Potential Terrorist Research Articles

Prospective tourists’ risk perceptions and intentions to travel to a mega-sporting event host country with apparent risk

ABSTRACTWhile the global appeal of the Olympic Games has attracted a massive amount of attention, this increased focus has resulted in heightened risk occurring around the event. Prospective tourists’ growing anxiety related to terrorism and political instability regarding a travel destination could have serious implications on tourism. This article aims to examine the relationship between tourists’ risk perceptions and their intention to travel to an Olympic host country with apparent risks of terrorism and political instability during and around the event period using the case of the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Games. Terrorism risk was found to have a negative impact on travel intention while political instability did not. The results suggest that potential terrorism risk is a vulnerable point for the host country, and host organisations’ collaborative risk management strategies for minimising potential threats and generating a safe destination image are necessary to attract a higher number of visitors around and during the Olympics. This study contributes to the sport and event tourism literatures by focusing on a specific case. As a result, the findings enable the authors to highlight the impact of terrorism and political instability on travel intentions of prospective tourists to a host country with apparent risks. More specifically, this research discusses the reason(s) for the impact of terrorism and political instability risks on the travel intentions, and calls upon the efforts of future Olympics and mega-sporting event host countries to mitigate the loss of international visitors and to boost global tourism during and after the event.

Zur Reversibilität von Rechtsfolgen einer vorsorgenden Sicherheitspolitik

Since the terrorist attack on Berlin’s Breitscheidplatz took place in December 2016, German state interior ministries deport potential top terrorists in the accelerated procedure under section 58a Residence Act (AufenthG). As a legal consequence, section 11‍(5) Residence Act imposes a lifelong entry ban to foreigners who have been deported on the basis of § 58a Residence Act. In defining the requirements for deporting potential top terrorists, the ministries do not refer to the foreseeability of a concrete terrorist attack, but to the risk arising from the person concerned. Consequently, deportation orders can also be issued to persons who, although identifying with radical extremist Islamism, would not have committed terrorist attacks in case they had stayed in Germany. This practice of accepting misjudgements, that is of deporting „the wrong“, for the sake of public security forms part of the broader concept of fighting terrorism pre-emptively. The paper reveals that there is a twofold need for reform of the German lifelong entry ban for potential top-terrorists: It arises, on the one hand, from the fact that section 11 Residence Act violates EU law requirements of the „Return Directive“ and, on the other hand, from the constitutional principle of proportionality. De lege lata, this principle is infringed because the legal consequence of a lifelong entry ban does not mitigate the deliberate acceptance of misjudgements within the framework of section 58a Residence Act. The paper argues that the constitutionality of pre-emptive security policy presupposes that the factual and legal consequences of misjudgements are reversible. As a consequence, the constitutionality of section 11 Residence Act with regards to potential top terrorists depends on setting time limits on entry bans.

On Anti-terrorism Warning Mechanism Based on Railway Ticket System

In this article, taking the anti-terrorism system of the train as an example, and integrating of the current resources and the data, author establish the warning platform, and the new model of purchasing the railway ticket scientifically, in order to warn the terrorism. The existing anti-terrorism model is imprecise, and it is very single model which we use to hunt for terrorist. Especially in the periods of security. By analyzing the existing tickets purchasing system, and the writer build a proper data analysis model on the ticket purchasing system, in order to check the ticket purchasers, and listing the suspicious person, so that we can take effective measures before terrorist acts. After years of development, the big data technology has become increasingly mature, and played a very important role in the commercial field. The big data warning technology relies on the big data technology. The purpose is forecasting and alarming the potential terrorist threats,[1] and analysis of intelligence of terrorism.[2] However in terms of crime warning and criminal investigation, it is necessary to research further how the technology serve the anti-terrorism and anti-riot work. Actually, due to the wide range of criminology research,[3] at present, there are data barriers and inaccurate prediction in most countries. In this research, by using the existing train ticket database system, the author tries to set up a new data warning model, which can provide timely warning and judgment for terrorist activists.

Lawyer client relationship and the latest legislative changes on the obligation to report money laundering (Albania)

While money laundering continues to remain a big problem for Albania due to its link to corruption, organized crime, potential terrorist threats and the continuing informality of the Albanian economy, the latest legislative changes in this regard to the law on the legal profession in Albania interfere with the individual’s constitutional and Convention right to a defense lawyer and the lawyer-client privilege. This article tries to examine the conditions that necessitated such legislative changes, the proportionality of the interference on the lawyer-client relationship and its impact on individual’s right to a defense lawyer. The article tries to analyze and weight the importance of the special fiduciary relationship between the lawyer and his client vis à vis state’s interest in the fight against money laundering. This paper tends to address the scope of the lawyer-client privilege and a lawyer’s duty of confidentiality of communications with his client; the circumstances under which a lawyer is legally required to report suspicions on his client’s involvement in money laundering activities; the position of the lawyer in case he files a money laundering report against his client; whether the lawyer should inform his client on the report; whether the changes on the law on the legal profession affect the lawyer-client relationship in terms of protecting privileged or otherwise confidential communications; whether there are any guidelines/rules of professional conduct on the steps a lawyer has to follow in order to fulfill his obligation to report money laundering activities; whether the interference justified and whether the legal provisions in force offer sufficient guaranties for the protection of privileged information or the confidentiality of communications.

Society Caught in a Labyrinth of Algorithms: Disputes, Promises, and Limitations of the New Order of Things

We are in the interim of the massive expansion of the new and fundamental technology, which is represented by the advanced algorithms of AI. No one knows the real potential of machine learning and AI. Letting the algorithms drive autonomous vehicles (driverless cars) is like running the Boston Marathon. Creating an ethically completely autonomous AI system is like a piloted flight to Alpha Centauri. Nevertheless, we still live in the world of algorithms. Today there are algorithms in every corner of civilization, as quantum fluctuations they are integrally interwoven into the structure of everyday life. They are not just in your mobile phone or laptop. Algorithms plan flights and then fly with planes. Algorithms run factories, the bank is a vast array of algorithms, evaluating our credit score, algorithms collect revenue and keep records, read medical images, diagnose cancer, drive cars, write scientific texts, compose music, conduct symphony orchestras, navigate drones, speak to us and for us, write film scenarios, invent chemical formulations for a new cosmetic cream, order, advise, paint pictures. Climate models decide what is a safe carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere, NSA algorithms decide whether you are a potential terrorist. If every algorithm suddenly stopped working, it would be the end of the world as we know it. How did this new alliance, this interim world come into existence, does it suit us, and how and where will it develop? What AI algorithms have shown and offered to us so far is just a prelude, and even today it turns out that politics, ethics and law do not know what to do with the consequences of these changes. However, when we experience computer control by a mere idea, complex genetic modifications, and DNA enhancement using CRISPR, or perhaps flying cars, we can expect real challenges related to the power of algorithms. Then AI ​​algorithms will really transform everything. The study analyzes the social contradictions, promises and limitations associated with how the desire to move higher on technological prominence in the realm of artificial intelligence faces the ethical, legal and political barriers of the existing order of things.

Education, digital literacy and democracy: the case of Britain\u2019s proposed \u2018exit\u2019 from the European Union (Brexit)

There has been a long tradition of demonstrating formal education’s direct relationship with many dimensions of development, including increased productivity, health, reduced mortality, population control etc. There has also been a literature looking particularly at the ‘democratic dividend’ from education, both through the lens of global citizenship as well as more generally through education’s influence on political participation. The successful securing of global citizenship education (GCE) within the ambitions of Sustainable Development Goal 4.7 in September 2015 was a further milestone in connecting social development with ‘democracy, good governance and the rule of law’. Accordingly, there are many telling examples of how GCE can be rolled out in school curricula, through many different school subjects, across the world. Arguably, however, the formal school system is far from being the only location where messages about citizenship, whether global, national or local, can be found. During the period, 2016–2019 in the USA and UK, with the huge rise in smart-phone usage world-wide, it has become apparent that there can be massive micro-targeting, through global platforms, of selected populations with multiple messages about citizenship, national identity, job security, migration threats, potential terrorism and a great deal else. Unlike the citizenship curricula and textbooks of formal schools which are easily accessible, a great deal of this new social media messaging is relatively inaccessible, using procedures that are a long way from traditional electioneering. They are also much less financially accountable, but it is clear that vast sums are now being spent on social media advertising, presenting an existential threat to democracy. The role and level of education in reacting critically to social media campaigning will need to be revisited in this new world of campaigning around global and national citizenship. It is no longer a discussion about education’s positive relationship with increased political participation, but whether current education levels are actually capable of dealing with the current threats to citizenship, at global, national and local levels.

The Application of the “Law of Crime Concentration” to Terrorism: The Jerusalem Case Study

One of the areas in terrorism that has not been adequately examined, is the geographic concentration of terror attacks in a city’s micro places. The literature related to the geographical distribution of terror generally focuses on macro places: continents, countries, and regions. In contrast, in the study of ordinary crime, significant studies have been conducted on the distribution of crime in micro-places “hot spots”. The findings of these studies have great significance when adopting models of law enforcement. This study examines whether there is a concentration of terror attacks in a limited number of hot spots that are stable over time. This study examines the entire population of terror attacks in the city of Jerusalem between 2000 and 2017 (249 attacks involving explosives, shootings, stabbings, attacks with a deadly weapon, and run over attacks) as a case study. We investigated and mapped each attack’s exact location (for the majority of attacks) and characterized the particular micro places of these terror attacks, as well as the attacks themselves. The research revealed that there is a higher frequency of terror attacks concentrated in specific hot spots and that they are stable over time. The concentration of terror attacks calls for a specialized counterterrorism response equivalent to “hot spots policing” based on the characteristics of the potential terrorist hot spots.

Learn how SAFETY Act can help protect athletics venues

ATLANTA — The stadiums and arenas where your school holds its sporting events and other large gatherings may be particularly vulnerable targets of potential terrorist activity, according to security experts. And that leaves your students, staff, and visitors exposed to significant safety risks and your school and department liable for hefty financial and punitive damages.

Simulating Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Terrorism Incidents on the Indochina Peninsula with GIS and the Random Forest Method

In recent years, various types of terrorist attacks have occurred which have caused worldwide catastrophes. The ability to proactively detect and even predict a potential terrorist risk is critically important for government agencies to react in a timely manner. In this study, a method of geospatial statistics was used to analyse the spatio-temporal evolution of terrorist attacks on the Indochina Peninsula. The machine learning random forest (RF) method was adopted to predict the potential risk of terrorist attacks on the Indochina Peninsula on a spatial scale with 15 driving factors. The RF model performed well with AUC values of 0.839 [95% confidence interval of 0.833–0.844]. The map of the potential distribution of terrorist attack risk was obtained with a 0.05×0.05-degree (approximately 5×5 km) resolution. The results indicate that Thailand is the most dangerous area for terrorist attacks, especially southern Thailand, Bangkok and its surrounding cities. Middle Cambodia and the northern and southern parts of Myanmar are also high-risk areas. Other areas are relatively low risk. This study provides the hotspots for terrorist attacks on a more fine-grained geographical unit. Meanwhile, it shows that machine learning algorithms (e.g., RF) combined with GIS have great potential for simulating the risk of terrorist attacks.

Terror, Terror Everywhere? How Terrorism News Shape Support for Anti‐Muslim Policies as a Function of Perceived Threat Severity and Controllability

Terrorist attacks committed by the so‐called Islamic State are rising in Western countries. How the news media portray these attacks may crucially influence emotional responses and support for anti‐Muslim policies such as immigration bans. Based on the Extended parallel response model (EPRM, Witte, 1992), we theorize that specific features of terrorism news such as threat severity (e.g., high vs. low number of potential terrorist offenders) and threat controllability (e.g., nondiffuse, controllable threat vs. diffuse, uncontrollable threat) influence individuals’ emotional reactions and policy support. A quota‐based online experiment (N = 501) reveals that news articles featuring a high number of offenders increase individuals’ fear of terror irrespective of whether the threat is portrayed as controllable or not. News articles featuring a low number of offenders only evoke fear of terror if the threat is portrayed as diffuse. Additionally, news articles emphasizing a high number of offenders combined with a controllable terrorism threat elicit anger on the government. Both anger and fear of terror subsequently increase anti‐Muslim policy support.

Data Analysis Method of Terrorist Attacks Based on AHP-DBSCAN Method

Firstly, the risk assessment system of terrorist attacks is established, and the relevant indexes of terrorist events are screened, combined and quantified. This paper gets the index weights by AHP method, and the degree of damage is calculated. Then it uses DBSCAN method to cluster the sample data and optimize the parameters Eps and MinPts. The results show that potential terrorist organizations or individuals are predicted, and this method can be applied to other similar data analysis problems.

Dealing with Potential Terrorists within a Censure-based Model of Sentencing

Dealing with Potential Terrorists within a Censure-based Model of Sentencing

Intelligens biztonsági megoldások a nemzetközi repülőterek jövőbeli terrorfenyegetettségének hatékony csökkentése érdekében

A légi személy- és áruszállítási iparág napjainkra globális méretű szektorrá nőtte ki magát. Határokon átnyúlva országokat, kontinenseket köt össze, megkönnyítve a gyors kapcsolatfelvételt. A légi közlekedés gazdasági, társadalmi jelentősége és hatásai miatt egyik preferált célpontja a terrorizmusnak. Amíg az elmúlt évtizedek terroristacselekményeiből levont tanulságoknak köszönhetően a repülőgépek őrzésével, ellenőrzésével kapcsolatos biztonsági eljárások megszigorodtak, addig a nemzetközi repülőtereknek az utasforgalom számára nyitott területei mind a mai napig nem megfelelően védettek biztonsági szempontból. Alapvető, hogy minél előbb bevezessék az intelligens (smart), a mesterséges intelligencián (AI) alapuló újgenerációs biztonságtechnikai megoldásokat, amelyek pontosabban, gyorsabban, megbízhatóbban és hatékonyabban szűrik ki a különböző kockázati tényezőket. Ugyanakkor fontos a biztonsági személyzet jogszerű, szakszerű és kulturált intézkedése, ellenőrző tevékenysége az utasokkal szemben, amelyre szimulációs helyzetgyakorlatokkal és továbbképzésekkel lehet felkészíteni őket.

Remote and Autonomous Controlled Robotic Car based on Arduino with Real Time Obstacle Detection and Avoidance

In robotic car, real time obstacle detection and obstacle avoidance are significant issues. In this study, design and implementation of a robotic car have been presented with regards to hardware, software and communication environments with real time obstacle detection and obstacle avoidance. Arduino platform, android application and Bluetooth technology have been used to implementation of the system. In this paper, robotic car design and application with using sensor programming on a platform has been presented. This robotic device has been developed with the interaction of Android-based device. Arduino Uno has been used as the robot's brain. The robot has many hardware components such as Bluetooth module, PIR sensor, ultrasonic sensor, and buzzers. It also consists of the software component that uses a mobile application. The desired direction or mode by mobile application can be selected by the user of the robotic car to control the movement of the car. The user can control the robot movements from his/her own intelligent device or take the robot in automatic mode and let the car drive its own way. Thus, the robot can flee from the obstacle and also detect live objects. The purpose of this article is to alert the civilian and military personnel to potential terrorist attacks especially in military areas with live detectable sensors.

Nerve agents: A clear and present danger to mankind

This editorial is written on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the infamous sarin and VX terrorist attacks in Japan, in order to increase the awareness of the potential terrorist use of nerve agents and to urge the preparedness to cope with its consequences. Nerve agents are extremely toxic organophosphorus acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, divided in three known groups: G-, Vand A-agents. G-agents tabun, sarin and soman were synthesised in Nazi Germany (1938-1944), V-agents including VX by the British in the 1950s and A-agents or Novichok agents between 1971 and 1993 in the Soviet Union. The use or alleged use of tabun and sarin was mentioned in connection with the Iraq-Iran war (1980-1988) and the Syrian conflict in 2013 and 2017. Sarin and VX were used for terrorist purposes by the Japanese religious sect AUM Shinrikyo in 1994 and 1995. The assassination of Kim Jong NAM with VX took place in Kuala Lumpur, Malesia in 2017, while the 2018 Salisbury and Amesbury poisonings in the UK were ascribed to the so-called Novichok agent A234. Milder cases of poisoning with nerve agents is accompanied by predominantly muscarinic symptomatology and more massive intoxications with mainly nicotinic and central symptoms. Treatment consists of use of atropine, oximes and anticonvulsants.

Counter-terrorism policing innovations in Turkey: a case study of Turkish National Police CVE experiment

ABSTRACT In recent years, many governments have introduced so-called ‘countering violent extremism’ (CVE) measures to promote terrorists’ and potential terrorists’ deradicalization and disengagement from terrorist activity. This paper analyses the potential contribution of CVE programmes to counter-terrorism policing through a case study of Turkey. Drawing on Turkish National Police data from a pilot project in the city of Adana, this study suggests that Turkish CVE measures showed promising results, despite Turkey’s history of deterrence-based, repressive, and militarised counter-terrorism policies. The Turkish CVE project pioneered a comprehensive approach to de-radicalisation and disengagement that addresses ideological, social, and practical motivations, and engages clients in every stage of the radicalisation continuum. The paper also analyses Turkey’s adoption and later abandonment of the CVE experiment to gauge the policy’s broader applicability. While other police forces could adopt the Turkish model, CVE programmes require a democratic political environment and commitment to negotiated resolution of political conflicts.

Terrorism and mental illness: a pragmatic approach for the clinician

SUMMARYTerrorism is a complex problem that is highly relevant in contemporary society, underscoring the need for greater understanding as well as cross-disciplinary and international research in this area. Controversies surround potential associations between mental illness and terrorism, many due to the limited and conflicting existing research, and mental health professionals’ duties to their patients versus society and the state. In this article, we review the literature, discuss clinical implications and the role of psychiatrists in anti-terrorism efforts. We also propose a simplified framework that may be incorporated into clinical practice to screen for potential terrorist tendencies.LEARNING OBJECTIVES•Understand the landscape and recent advances in the research of terrorism•Appreciate the importance and role of mental health professionals in preventing patients from engaging in terrorist activities•Understand how to assess risk of patients engaging in terrorist activitiesDECLARATION OF INTERESTNone.

Learn how SAFETY Act can help protect athletics venues

ATLANTA — The stadiums and arenas where your school holds its sporting events and other large gatherings may be particularly vulnerable targets of potential terrorist activity, according to security experts. And that leaves your students, staff, and visitors exposed to significant safety risks and your school and department liable for hefty financial and punitive damages.

Imperial mimesis:

ABSTRACTAfter 9/11, the US military made a “cultural turn”—a call to understand the culture of the adversary. Under this protocol, cadets in training camps around the United States have rehearsed embodied empathetic connections with Middle Eastern role‐players by miming their interlocutors. In this imperial mimesis, the trainee tries to make the distant proximate by enacting an image of the Other (through gesture, posture, etc.) in order to gain power over those whom they mime (“locals” and, ultimately, potential terrorists). This mimetic labor is charged with anxiety and risk as soldiers negotiate and police the boundaries of alterity to prevent moments of overflow. Amid the seductive tug of mimesis, the trainee is ultimately asked to empathetically “become Other” in order to contain that Other. [mimesis, empathy, empire, militarism, military training, war on terror, human terrain, United States]

The Future of Global Radiation Oncology As Part of Accurate, Precision Cancer Medicine

Background: When global health and cancer care are discussed, it is usually in the context of underserved communities, inadequate resources, standards of care below that in the developed world, loss of talented individuals to upper-income countries and the inability to recruit and retain a robust regional workforce. While such conditions may now exist, they are by no means “guaranteed” to be so in the future. Aim: To consider a visionary future for the radiation sciences to encourage investment by individuals in their careers and countries in their cancer care resources such that the current resource-limited facilities will be on the leading edge of accurate, precision radiation medicine. Such a change in perspective can greatly impact recruiting and retaining expertise. Methods: As part of building a visionary strategic plan for radiation oncology and the radiation sciences for the next few decades, a personal opinion paper was prepared by authors from the US National Cancer Institute, Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN)/European Organization for Nuclear Research and the International Conference on Translational Research in Radio-Oncology/Physics for Health in Europe. Considering the critical role for global involvement in the future of radiation sciences, the paper provides a path forward via “win-win” sustainable partnerships formed by current resource-limited and resource-rich countries, as envisioned by the International Cancer Expert Corps ( www.iceccancer.org ). Results: The manuscript “ Accurate, precision radiation medicine: a meta-strategy for impacting cancer care, global health, nuclear policy, and mitigating radiation injury from necessary medical use, space exploration and potential terrorism” is in press. A figure (the Radiation Rotary) illustrates that there are a number of crossroads facing the radiation sciences best addressed as part of a rotary. Four sets of issues are illustrated: 1) cancer care with radiation therapy as both technology and biology, 2) global collaboration in technology development ranging from improved linear accelerators for resource-challenged environments to particle therapy for highly specialized uses, 3) nuclear policy, from energy to the potential for nuclear terrorism and conflagration, and 4) mitigating radiation injury including enabling long-term space exploration, helping reduce the fear of radiation and producing drugs to mitigate radiation injury. Conclusion: Many of these technology, research and development issues must involve LMICs. This is in addition to understanding the differences between upper- and lower-income regions in cancer biology and the environment, including infectious etiologies, diet and the microbiome. The talent and capability of radiation oncologists and related professionals within LMICs are essential to global health and economic development and provide incentives and unique opportunities for world-leading careers and contributions. Disclaimer: The content is the personal opinion of the authors and not their organizations