute principal component score and multivariate linear regression model, to quantitatively determine PTE sources. Although average PTE concentrations did not exceed the risk control values, PTE distributions exhibited significant differences. It was found that sodium, soil organic matter, and phosphorus contents were the three most important factors affecting PTEs, and human activities and natural environmental factors both influence PTE contents by altering the soil properties. The proposed model successfully determined PTE sources in the soil, outperforming the original linear regression model with a significantly lower RMSE. Source analysis revealed that the parent material was the main contributor to soil PTEs, accounting for more than half of the total PTE content. Industrial and agricultural activities also contributed to an increase in soil PTEs, with average contributions of 19.91 % and 17.44 %, respectively. Unknown sources accounted for 10.83 % of the total PTE content. Thus, the proposed model provides innovative perspectives on source parsing. These findings provide valuable scientific insights for policymakers seeking to develop effective environmental protection measures and improve the quality of saline-alkali land in the Yellow River Delta.

Potentially toxic elements in rainwater during extreme rainfall period in the megacity Beijing: Variations, sources, and reuse potential

Air pollution has become a worldwide problem, which resulted in various environmental threats to the human beings and surface ecosystem. It is thus significant to clarify the sink/source process of atmospheric contaminants, such as the potentially toxic elements (PTEs). The rainfall process is a vital sink for atmospheric PTEs, which can effectively reduce their content in atmosphere. However, the understanding blind spot of variations, sources, and reuse potential of rainwater PTEs in megacities (hotspots area of atmospheric PTEs deposition) still existed, particularly in extreme rainfall period. For this, the daily-scale rainwater samples were collected in Beijing City during extreme rainfall period, and the selected PTEs were measured and further analyzed. The results indicated a volume-weighted mean PTEs concentration (in μg/L) order of Zn (10.86) > Mn (3.21) > Fe (0.73) > Cu (0.69) > Ni (0.35) > V (0.22) > Cr (0.09) ≈ Pb (0.09) > Cd (0.04). Zn was the most abundant PTEs, which was 2∼3 magnitude orders greater than the low abundant PTEs, such as Cr, Pb, and Cd. The sources of PTEs and the dissolved processes of atmospheric components (e.g., particulate matter) were the predominant influencing factors of rainwater PTEs variations, and the rainfall amount was also the potential (not the critical) influencing factor, while the influence of rainwater pH is negligible. According to the enrichment factor and multivariate statistical analysis, the Cd, Zn, and Cu were primarily attributed to anthropogenic sources, which were typically derived from fossil fuel burning, vehicle emission, and domestic waste combustion. The crust sources mainly contributed the Fe, Cr, and V, while the other PTEs (Mn, Ni, and Pb) were derived from a combination of human and natural inputs. Reuse potential assessment revealed that the harvested rainwater was suitable for irrigation of urban green space and vegetation (low soil hazard), and may potentially be utilized for drinking purpose under extreme conditions (after addressing the problem of ammonia nitrogen). This work identified the PTEs characteristics in urban wet deposition, which will help knowledge of PTEs biogeochemical cycle and sustainable use of rainwater resources under climate and environmental change.

The Impacts of Molybdenum Exploration on Cd and Zn Contents in Surface Water: Evidence from a Molybdenum Mine in the Xiaoqinling Mountains

In order to study the impact of molybdenum ore development in a large molybdenum mining area in the Xiaoqinling Mountains on the water and sediment quality of the Wenyu stream, surface water, sediment, and surrounding rock samples were collected, and the Cd and Zn contents were analyzed. The pollution status and ecological risk degree of river water and sediment samples in the Wenyu stream watershed were evaluated using the single element pollution index method, geoaccumulation index method, Hakanson potential ecological risk assessment method, potentially toxic elements (PTEs) health risk assessment, and PTEs pollution comprehensive index method. Finally, the impact of mining development on the contents of Cd and Zn in the Wenyu stream were discussed, and the sources of pollution were identified. The study revealed that the levels of Cd and Zn in 23 water samples collected from the primary channel of the Wenyu stream were markedly higher compared to the unaffected contrast area. Similarly, the concentrations of Cd and Zn in the 17 sediment samples were significantly elevated compared to the average values in the reference area. These findings indicated that The Wenyu stream was heavily impacted by the molybdenum mining activities, resulting in a high ecological risk associated with the sediment in the primary channel. Acid mine drainage in the mining area, sediment release activities, and atmospheric dust fall are considered to be the main sources of PTEs polluting the Wenyu stream watershed. Relevant personnel should complete a thorough river water quality investigation and perform ecological environment restoration so as to ensure sustainable economic development.

Integrating multiple spheres to identify the provenance and risk of urban dust and potentially toxic elements: Case study from central Mexico

This study aims to improve the current method of studying potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in urban dust using direct chemical evidence (from dust, rock, and emission source samples) and robust geochemical methods. The provenance of urban dust was determined using rare earth elements (REEs) and geochemical diagrams (V–Ni–Th*10, TiO2 vs. Zr, and Zr/Ti vs. Nb/Y). The geogenic or anthropogenic source of PTEs was determined using the enrichment factor (EF) and compositional data analysis (CoDA), while a PTE's point emission source was identified using a 3.1*La–1.54*Ce–Zn diagram, mineralogy, and morphology analyses. The spatiotemporal distribution of PTEs was determined using a geographic information system, and their health risk (by inhalation) was estimated using a lung bioaccessibility test and particle size distribution. We collected urban dust (n = 38), rock (n = 4), and zinc concentrate (n = 2) samples and determined PTEs and REEs in a city of 1.25 million inhabitants in central Mexico. Results showed that urban dust derived from the San Miguelito Range. REEs, Sc, and Zr were geogenic, while Mn, Cu, Zn, As, and Pb were anthropogenic. Due to the presente of sphalerite particles, a zinc refinery was identified as the point emission source of Zn, As, and Pb. High concentrations of Zn (5000–20,008 mg/kg), As (120–284 mg/kg), and Pb (350–776 mg/kg) were found in urban dust near the zinc refinery. Additionally, particles of PM2.5 (66–84%), PM5.0 (13–27%), PM10 (3–8%), and PM20 (0–2%) and lung bioaccessibility of Sr (48.5–72.4%), Zn (9.6–28.4%), Cu (10.5–27.0%), Fe (4.5–8.6%), Mn (2.9–9.2%), Cr (38.3%) and Pb (30.6%) demonstrated a latent risk to human health. These approaches improve our understanding of the provenance of urban dust and its PTE emission sources in urban areas.

Distribution of potentially toxic elements in soils and sediments in Pearl River Delta, China: Natural versus anthropogenic source discrimination

Although anthropogenic contamination has been regarded as the most important source of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils of large river delta plains, the extent to which human activities affect PTEs in soils is worth exploring. This study used high density geochemical data to distinguish source patterns of PTEs in soils of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, a large industrialized and urbanized area in China. Enrichment factor, discriminant analysis, principal components analysis, cumulative distribution function, and positive matrix factorization were used to identify sources of PTEs in soils. The results indicated that parent material was the most significant factor affecting geochemical characteristics of PTEs in soils. Median concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn were 0.400, 88.5, 40.5, 0.143, 43.0, and 116.0 mg/kg for stream sediments, 0.333, 75.7, 39.0, 0.121, 42.6, and 98.5 mg/kg for deep soils, and 0.365, 74.0, 45.1, 0.143, 44.6, and 119.5 mg/kg for surface soils, respectively, all of which exceed relevant reference standards. Compared with stream sediments and deep soils, surface soils exhibit substantial concentrations of PTEs. Chemical weathering and erosion of parent materials distributed in the Pearl River Delta were the main sources of PTEs in soils. Diffuse contamination and many small local contamination sources distributed throughout the study area were the most significant anthropogenic sources of PTEs in surface soils. Intensive human activities failed to change the soil geochemical characteristics derived from the parent material at the regional scale. However, it could induce non-point source pollution and local severe PTEs pollution in surface soils.

Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements Pollution and Human Health Risks in Polluted Farmland Soils around Distinct Mining Areas in China-A Case Study of Chengchao and Tonglushan.

This research study investigates the extent of heavy metal pollution and pollution trends in agricultural soil in mining areas during different time periods. A total of 125 soil samples were collected from two mining areas in China, the Chengchao iron mine and Tonglushan ancient copper mine. The samples were analyzed for various potentially toxic elements (PTEs). The index of geoaccumulation (Igeo), pollution index (Pi), potential ecological risk index (Eri), and hazard index (HI) were calculated to evaluate the pollution status of PTEs in the farmland around the two mining areas. The sources of PTEs were inferred by pollution distribution, and the pollution conditions of the two mining areas were compared. The results showed that the pollution of ancient copper mines was relatively severe. The main pollution elements were Cu, Cd, and As, and their average Pi values were 3.76, 4.12, and 1.84, respectively. These PTEs mainly came from mining and transportation. There are no particularly polluted elements in the Chengchao iron mine and the average Pi of all PTEs were classified as light pollution and had a wide range of sources. The findings suggest that the ancient copper mine, due to outdated mining techniques and insufficient mine restoration efforts, resulted in the spread and accumulation of PTEs in the soil over an extended period, making the farmland soil around the ancient copper mine more polluted compared to the Chengchao iron mine. In the two mining areas, there is no risk of cancer for adults and children. However, the RI values of Cr in adults and children are higher than 10-4, which indicates that the carcinogenic risk of Cr in these soils is very high. The non-carcinogenic effects of PTEs on the human body in the soil of ancient copper mine are also higher than that of the Chengchao iron mine.

Evaluation of bioaccumulation and toxicity of Tubifex tubifex exposed to contaminated river sediment by potentially toxic elements — A case study of the Middle Black Sea, Turkey

To determine the ecotoxicological assessment of the Black Sea in the seasonal and spatial dimensions, the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in sediment were measured at five sampling sites selected as Kızılırmak (T1), Engiz River (T2), Mert River (T3), Abdal River (T4), and Yeşilırmak (T5). In addition, a 28-day toxicity test was conducted with T. tubifex to evaluate the accumulation and toxicity of the PTEs contamination. The results of PTEs concentration in sediment indicated that the sampling sites are ranked according to the degree of elemental pollution from highly polluted to less polluted as Yeşilırmak > Kızılırmak > Abdal River > Engiz River > Mert River. Both natural and anthropogenic activities including industrial and agricultural effluents, municipal wastewater, and traffic-related pollution were found as the main sources of PTEs. Additionally, the acid volatile sulfide (AVS) – simultaneously extracted metal (SEM) concentrations were measured to determine the potential availability and toxicity of the presence of PTEs. ∑SEM–AVS < 0 were found in 60 % of the samples taken from five different sampling points while ∑SEM– AVS > 0 were observed in 40 % of the samples. Accordingly, the toxicity of PTEs is expected to be limited at 60 % of the samples. The results indicated no mortality in the tested sediment samples. The highest reproduction rate (16.67 ± 1.53) and lowest PTEs content were measured in the Mert River. The results of bioaccumulation factors (BAF) revealed that the most accumulated PTEs were Cu > Zn > Ni > Pb.

Potentially toxic elements in soil and air along an altitudinal gradient in Tatra National Park

With a growing number of tourists, national parks are facing high pressure in terms of production and spreading the potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Car parks, roads or civil amenities have become a source of PTEs, which are spreading not only in their immediate vicinity, but can contaminate much wider surroundings. Total content of Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn was determined in soil samples and, also in mosses and lichen samples, which were used as bioindication method for air pollution monitoring. Soil pollution was evaluated by contamination factor (Cf), degree of contamination (Cd) and the pollution load index (PLI). The impact of pollution on selected soil characteristics (soil enzymes, soil respiration, total nitrogen, organic carbon, soil pH) was also evaluated. Content of PTEs in moss and lichen samples was expressed by relative accumulation factor values (RAF).The most serious soil pollution was recorded at the first (lowest in terms of altitude) sampling point, but soil contamination reached significant values also at higher altitudes. All evaluated soil properties showed decreasing tendency under the soil pollution, with exception of soil pH, which showed positive correlation with PTEs. The ability of mosses and lichen to accumulate pollution in their insoles varied depending on the toxic element. High levels of PTEs have also been captured at higher altitudes due to their ability to spread, transport and accumulate in the environment.

Characterization, source identification, risk assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the surface water and sediment of the Beibu Gulf, China

The concentrations, distribution, and risk of seven potentially toxic elements (PTEs), including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn, in seawater and sediment from the eastern Beibu Gulf of China were studied using national standard methods. Results showed that the concentrations of PTEs in seawater exhibited significant spatial and seasonal variations, resulting in tolerable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks for both adults and children. The sediment concentrations of PTEs were generally lower than historical values, indicating an acceptable pollution level and ecological risk, except for Hg. Granularity was found to be an important factor in regulating the distribution. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model simulation revealed that the sources of PTEs in sediment were primarily of natural origin, with the exception of Hg, which was predominantly of anthropogenic origin. The parent rock of As was different from that of other PTEs.

Contamination levels of and potential risks from metal(loid)s in soil-crop systems in high geological background areas

Soil metal(loid)s in high geological background areas occur mainly in the residual form with low bioavailability, and whether these potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in agricultural soils are harmful to human health is of considerable public concern. A paired survey using both soil and crop samples was conducted using 437 contaminated sites in east Yunnan province, southwest China. The concentration, distribution, and source of PTEs (arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr)) in agricultural soils, and the contamination levels of and potential health risks from PTEs from different pollution sources were evaluated. Soil Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, and As concentrations were higher than the Chinese screening values (GB 15618-2018) of 10.98, 36.16, 24.71, 86.96, 14.19, and 6.64 %, respectively, and Cd greatly exceeded the screening values. Spatial distribution maps indicate that areas with high concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cd, and As were located mainly in mining areas. However, the Zn and Cr concentrations were relatively homogeneous and more dependent on natural processes. The source identification of PTEs shows that Zn and Cr in soils were controlled mainly by the geological background, Pb and As were closely related to anthropogenic activities, and Cu and Cd were related to both sources. Different pollution sources affected crop PTE contents, with average concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cr, and As in high geological background areas significantly lower than in anthropogenic activity areas (p < 0.001), while Cu and As did not differ significantly. Although soil PTEs in high geological background areas represent a relatively high potential risk, they had little impact on crop quality. The hazard indices of different crop products for adults and children followed the sequence: cereals > leafy vegetables > rootstalk vegetables > fruit vegetables. Rootstalk and fruit vegetables are recommended to be grown in the study areas because they are safe for human consumption.

Geographic distribution, source analysis, and ecological risk assessment of PTEs in the topsoil of different land uses around the antimony tailings tank: A case study of Longwangchi tailings pond, Hunan, China

Few studies have addressed the contamination of surface soils around antimony tailings ponds, and studying the contamination levels and sources of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils around antimony tailings ponds and assessing the associated environmental risks are key steps in conducting environmental protection. Therefore, this study is the first to investigate the current status, spatial distribution, potential sources and ecological risks of Pb, Sb, Cr, Zn, Cd, As and Cu contamination in surface soils in woodlands, grasslands, farmlands and construction areas around the Longwangchi antimony tailings pond in Hunan, China. According to the analytic results of soil samples, the order of PTEs in terms of average concentration is: Sb > Zn > Cu > Pb > As > Cr > Cd. The cumulative index of land was applied to define Sb and Cd as extremely heavy pollution, and PLI divides the overall pollution level of soil into serious pollution levels. The ecological risk index was used to evaluate the risk characteristics of PTEs. The results showed that the ecological risk of Sb was particularly prominent, and 95% of the study area had reached a very high risk level. A quantitative comparison of ecological risk levels between different land uses revealed that there was a clear dividing line between regions, with built-up areas contributing the most to higher ecological risk at 8.89%, followed by 1.72% for grassland, 1.15% for agricultural land, and 0.57% for woodland. The visualization results of spatial distribution of PTEs exhibited that severe pollution occurred in the middle, north and southeast of the study area, and these distribution characteristics are mainly dictated by the polluted runoffs from tailings ponds and human activities. Principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix decomposition (PMF) were employed to identify the exact pollution sources, and the closer the determination coefficient (R2) of PMF was to 1, the finer the pollution sources analyzed. A total of six potential sources of PTEs were analyzed by PMF: 36% of tailings pond contamination and mining operations, 8% atmospheric deposition, 19% traffic emissions, 9% combustion emissions, 11% natural sources, and 17% inputs related to agricultural production. This study is a complement to the study of environmental pollution around antimony tailing ponds, providing evaluation criteria for the pollution identification indicators of antimony tailing ponds.