m m m t ( t a t P m u BACKGROUND The 9/11 World Trade Center terrorist attack increased our sensitivity to potential future terrorist attacks. There are more than 100,000 abandoned radioactive sources in the world, approximately 1,000 of which are strong enough to cause harm [1]. The International Atomic Energy Agency reported that in the past decade, there have been about 300 incidents of attempted radioactive material smuggling worldwide [1], suggesting that potential terrorists will likely plan future radiologic attacks such as “dirty bombs.” Furthermore, several large-scale radiation accidents, such as the Chernobyl and Japanese nuclear power plant disasters, have had powerful immediate and long-term effects on the environment and detrimental yet uncertain long-term consequences to human health. The recent earthquake and tsunami in March 2011, and the resultant radiation leakage from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, resulted in human cost as well as billions of dollars in the evacuation effort and abandonment of the devastated local farm industry. These current events serve as a continual reminder to the medical community of possibilities that would require a coordinated, sophisticated response. Members of the radiology community, including radiologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and technologists, have training and ongoing experience with the routine handling of radioactive materials, use of survey instruments, the appropriate containment and