Potential Water Resources Research Articles

Application of Combined Phytoremediation Greywater Treatment in A Single House

Declining natural resources and increasing environmental contamination due to human activities trigger people to consider a sustainable way to solve two problems in a solutive practice. Many households in Indonesia mostly discharge their greywater directly to the surface water, which pollutes the water and environment around it. On the other hand, the amount of potential water resources is declining nationwide, resulting in high pollution levels and require the high cost of water treatment to purify the water. To reduce the pollution load as well as to provide alternative water for indoor and outdoor use, it is necessary to find the most effective treatment. Greywater treatment by using plants (phytotechnology) combined with solar UV system is one of the breakthroughs that meet the criteria of low cost, simple in operation and maintenance, as well as energy saving. This paper presents the result of the combined treatment of phytoremediation and solar UV system as a very effective treatment to treat greywater. The treatment design consists of a collection chamber, sedimentation, filter, phytoremediation, and solar UV disinfection chamber. The treated water quality met the requirements of the Provincial Regulation of Central Java No. 5 of 2012 and class 3 standard (water for cultivation of plants and fisheries) of Indonesian Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001, but does not yet meet the standard for toilet flushing water. This result showed that the treatment of greywater by using plants and solar UV treatment is still facing some challenges to increase the intake of its treated water for indoor and outdoor water used within a household.

Testing thermodynamics method for salt intrusion during infrequent astronomical event

Knowledge of the processes governing salt intrusion in estuaries is important since it influences the eco-environment of estuaries as well as its water resource potential in many ways. The aim of this paper is to test the effectiveness of the new 1-D thermodynamic salt intrusion equation proposed by Zhang and Savenije (i.e., is an extreme power theory for the mixing of saline sea water and fresh river water in estuaries); and existing salt intrusion model (i.e., Van der Burgh method) at two previously unsurveyed estuaries in India and Morocco. To successfully perform the analysis using the 1-D models, real time data is required. Field measurements during infrequent astronomical event were recorded along the estuaries (31/01/2018 for Ashtamudi estuary (India); and during 31/01/2018 for Bouregreg estuary (Morocco)). Shape (geometry) and salinity analyses were performed on each of the estuaries. The results obtained show good agreement between the simulated and observed salinity distribution in the estuaries with high R 2 values. Finally, by utilizing the new predictive equation, we can estimate the minimum amount of river discharge needed, and the maximum allowable depth for dredging, to prevent saline water intruding further into the areas studied. Thus, the simple and effective approach presented in this study can describe the current state of salt intrusion in India and Morocco estuaries, and be used for future development.

Geogenic arsenic removal through core–shell based functionalized nanoparticles: Groundwater in-situ treatment perspective in the post–COVID anthropocene

Groundwater, one of the significant potable water resources of the geological epoch is certainly contaminated with class I human carcinogenic metalloid of pnictogen family which delimiting its usability for human consumption. Hence, this study concerns with the elimination of arsenate (As(V)) from groundwater using bilayer–oleic coated iron–oxide nanoparticles (bilayer–OA@FeO NPs). The functionalized (with high–affinity carboxyl groups) adsorbent was characterized using the state–of–the–art techniques in order to understand the structural arrangement. The major emphasis was to examine the effects of pH (5.0–13), contact times (0–120 min), initial concentrations (10–150 μg L–1), adsorbent dosages (0.1–3 g L–1), and co–existing anions in order to understand the optimal experimental conditions for the effective removal process. The adsorbent had better adsorption efficiency (∼ 32.8 μg g–1, after 2 h) for As(V) at neutral pH. Adsorption process mainly followed pseudo–second–order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm models (R2∼0.90) and was facilitated by coulombic, charge–dipole and surface complexation interactions. The regeneration (upto five cycles with 0.1 M NaOH) and competition studies (with binary and cocktail mixture of co–anions) supported the potential field application of the proposed adsorbent.

Water Flow Behavior and Storage Potential of the Semi-Arid Ephemeral River System in the Mara Basin of Kenya

Alluvial corridors of ephemeral river systems provide viable opportunities for natural water storage in dry lands. Whilst alluvial corridors are widely recognized as water buffers, particularly for areas experiencing constant water scarcity, little research has been undertaken in Sub-Saharan Africa to explore their hydrological variability and water resource potential as alternative water sources for nearby communities. This study investigated the water flow behavior and storage potential of an ephemeral river system in the Mara Basin of Kenya for purposes of supporting water resources development and ecological sustainability. The water flow processes - including the recharge rates and water loss processes - from existing sand storage systems were established through monitoring of ground and surface water levels. Water samples along the alluvial corridor were collected and analyzed for major ions and isotopic signatures required to establish the water storage dynamics. The storage potential was estimated through Probing and Electrical Resistivity Tomography techniques, augmented with in-situ measurements of hydraulic conductivities and channel bed porosities. The mean annual storage volume in the alluvium of the study reach was estimated at 1.1 Mm3, potentially capable of providing for the annual domestic and livestock water demands of the area. Transmission losses into the alluvium beneath the ephemeral channel-bed were noted to attenuate the flood peak discharges, depending on the level of saturation of the alluvial bed. However, water storage in the alluvium was subject to losses through evapotranspiration and seepage through fractured bedrocks. The study demonstrated the potential of alluvial corridors as water storage buffers providing alternative water sources to communities within the dry land regions with water scarcity, thereby to supporting ecosystem sustainability.

Sosialisasi dan Pelatihan Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) di SDN Meruya Utara 12, 13 Pagi dan 15 Petang

Rainwater is one of the potential clean water resources in urban areas, such as DKI Jakarta, which has not been used optimally. Related to this, community service activities had been carried out raising theme Rainwater Harvesting (RWH). This agenda was aimed to give education and understanding of RWH to teachers and students of SDN Meruya Utara 12, 13 Pagi and 15 Petang as one way how to conserve rainwater to provide clean water. These activities consisted of the socialization and installation of RWH in schools with a total capacity of 2000 L, where each 1000 L placed at the front of the school for hand washing and in the mosque for ablution purposes. Then agenda was continued with training how to work, to operate and to maintain the RWH equipment. The mass of collected rainwater was distributed into 2 filter tanks before entering the clean water supply tank and ready for use during the dry season. After the RWH had been tested, school residents could feel the benefits. It could reduce the volume of rainwater falling down from the roof of the school building and run-off that occured in the school area so as to avoid flooding. This instalation was able to provide sufficient clean water so that it could reduce the need for using groundwater for daily use. Through this program, school residents have understood the principles of work, how to operate, maintain and can benefit from this RWH.

A Geographical Approach to Water Resource Mapping for Atlases

We examine water resource mapping as an important component of the geographical approach in land hydrology and in the water sector which serves to assist considerably in dealing with water problems and water resource management. We suggest that seven groups of water resource maps be distinguished: introductory maps, maps of formation of surface and subsurface water regimes, maps of assessments of water resource potential, maps of water management, maps of anthropogenic impacts on water, maps of hazardous hydrological phenomena and maps of water protection measures. Characteristic properties water resource mapping for atlas products are identified using a case study of territory surrounding Lake Baikal as a site of global significance. We compiled an inventory of water resource themes covered by various atlases of the Baikal region and determined gaps relating to economic aspects of water and to maps on water protection. Limitations of the traditional isoline method in geographical water resource mapping are shown. At hillslope level where atmospheric precipitation transforms to surface runoff further to stream flow, it is recommended that the indication localization method be used, which is based on interdependencies of components of the geosystem. Water runoff mapping at the regional level in the hydrographic network uses the technique of long-channel (epure) mapping based on tools of structural hydrographic and Horton-Strahler classification. A technique of regionalization is described for flood hazards, water protection and recreation zoning of Baikal’s shores as well as cartographic modeling of processes in the Selenga river delta.

Two-stage optimisation for malachite green removal using activated date pits

Water pollution, from industry and agriculture, is a major threat to water security in the light of decreasing global potable water resources. Adsorption is one potential treatment technology for the removal of different contaminants from polluted water. Hard lignocellulose-containing materials with high carbon content, such as date stones, are excellent precursors for the production of activated carbons for adsorption activities. In this study, waste date stone biomass, from the seedless date products industry, was treated and activated chemically for the adsorption of malachite green dye, which is widely used in the plastics and textile industries. Phosphoric acid was used as an activating agent for the date stones, and its adsorption capability was measured and compared to the capacity of natural date stone powder. Experimental equilibrium data were analysed and correlated by four isotherm models: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Langmuir–Freundlich (also called SIPS). The best fit for the experimental data for both treated and natural date stone was the Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm. The surface areas and maximum malachite green adsorption capacities of the natural date stone and the phosphoric acid–treated date stone were 86 and 909 m2/g, respectively, and maximum malachite green adsorption capacities were 31.5 and 64.7 mg/g, respectively. A two-stage batch adsorber model was developed to optimize the two-step adsorption process to remove malachite green and minimize the amount of adsorbent used for both untreated and treated date stones. The benefits of the two-stage adsorber and chemically activated date stones are discussed in terms of designing for various percentages dye removal, various effluent discharge concentrations and various initial dye concentrations. The two-stage system resulted in a reduction of adsorbent compared with the one-stage system of 36 to 460% to remove the same amount of dye.

Assessment of Factors Affecting Fish Production and Marketing in Gambella Region, Ethiopia.

Fish production has been practiced since ancient Egypt and China. It has become a fast-growing agricultural sector that provides animal protein for most people globally. While China is the leading country in the world, Egypt and Nigeria stand on the top in Africa. The overall fishery production potential of Ethiopian water bodies is estimated to be 94,500 tons per year, while the actual production is 38,370 tons. Despite more water bodies and more fish diversity in the region, fish production and marketing is very low. This review is undertaken to assess the main factors affecting fish production and the marketing chain in Gambella region. Despite the known water and fish potential of the region, fish production is very low. Major factors contributing to a reduction in fish production in the region include inefficient fishing gears, poor transportation access, poor postharvest handling, low price at the landing site, and improper market place. Drying is the predominant postharvest technique and fishing methods are of a subsistence basis. All the fishing activities take place in the natural environment, and aquaculture is not yet established. Enough modern and efficient gears need to be made available. Other modern postharvest handling techniques need to be introduced to ensure a longer shelf life of fish after harvest. Infrastructures need to be constructed to access all water bodies in the region. Because the region has such water resource potential and incredible fish species diversity, the aquaculture needs to be established and popularized. Traceability needs to be adopted in the region to prevent food-borne diseases. Based on this paper, the government and other stakeholders could develop policy considering the issue of the fishery status of the region.

Состояние и перспективы развития хлопководства Узбекистана

The potential of water resources throughout Central Asia consists of water resources of two rivers-the Amu Darya and Syr Darya, the Aral sea basin, and is 117…123 km3 per year. Approximately half of these water resources, according to intergovernmental agreements with other Central Asian States, are used by the most populous Republic of Uzbekistan in the region, where the area of irrigated arable land today is 3296 thousand hectares. Of these, up to 1137 thousand hectares are allocated annually for grain crops, and about 1033 thousand hectares of irrigated arable land are allocated for cotton.

Quantitative and Qualitative Soil Water Resources Potentials and Soil Assessment of River Onyongo Drainage Basin for Agricultural Use-Oju Local Government Area - Benue State, Nigeria

To assess the quality of River Onyongo catchment area for agricultural purposes. Field and laboratory assessment was carried out.
 Water resources potential assessment was carried out in part of River Onyongo catchments area. The topographical map was used to carve out the study area. Geological mapping of the study was carried out by compass. Field permeameter pits were established in four locations within the study area to determine the coefficient of permeability of sub-surface soils/lithology by Darcy Law. Depth to water table was measured in some selected hand-dug wells. Discharge measurement of River Onyongo rainy season was 199,888.12 litres/second and 2,770.62 litres/second in dry seasons while River Ichow (bridge) had 354.3 litres/second in the rainy season and 195.43 litres/second at the upstream; there was no flow during the dry season. Water samples were collected in the various locations in the study area and analysed in the laboratory. The relief of the study ranges from 100 m to 223 m above mean sea level. The Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) of the water sample ranged from 0 – 10 mg/l indicating that water can be used on all crops and all soils. The coefficient permeability/lithology of the study area ranged from 0.36 – 29.5 m/day corresponding to fine-grained sand to medium-grained sand – coarse-grained sand. Recommendations for the use of water for optimal agricultural purposes and production in the study areas were made.

The intertidal springs near the Vergulde Draak 1656 wreck site, Western Australia: hydrogeological characteristics and archaeological significance

On 28 April 1656, the Vergulde Draak was shipwrecked on the Western Australian shore after it struck a reef north of the present-day town of Seabird. This article presents the results of an investigation in the vicinity of the wreck site to identify any potable water resources for the sustenance of the 68 survivors. From historical documents it is known that hardly any provisions could be rescued from the ship, so the survivors were reliant on finding water on land. There is no surface water in the immediate vicinity of the wreck. The chemical characteristics of three intertidal springs, as well as the Indian Ocean, were documented. Enough freshwater discharged from two of the three springs to cause a decrease of the salinity and pH, and an increase of the temperature, of the ocean water over a distance along the shore of 100 m. The chloride concentrations of the springs ranged between 3 and 6.5 g/L, and the shipwreck survivors might have resorted to drinking this brackish water. It is also possible that they collected rainwater or tried to dig a well in the dunes, where slightly brackish groundwater was found during the present study. Only future archaeological discoveries can provide certainty, but, albeit suboptimal, the beach offered at least some water resources for a survivor camp.

Mapping Paleohydrology of the Ephemeral Kuiseb River, Namibia, from Radar Remote Sensing

The Kuiseb River is one of the major ephemeral rivers of Western Namibia, setting the northern limit of the Namib Sand Sea and outflowing in the Atlantic Ocean at Walvis Bay. Such ephemeral rivers are of the highest importance for the country since they are related both to recent past climatic conditions and to potential water resources. Using high-resolution radar images from the Japanese ALOS-2 satellite, we mapped for the first time the numerous channels hidden under the surface aeolian sediments: while the non-permanent tributaries of the Kuiseb River appear north of its present-day bed, a wide paleochannel system running westward, assumed by previous studies, could be clearly observed in the interdune valleys in the south. Radar-detected channels were studied during fieldwork in May 2019, which produced both subsurface ground-penetrating radar profiles and high-resolution drone-generated digital elevation models. It allowed us to confirm the existence of the “Paleo–Kuiseb” drainage system, a remnant of the Holocene history of the Kuiseb River, moving northward under the progression of the Namib Sand Sea. Our observations also contribute to the explanation of the young age of the linear dunes at the northern edge of the Namib Sand Sea, which are currently active and are pushing the Kuiseb River course toward the north.

Analysis of water-ecological problems of Khmelnytsk region

At the present stage, in the conditions of growing scale of anthropogenic impact on water resources, shortage of quality drinking water and climate change, priority measures should be their rational use and comprehensive conservation. The article analyzes the environmental problems of surface waters of river basins, analyzed the existing potential of water resources and the state of water use, qualitative and quantitative indicators of surface waters of river basins of the Dnieper, Southern Bug and Dniester within Khmelnytsky region. The main problems of water resources of the region are highlighted and proposals for their effective use are formulated. A feature of the Khmelnytsky region is its location in three river basins – the rivers Dniester, Southern Bug and Dnieper. The main share of water intake in the region comes from surface objects, and s unevenly distributed throughout its territory. The study shows that in the sectoral structure of general use of water in Khmelnytsky region, the largest consumer is industry (58.6 %), and among industries electricity sector is the main and largest consumer. The main environmental problem of the region is the pollution of surface water bodies with untreated and insufficiently treated return water. In the territory of Khmelnytsky region, 80 water users discharge return water into water bodies. The average annual concentrations of manganese (2–6 times), copper (4–7 times) and nitrites (2–5 times) were exceeded in all control samples from water bodies of Khmelnytsky region. There is also an increase in the total amount of discharges of pollutants, including petroleum products, suspended solids, sulfates, total iron, and copper. In addition to pollution, the problem is the current structure of land within river basins. Excessive plowing is one of the main negative factors that contributes to the deterioration of the water regime and leads to pollution of water bodies. Within the Khmelnytsky region, arable land is the dominant form of land use, their share is 50–70 %. Restoration of the quality of water bodies involves the implementation of measures to reduce the environmental risk of deterioration based on the analysis of the impact of anthropogenic factors and a set of water protection measures.

Investigasi Ketersediaan Air Permukaan Sungai Kapur Solok Selatan Untuk Kebutuhan Air Baku

South Solok Regency with a population of more than 163,000 people, 62.3% without access to clean water services through the Domestic Water Company (PDAM). The number of PDAM customers has been changed in Solok Selatan Regency in the last five years. Since the water capacity is very limited which means it difficult to increase the number of customers, so it is predicted to be unable to meet the increasing need for clean water. Based on the study of the potential for raw water availability in the South Solok Regency, Sungai Kapur has the potential as a source of raw water. To complete the potential study, it is necessary to know the quantity of raw water by examining hydrological parameters to optimize the planning of water resources potential. The quantity of raw water is assessed by the dependable flow to determine the low flow characteristic. Based on calculations, obtained a reliable discharge of 90% in monthly that can be used as raw water. The raw water source used has a discharge of ± 138.6 l / sec. However, the availability is uneven throughout the month, so a reservoir is needed to guarantee the availability of raw water for residents. In addition, raw water quality is assessed in terms of physical, chemical, and biological aspects. The results of the raw water quality test in the Sungai Kapur are eligible for raw water based on Government Regulations No. 82, 2001

Landsat Hourly Evapotranspiration Flux Assessment using Lysimeters for the Texas High Plains

Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the biggest data gaps in water management due to limited ET measurements, and further, spatial variability in ET is difficult to capture. Satellite-based ET estimation has great potential for water resources planning as it allows estimation of agricultural water use at field, landscape, and watershed scales. However, uncertainties with satellite data derived ET are a major concern. This study evaluates hourly satellite-based ET from 2001–2010 for the growing season (May–October) under irrigated and dryland conditions for both tall and short crops. The evaluation was conducted using observed ET from four large weighing lysimeters at the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Conservation and Production Research Laboratory in Bushland, Texas. Hourly ET from satellite data were derived using the Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) model. Performance statistics showed that satellite-based hourly estimates compared to lysimeter measurements provided good performance with an root-mean-square error(RMSE) of 0.14 mm, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.57, and R2 of 0.62 for ET for dryland crops, and RMSE of 0.16, NSE of 0.63, and R2 of 0.65 for irrigated crops. METRIC provided accurate hourly ET estimates that may be useful for irrigation scheduling and other water resources management purposes based on the hourly assessment.

Peningkatan Kemampuan Perempuan dalam Mewujudkan Diversifikasi Pangan Rumah Tangga di Desa Teratak Kecamatan Batukliang Utara, Kabupaten Lombok Tengah

Women in Teratak Village, North Batukliang District, Central Lombok Regency are still seen as the main actors in the realization of household food security. Teratak Village, especially Benjor Village, has potential yard and water resources that have not been used optimally as a source of household food and human resources that are united. Therefore, increasing women's abilities are needed.This activity was carried out through a series of extension activities by utilizing the potential of resources are carried out using participatory methods, namely brainstorming, lectures, discussions, games, demonstrations/practices, and competitions to prepare a variety and nutritious food. The implementation of the activities was directly carried out by the team which also acts as a guest speaker, and was also involved private extension workers and civil servant of extension workers in the framework of creating networks and program sustainability. The implementation of extension activities were smoothly and effectively; the women were very enthusiastic to participating in each activity. The results shows that the extention were considered positive and felt very beneficial for women. Women already have groups as a forum for learning and collaboration; and also have increased knowledge, positive attitudes and abilities in realizing the diversification of household food which is characterized by the ability to cultivate vegetables and raising freshwater fish, compile diet and provide diverse and nutritious food

Chemical Analysis of Ground Water of Purnia District town, Bihar, India – A case study

Water pollution is a serious problem as nearly 80% of India's surface water and a considerable number of growing groundwater sources have been contaminated by inorganic and biological pollutants. Pollution of water resources occurs mainly through point and non-point (diffusion) sources. The major source of water pollution can be categorized as municipal, ag ricultural and industrial. Municipal water consists of water from houses and commercial establishment, which run off leached up to groundwater table to contaminate the source. Agriculture including commercial live stock and animal farm wastes & lots is the main source o f many organic and inorganic pollutants. These contaminant s include both sediment from erosion of cropland an d compounds of phosphorus and nitrogen that partly or iginated from animal wastes, fertilizers and common agro- biocide. Animal waste and domestic wastes are high in oxygen demanding material nitrogen and phosphorus and often they harbor pathogenic microbes. In India , raw level of major ions (notably phosphate, nitra te, fluoride & chloride), metals (notably iron & arseni c) and liable & non liable dissolve organic compoun ds ( DOC) vary significantly across the region and with season. However, in India particularly rural sector s groundwater (major source of potable water) resources are mainly polluted through the poor septic syst ems, small disposal pits, landfills, animal lots, fertil izers and application of sludge's. Keeping this vie w a laboratory study was conducted to monitor the groundwater quality of selected sites of Purnia, Sub-urban town of Kosy region Bihar ( once called Kalapani ) by examining the various Physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, T.D.S., D.O & C.O.D etc. A comparison with ICMR, WHO and other agencies standard shows that the groundwater is nearly suitable for d rinking purpose and for other useful anthropogenic activities. An attempt has also been made to understand the water quality index (WQI ) .

Enhanced Characterization of Water Resource Potential in Zaghouan Region, Northeast Tunisia

This study presents a range of approaches to achieve enhanced characterization of the Zaghouan aquifer system (northeastern Tunisia). Existing water borehole data were analyzed to identify the different reservoir formations, while satellite imagery is analyzed to determinate the superficial lineaments affecting these formations. To define the deep structures determining the geometry of the Zaghouan aquifer system, lithostratigraphic correlations were constructed and analyzed supported by both quantitative and qualitative assessment of gravity measurements. The available lithological columns and their corresponding well logs reveal different carbonate and detritic reservoirs. The carbonate reservoirs consist of Jurassic, Cretaceous and Eocene limestones, whereas the detritic ones are composed of Oligo–Miocene sandstones and Plio-Quaternary to Quaternary sands and gravels. The structural map obtained from processing the satellite imagery confirms several lineaments drawn on the geological map, such as the Zaghouan fault, but also reveals new ones hitherto unrecognized. The intersections of the detected lineaments explain the occurrence of many springs in the area offering potentially favorable opportunities for accessing water resources in fractured aquifers. Analysis of lithostratigraphic correlations shows notable variations in the thickness, depth and composition of reservoir formations. Gravity data interpretation gives more precision by highlighting buried structures and discontinuities with different directions and depths. The delineated tectonic features demonstrate an aquifer system compartmentalized in raised and subsided blocks. The raised compartments may constitute continental divide areas and preferential aquifer recharge zones, while the sunken ones contain a multilayer aquifer composed of Quaternary and Pliocene reservoirs overlying multiple permeable layers, Tertiary and/or Mesozoic in age.

Analysis of meteorological water availability and water demand in Cemoro River section area

About 69% of Cemoro River Section Area is dryland agricultures. Rain is the main source of irrigation for the dryland agricultures, but during dry season farmers use Cemoro River water for irrigation which is directly flowed using a water pump. The potential of water resources in Cemoro River Section Area is very important and determines agricultural products. The aim of this study is to analyze meteorological water availability and water demand in Cemoro River Section Area. Thornthwaite Mather method is used to calculate meteorological water, while the total water demand are calculated based on the domestic water demand, livestock water demand, and agricultural water demand. The result shows that discharge from 60% rain probability could meet total water demand stated as a surplus, but discharge from 80% rain probability could not meet total water demand and classified as deficit.

Stability Analysis and Strengthening on Zona Karst of Seropan Cave Walls

The Indonesian state has many caves in several regions with unique legends and high cultural values, including Sang Hyang Sirah Cave in West Java, Seropan Cave and Semar Cave in Central Java, Liangkabori Cave on Muna Island and others. Seropan Cave has a large potential of water resources, especially in the karst area in the form of water flows in underground rivers. This study aims to analyze strain stress that occurs due to karst conditions on variations in groundwater level. Analysis method used finite element and plan strain model with the help of Plaxis v8.6 Software. The analytical approach is performed on the appearance of the cave with normal water level conditions, flood water levels and extreme use of shotcrete reinforcement, rock bolt and a combination of both. Material properties at the location are taken from the results of research and testing of the Seropan Cave IWRM laboratory and UGM Technical Team. The simulation results show that the existing conditions require wall reinforcement. Wall reinforcement uses 7 cm thick shotcrete and rock bolt with a diameter of 2 cm 4 m long with the distance between rock bolt is 2 m. Strengthening combination of rock bolt and shotcrete gives the highest safety factor of 2.01 while in earthquake conditions, it reaches 1.76. Combination wall reinforcement is quite stable against static and dynamic loads.