Potential Traps Research Articles

The morphological variability of the pelvic girdle muscles: a potential trap during ultrasound.

The muscles present in the pelvic girdle compartment demonstrate clinically significant anatomical variation regarding both their site of attachment and additions, such as accessory heads, muscles or tendinous slips. Many of those variations might be considered potential traps during ultrasound examination that may result in misdiagnosis. The aim of this study was to raise awareness of such possibility. A comprehensive search for morphological variations was performed in PubMed and NIH. Relevant papers were listed and citation tracking was accomplished. Although several anatomical variations of pelvic girdle muscles have been presented, few studies have examined their relevance in ultrasound imaging. The morphological variability of the pelvic girdle muscles does not vary from such incidence in other regions of the human body; however further ultrasound studies are needed of the numerous morphological variants that can be found in this region.

Influence of the Angular Symmetry of an Exciting Optical Beam on the Dynamics of Cavity Exciton Polaritons in Coupled Potential Traps

Influence of the Angular Symmetry of an Exciting Optical Beam on the Dynamics of Cavity Exciton Polaritons in Coupled Potential Traps

Homotopy Analysis Method and Time-fractional NLSE with Double Cosine, Morse, and New Hyperbolic Potential Traps

A brief outline of the derivation of the time-fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) is furnished. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is applied to study time-fractional NLSE with three separate trapping potential models that we believe have not been investigated yet. The first potential is a double cosine potential $[V(x)=V_{1}\cos x+V_{2}\cos 2x]$, the second one is the Morse potential $[V(x)=V_{1}e^{-2\beta x}+V_{2}e^{-\beta x}]$, and a hyperbolic potential $[V(x)=V_{0}\tanh(x)\sech(x)]$ is taken as the third model. The fractional derivatives and integrals are described in the Caputo and Riemann Liouville sense, respectively. The solutions are given in the form of convergent series with easily computable components. A physical analysis with graphical representations explicitly reveals that HAM is effective and convenient for solving nonlinear differential equations of fractional order.

Gag Protein Oriented Supramolecular Nets as Potential HIV Traps.

For HIV/AIDS treatment, the cocktail therapy which uses a combination of anti-retroviral drugs remains the most widely accepted practice. However, the potential drug toxicity, patient tolerability, and emerging drug resistance have limited its long-term efficiency. Here, we design a HIV Gag protein-targeting redox supramolecular assembly (ROSA) system for potential HIV inhibition. An assembling precursor was constructed through conjugation of an oxidation-activatable fluorogenic compound BQA with a selected tetrapeptide GGFF. Since BQA shares a similar structure with the known Gag inhibitor, the precursor could bind to HIV Gag protein with moderate affinity. Moreover, after oxidation, the corresponding nanofibers could bind to Gag protein and trap HIV to realize virus control, thus providing a potential anti-HIV strategy.

AbInitio Calculations of Low-Energy Nuclear Scattering Using Confining Potential Traps.

A recently modified method to enable low-energy nuclear scattering results to be extracted from the discrete energy levels of the target-projectile clusters confined by harmonic potential traps is tested. Wereport encouraging results for neutron-α and neutron-^{24}O elastic scattering from analyzing the trapped levels computed using two different abinitio nuclear structure methods. The n-α results have also been checked against a direct abinitio reaction calculation. The n-^{24}O results demonstrate the approach's applicability for a large range of systems provided their spectra in traps can be computed by abinitio methods. A key ingredient is a rigorous understanding of the errors in the calculated energy levels caused by inevitable Hilbert-space truncations in the abinitio methods.

Integrated Approach to Delineate Meandering Channel Sands as Potential Stratigraphic Traps

After a half century of exploration, the Malay Basin, a mature hydrocarbon province in SE Asia, faces common challenge that most of the conventional structural reservoirs have been drilled out. As a result, the high-risk stratigraphic traps are considered as viable alternative to boost the dwindling oil reserves. In Y field, the discovery of Early Miocene Group I meander belt channel sands outside the low-relief anticlinal closure is seemed to have made substantial contributions to the later oil production. This sparks the inspiration to develop a practical workflow in visualizing the subtle, yet productive channel systems through integration of multidisciplinary datasets. Results have proven that the co-rendering of multi-attributes could effectively delineate the channel edges and reflection strength of sand bodies. Moreover, through the application of neural network techniques on the extracted waveform shape of seismic attribute, a supervised hierarchical lithofacies map was generated. This can help to create a better linkage between the seismic waveform patterns and lithological details of subsurface features. Wireline log analysis was also performed to verify the hydrocarbon potential of Group I sands. This integrated approach may adopted as a reliable best practice in near-field exploration program, especially in proving up the channel-sand stratigraphic play.

Iron-Sulfide-Bearing Chimneys as Potential Catalytic Energy Traps at Life's Emergence

The concept that life emerged where alkaline hydrogen-bearing submarine hot springs exhaled into the most ancient acidulous ocean was used as a working hypothesis to investigate the nature of precipitate membranes. Alkaline solutions at 25-70°C and pH between 8 and 12, bearing HS(-)±silicate, were injected slowly into visi-jars containing ferrous chloride to partially simulate the early ocean on this or any other wet and icy, geologically active rocky world. Dependent on pH and sulfide content, fine tubular chimneys and geodal bubbles were generated with semipermeable walls 4-100 μm thick that comprised radial platelets of nanometric mackinawite [FeS]±ferrous hydroxide [∼Fe(OH)(2)], accompanied by silica and, at the higher temperature, greigite [Fe(3)S(4)]. Within the chimney walls, these platelets define a myriad of micropores. The interior walls of the chimneys host iron sulfide framboids, while, in cases where the alkaline solution has a pH>11 or relatively low sulfide content, their exteriors exhibit radial flanges with a spacing of ∼4 μm that comprise microdendrites of ferrous hydroxide. We speculate that this pattern results from outward and inward radial flow through the chimney walls. The outer Fe(OH)(2) flanges perhaps precipitate where the highly alkaline flow meets the ambient ferrous iron-bearing fluid, while the intervening troughs signal where the acidulous iron-bearing solutions could gain access to the sulfidic and alkaline interior of the chimneys, thereby leading to the precipitation of the framboids. Addition of soluble pentameric peptides enhances membrane durability and accentuates the crenulations on the chimney exteriors. These dynamic patterns may have implications for acid-base catalysis and the natural proton motive force acting through the matrix of the porous inorganic membrane. Thus, within such membranes, steep redox and pH gradients would bear across the nanometric platelets and separate the two counter-flowing solutions, a condition that may have led to the onset of an autotrophic metabolism through the reduction of carbon dioxide.

Making RTI work: how smart schools are reforming education through schoolwide response-to-intervention

Figures and Tables. Foreword (Leonard Burrello). Acknowledgments. The Author. Preface. Part One: The Origin and Design of Schoolwide RTI. 1 Defining RTI. Features of RTI. Standard Protocol RTI. Schoolwide RTI. Evolving Definitions of RTI. Standard Protocol Definitions. Combined Standard Protocol and Problem-Solving Definitions. Schoolwide Definitions. Comprehensive Schoolwide RTI. To Sum Up. 2 Schoolwide RTI: Why Does It Matter? The Frame of Disability. RTI as a Potential Frame for Education Policy. A Focus on literacy. A Shifting Perspective. RTI as a Basis for Education Policy. Prevention. Problem Identification. Interventions. Accountability. A Focus on Sociobehavioral Factors. RTI and Academic Progress. Transdisciplinary Problem-Solving Teams. Decision Rules for Selecting Interventions. To Sum Up. 3 The Social-Behavioral Side of RTI. School Discipline. The Tactic of Exclusion. The Tactic of Inclusion. Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support. Understanding SWPBS. Evidence-Based Practice. Practical, Multicomponent Interventions. Lifestyle Outcomes. Sustainable Systems Change. To Sum Up. Part Two: How Schoolwide RTI Works. 4 Universal Screening for Prevention. Determining Success Criteria. Behavioral Screening Under RTI. School-Based Screeners for Behavioral Risk. Internalizers or Externalizers. Standardized Screeners for Behavioral Risk. Systematic Screening for Behavioral Disorders. Academic Screening Under RTI. Universal Academic Screening. Screening Accuracy and Efficiency. Normative and Criterion-Referenced Screeners. Curriculum Based Measures. Universal CBM. DIBELS, AIMSweb, and iSTEEP. Advantages of Universal CBM Screening for Teachers. Combining Results of Behavioral and Academic Screening Under RTI. RTI Team Processes and Coaches. RTI and School Teams. Coaches. To Sum Up. 5 Progress Monitoring to Measure Success. Educational Accountability. Types of Assessment for Progress Monitoring. Proximal Versus Distal Assessments. Formative Versus Summative Assessments. Categorical Versus Aggregate Assessments. Behavioral Progress Monitoring. Direct Measures of Problem Behavior. Level 3 Progress Monitoring for Behavior. Wraparound and SIMEO. Academic Progress Monitoring. Level 1 Progress Monitoring. Level 2 Progress Monitoring. Level 3 Progress Monitoring. RTI and the Organization of Service and Supports. To Sum Up. 6 Sustaining RTI Through School Reform. Challenges Confronting Schoolwide RTI. Silos Revisited. Human Capital. Professional Development. School Reform as a Context for RTI. Comprehensive School Reform Demonstration Project. A Universal Design for Learning. The Schoolwide Applications Model. Fidelity of Implementation. SAM Fidelity Assessment Tool. Scaling Up School Reform. Moving Schoolwide RTI to Scale in a District. Action Planning in Schoolwide RTI. Program Evaluation. Structural Elements of SAM. A Model for Technical Assistance. District and Site Leadership Teams. To Sum Up. Part Three: Seeing RTI in Action 7 How RTI Looks at the Schoolwide Level. Critical Features of Schoolwide RTI. RTI and the Achievement Gap. Student Motivation. School-Based Video. Leadership and Structure of the RTI School. Distributed Leadership. Leadership Teams. Madison Elementary School. Screening at Madison. Building-Level Versus State-Level Assessments. Reading Interventions. Fidelity of Intervention. Professional Development. Scheduling. Reflections on Madison Elementary School's RTI. Coaching and Collaborative Teaching. Coaching. Collaborative Teaching. To Sum Up. 8 How RTI Looks at the Districtwide Level. Scaling Up in the District. Creating Some Fanfare. Policy Analysis. Engaging the Board of Education. Managing Publicity. Getting Started in the District: Selecting Schools. Clusters and Cohorts. Leadership Qualities. Manageable Cohorts. Professional Development. Capacity Building. RTI in the Louisiana Recovery School District, New Orleans. RTI Team. Progress Monitoring. Level 1 Interventions. Level 2 Interventions. Level 3 Interventions. The Role of Special Education. Reflections on the Recovery School District. To Sum Up. 9 How RTI Looks at the Statewide Level. Federal Policy and RTI. Kansas Multi-Tiered System of Support. Colorado Multi-Tiered Model of Intervention and Instruction. New Hampshire Responds Model. State Request for Application. Components of New Hampshire Responds. To Sum Up. Conclusion: The Shape of Schools to Come. No Child Left Behind and Adequate Yearly Progress. A Privatization Agenda? Response to Intervention. Three Facets of Teaching. Science. Relationships. Inspiration. A Framework, Not a Magic Bullet. RTI for the Endangered School. Capacity Building and Sustainability. Leadership. Stability. Capacity. Potential Traps in Implementing RTI. Multilevel Sets of Interventions Screening. Progress Monitoring. Interventions. Fidelity. The Undeniable Thrill of Success. To Sum Up. Sources, References, and Additional Resources. Index.

Avoiding Potential Traps in Fair Trade Marketing: A Social Representation Perspective

Because fair trade (FT) is a new and complex phenomenon, it needs to be appropriated, through a process of symbolic coping, by the members of a community in order for their behaviours to be affected. This symbolic coping is done through, and can be understood via, the production of social representations (SRs). SRs arise out of the need to make familiar those objects and phenomena that are uncommon. Whenever a new phenomenon such as FT permeates a social group, it inevitably passes through a process of appropriation. This process is by no means neutral; on the contrary, it draws on the ensemble of images, ideas and connotations already present in a population. This article first provides a detailed analysis of the phases of the FT appropriation process based on Social Representations Theory (SRT). The article then assesses the potential traps or risks for the future of FT related to the circulation of information and the creation of social knowledge about FT among populations in the North.

Oscillating Bright Solitons in a Potential Trap for Bose–Einstein Condensates

It is shown that a bright soliton in a spatially nonuniform potential trap for one dimensional Bose–Einstein condensates executes periodic oscillations. Expressions for the soliton oscillation frequency in different types of potential traps are obtained. Oscillating bright solitons may open possibilities for future applications in coherent atomic optics, atom soliton laser, atom transport, atom interferometry, and very accurate atomic clocks.

Towards Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons in potential traps.

An exciton is an electron-hole bound pair in a semiconductor. In the low-density limit, it is a composite Bose quasi-particle, akin to the hydrogen atom. Just as in dilute atomic gases, reducing the temperature or increasing the exciton density increases the occupation numbers of the low-energy states leading to quantum degeneracy and eventually to Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). Because the exciton mass is small--even smaller than the free electron mass--exciton BEC should occur at temperatures of about 1 K, many orders of magnitude higher than for atoms. However, it is in practice difficult to reach BEC conditions, as the temperature of excitons can considerably exceed that of the semiconductor lattice. The search for exciton BEC has concentrated on long-lived excitons: the exciton lifetime against electron-hole recombination therefore should exceed the characteristic timescale for the cooling of initially hot photo-generated excitons. Until now, all experiments on atom condensation were performed on atomic gases confined in the potential traps. Inspired by these experiments, and using specially designed semiconductor nanostructures, we have collected quasi-two-dimensional excitons in an in-plane potential trap. Our photoluminescence measurements show that the quasi-two-dimensional excitons indeed condense at the bottom of the traps, giving rise to a statistically degenerate Bose gas.

Lower Palaeozoic reservoirs of North Africa

Abstract This paper provides an overview of features considered significant in the exploration and development of Lower Palaeozoic reservoirs of North Africa. Information is derived from a review of literature on the Lower Palaeozoic successions of north Africa, combined with outcrop observations from the Anti Atlas mountains of Morocco. The focus of the exploration-oriented part of the review is on identification of potential traps other than two-way structural dip closure. Stratigraphic elements described include depositional models of reservoir facies, tectonic unconformities and possible eustatic unconformities. Cases of established or potential trapping by post-depositional faulting, by diagenesis and by hydrodynamic flow are examined. Development-related topics highlighted include the impact on reservoir matrix quality of burial diagenesis and of palaeo-weathering at the Hercynian unconformity. Other issues discussed which additionally affect producibility from the reservoir matrix include tectonic fracturing, palaeotopography and unloading fracturing at the Hercynian unconformity, and induced fracturing within the present stress regimes.

Structural Styles of the High Atlas Mountains, Morocco: Potential Hydrocarbon Traps in the Footwall of Thrusts Developed from the Reactivation of Syn-Rift Normal Faults: ABSTRACT

Large asymmetrical folds and box folds created by fault bend and fault propagation folding characterize the style of deformation in the High Atlas mountains. Several compressional phases of faulting and folding from the Lower Jurassic through Cenozoic indicate a long and varied tectonic origin for the High Atlas intracontinental mountain belt. Footwall shortcut faults are formed with the inversion of syn-rift listric: normal faults, and progress into low angle thrust faults with fault bend fold geometries. This style of deformation is illustrated on reprocessed seismic reflection data and confirmed by field mapping. Geological field mapping, air photographs, and Thematic Mapper imagery provide important constraints for the interpretation of seismic reflection profiles along the margins of the High Atlas mountains. Balanced cross sections across the High Atlas suggest large horizontal displacements along low angle thrust faults. These thrusts place massive Lower Jurassic carbonates above post-rift Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks. Refolding of thrusts and large scale regional folds indicate oblique slip deformation during and after the inversion of syn-rift normal faults. Low angle thrusts propagate along detachments in shales and marts of the Lower Jurassic. Lower Jurassic shales provide an excellent seal for potential sandstone reservoirs in the Middle Jurassic andmore » Triassic sandstones in the footwall of thrusts.« less

Sequence Stratigraphy as Key to Evolution of Hydrocarbon Prospects; Examples from Northern Gulf of Mexico: ABSTRACT

Sequence stratigraphy is the study of rock relationships within a chronostratigraphic framework. Sequence stratigraphy is a guide to hydrocarbon prospect description and prediction. An individual sequence is a conformable succession of related strata bounded by major unconformities and corresponds to a 3rd order cycle, generally with a periodicity of a million or so years. successions of Within a sequence are parasequences, conformable related beds or bed-sets bounded by unconformities and corresponding to a 4th order cycle, with a periodicity ranging from 20 k to 100 k years. Their physical reality is based on Milankovitch climate cycles. As used here, the lateral distribution of strata and bed is global. In the northern Gulf of Mexico, an individual prospect probably formed over a period of 105 years. A hydrocarbon play, such as the Flexure Trend, evolved over a period of 10{sup 6} to 10{sup 7} years. A compilation of potential hydrocarbon trap types has been assembled for the Louisiana offshore, from coastal plain to lower slope. These potential traps are listed according to paleophysiographic provinces: coastal plain, shelf, shelf-break, upper slope, middle slope, and lower slope. Characteristics of each trap type are tabulated. The characteristics include: tectonics, regional and local sedimentation ratesmore » and types, position within an evolving sequence as determined by sequence stratigraphy, duration of reservoir and/or trap creation, and sea-level position. Regional geologic processes, such as salt tectonics, and approximate rates at which they operate are also listed. Exploration designations such as hydrocarbon province, play, and prospect may be correlated with continental margin wedge, sequence (strata), and parasequence (bed), respectively.« less

Structural Development of Salt and Associated Potential Hydrocarbon Traps, Deep-Water Northern Gulf of Mexico: ABSTRACT

The continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico is the frontier area where recent discoveries indicate the potential for large hydrocarbon accumulations. Multichannel seismic data of the lower continental slope of Louisiana reveal that the lower slope is underlain by shallow, continuous salt. Salt in the upper lower slope originated from the deep Jurassic salt during the initial stage of salt deformation. As the salt moved to shallower depths, the downslope part of the salt moved basinward as an allochthonous nappe, evolving into massifs and ridges in the middle lower slope. Intraslope basins formed locally by withdrawal of the allochthonous salt. Lobes of salt spread further seaward forming the Sigsbee Escarpment along the base of the slope. Various types of potential traps for hydrocarbons were created, both below and above the salt layer as a result of the intrusion of salt and subsequent withdrawal of salt. Since salt is impermeable and covers large areas, it may seal the underlying source beds. Hence, truncation of the subsalt sediment layers against the basal thrust plane of salt has the potential to trap hydrocarbons. Within the salt-withdrawal basins, hydrocarbons can escape from deep source beds along tensional faults caused by salt withdrawalmore » or through salt-free zones caused by an evacuation of salt. Hydrocarbons can migrate into fault traps, updip pinchouts and anticlines formed by the subsidence and uplift of sediment layers associated with the withdrawal of salt.« less

Potential Pliocene Reef Traps in the Iron Bottom Basin, Solomon Islands: ABSTRACT

Potential Pliocene Reef Traps in the Iron Bottom Basin, Solomon Islands: ABSTRACT

Potential Hydrocarbon Traps Within a Late Jurassic Strike-Slip Lacustrine Basin of North Spain: ABSTRACT

Strike-slip basins in northern Spain were initiated during the Late Jurassic in association with crustal stretching that heralded the opening of the Bay of Biscay. One of these basins is the Aguilar basin, which has been studied using outcrop and published well data. The basin subsided rapidly to accumulate up to 800 m of sediment. It extends at least 60 km along a major west-northwest-east-southeast-trending Hercynian basement fault and has a maximum width of 30 km. The internally drained closed basin was fringed to the north and south by alluvial systems which fed a shallow lake that repeatedly expanded and contracted in response to tectonic and climatic influences. This resulted in the deposition of marginal deposits of interfingering carbonates, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates that grade into a carbonate-dominated succession, in turn replaced in the basin center by carbonate-gypsum sequences. Contemporary development of north-northeast-south-southwest tight anticlines and broad synclines influence sedimentation patterns; these are particularly prominent near the major boundary fault. Minor thrusts also occur. These structures influenced the later development of hydrocarbon traps. The Ayoluengo oil field is located over one of these structures, with the main reservoir unit occurring in Lower Cretaceous siliciclastics. Stratigraphic traps may occur in themore » synclines where lakeshore-related grainstones pinch out updip.« less

Geometry of Modern Anastomosed Channel Deposits and Potential Hydrocarbon Traps: ABSTRACT

The anastomosed fluvial model, interpreted from modern deposits in the upper Columbia River valley between Radium and Golden, British Columbia, consists of aggrading, multiple, low-gradient, low-sinuosity, thick, sand-filled channels laterally contained by levees, crevasse splays, and various wetland deposits. While active aggrading cross-valley alluvial fans controlled sedimentation in the upper Columbia valley, basin subsidence and/or regional tilting were controls for probable ancient anastomosed fluvial rocks, such as in the Cretaceous Western Interior molasse basin. The uniqueness of anastomosed fluvial style compared to that of meandering rivers is attributed to regional rapid aggradation, which subsequently favors anastomosed deposits for deep burial and preservati n. In the Columbia valley, the cross-valley profile of anastomosed channel deposits consists of vertically and laterally multiple stringers of channel sand, longitudinally interconnected at different stratigraphic levels. Individual channel cross sections consist of mud-contained, thick channel fills with multistoried textural cycles dominated by planar, tabular cross-bed structures. The upper ¼ to 1/3 of each channel fill consists of either mud or sandy point bar, contained laterally by mud resulting from waning river discharge. Several different trapping processes may account for hydrocarbon accumulations in ancient anastomosed fluvial sandstones, based on core observations from modern deposits in the Columbia valley. The most common trap occurs in upper channel fill point-bar sands contained laterally and above by mud. A less common trap is a sand-filled channel segment plugged at both ends with a mud-filled master channel and capped with lacustrine mud. Two other traps result from differential of mud versus sand: (1) deep scour holes at the downstream confluence of two channels allow the thicker sand-filled scour to form a domelike compaction high when capped with mud; and (2) a cross overlap of two stratigraphically different channels results in an anticline of the upper channel where it cros es over the lower channel. End_of_Article - Last_Page 631------------

Gulf Coast Submarine Banks as Potential Hydrocarbon Traps: ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The real possibility of a serious energy shortage in the United States recently has been emphasized by economic and political events affecting the petroleum industry. As a result, many explorationists are pressing for new means and approaches by which to increase domestic reserves. As one example of the latter, interest in subtle traps resulting from facies changes, erosional processes, and paleogeomorphic features, is increasing in the Gulf Coast as the more obvious structural features become exhausted. A group of calcareous banks along the outer edge of the northern Gulf continental shelf represent potential paleogeomorphic traps of a type that may have been common on ancient Gulf shelves since the Oligocene Epoch. Microfaunal and lithologic facies analyses, as demonstrated on and around the existing banks, provide powerful tools by which to recognize analogous features in the subsurface.