Potential Source Of Water Pollution Research Articles

Integrated water quality assessment of open water bodies using empirical equations and remote sensing techniques in Bangweulu Wetland lakes, Zambia

Water quality assessment is essential for conserving aquatic ecosystems and human consumption. However, monitoring several water quality parameters in open water bodies poses significant challenges, resulting in gaps and limitations. While the Water Quality Index (WQI) integrates various water quality parameters, its spatial application has not yet been thoroughly evaluated. To address these issues, this study was conducted to establish an integrated remote sensing approach for comprehensive monitoring of water quality. Utilising Sentinel 2 data alongside on-site/lab water quality measurements, various relationships were established. The calculated mean WQI from on-site/lab data was 35, while from remotely sensed data was 41. Linear relationships (R2) between WQI and various water quality parameters such as chloride (0.712), sodium (0.705), TDS (0.705), turbidity (0.628), and EC (0.704) were observed. These relationships facilitated the transformation of water quality parameter maps into WQI maps, the WQI maps were then integrated into one WQI map showing the overall water quality status of the Bangweulu Wetland lakes. Both on-site/lab and remote sensing methods indicated that the concentrations of water quality parameters in the Bangweulu Wetland lakes is lower (better) than the local and international recommended limits, with a calculated WQI falling within the ’Good’ category. This indicates that the water is fresh, clean, and suitable for various purposes including ecological preservation, agriculture, aquaculture, recreation, industrial use, and human consumption. The findings offer insights into the general status of water quality in open water bodies, identifying hot spots and potential sources of water pollution with implications for future management practices.

Paper-based 2D configuration for the electrochemical and facile detection of paracetamol in wastewaters

Since 2020, human pharmaceuticals were included in the list of emerging contaminants from the UNESCO and their detection and elimination were incorporated in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goal Targets. Among these, analgesic and antipyretic drugs are the most widely used drugs worldwide and, despite their advantages, unused or expired pharmaceuticals are a potential source of water pollution. Paracetamol is one of the most common drugs used for analgesic and antipyretic purposes and has been found to have a much higher concentration in water streams in many European countries. Considering that, an all-in-one paper-based 2 dimensional (2D) fluidic configuration, able to detect paracetamol, was developed in order to deal with environmental matrices without complex/expensive analytical procedures. An ad-hoc paper-based testing area, coupled with a channel was designed and wax-printed onto a porous filter paper. Successively three electrodes were screen-printed, and the whole system was applied for the detection of paracetamol in wastewaters (prior and after the filtration system) without pretreating the sample. In order to detect paracetamol with the easiest approach, the configuration of the paper-based device was optimized in terms of type of substrate used for printing, microfluidic paper strip length/width and combination of them in an integrated architecture, capable to detect paracetamol in the matrices tested in few seconds with a detection limit down to micromolar range, ca. 1 μM. The integrated device shown great promise for simple, fast, sensitive, and sustainable detection of paracetamol in its role of emerging contaminant, especially in the environmental matrices.

Management of Medical Waste at the Takalar Regency Regional General Hospital, Makassar City

Wastewater originating from hospitals is a very potential source of water pollution. This is because hospital wastewater contains quite high levels of organic compounds, contains dangerous chemical compounds and contains pathogenic microorganisms that can cause disease. The aim of the research is to find out how medical waste is managed including: how to store, collect, collect, transport, manage and final storage which is carried out at the regional general hospital in Takalar, Makassar City. The research method used is a descriptive survey research type, namely to find out how medical waste is managed in the regional general hospital in Takalar, Makassar City. This research was conducted at a hospital to look at the medical waste management system. Room selection is based on rooms that produce a lot of medical waste from hospital services.

Assessment of pathogen removal efficiency of vertical flow constructed wetland treating septage

Septage refers to the semi-liquid waste material that accumulates in septic tanks and other onsite sanitation systems. It is composed of a complex mixture of human excreta, wastewater, and various solid particles. Septage is a potential source of water pollution owing to presence of high organic content, significant pathogen concentrations, and a range of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. The harmful impacts of septage pollution poses significant risks to public health through the contamination of drinking water sources, eutrophication of water bodies and spread of water borne diseases. Conventional septage treatment technologies often face limitations such as high operational costs, energy requirements, and the need for extensive infrastructure. Therefore, with an aim to treat septage through an alternative cost effective and energy-efficient technology, a laboratory-scale constructed wetland (CW) system (0.99 m2) consisting of a sludge drying bed and a vertical flow wetland bed was utilized for the treatment of septage. The sludge drying bed and vertical flow beds were connected in series and filled with a combination of gravel with varying sizes (ranging from 5 to 40 mm) and washed sand. Canna indica plants were cultivated on both beds to facilitate phytoremediation process. The system was operated with intermittent dosing of 30 Ltrs of septage every day for 2 months. The HRT of the system was fixed at 48 h. The average inlet loads of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were measured as 150 ± 65.7 g m−2 day−1, 713 ± 443.9 g m−2 day−1, and 309 ± 66.3 g m−2 day−1, respectively. After treatment, the final effluent had an average load of 6 g m−2 day−1 for BOD5, 15 g m−2 day−1 for COD, and 51 g m−2 day−1 for TSS, indicating that the CW system achieved an average removal efficiency of 88% for BOD, 87% for COD, and 65% for TSS. The average load of total coliforms and helminthes eggs in the influent was recorded as 4 × 108 Colony-Forming Units (CFU) m−2 day−1 and 3 × 107 eggs m−2 day−1, respectively. However, the CW system demonstrated significant effectiveness in reducing microbial contamination, with an average removal efficiency of 99% for both total coliforms and helminthes eggs. The vertical flow constructed wetland system, equipped with pretreatment by sludge drying bed, has proven to be efficient in treatment of septage.

Formation of gis projects in order to assess the level of antropogenic load on water bodies and develop recommendations for optimizing land use (by the example of Altai region and the Republic of Altai)

Currently, open databases (DB) of potential sources of water pollution of small water bodies located in the territories of the anthropogenically affected Altai Krai and the Republic of Altai are not available. Therefore, we have implemented the inventory works in order to identify and systematize such sources; developed a conceptual scheme of the cartographic GIS database and the geodatabase structure; completed the database filling, and prepared GIS projects based on modern GIS technologies. The proposed new methodological approach to collection and generalization of spatial information within the boundaries of water management sites and model basins makes it possible to perform a comparative cartographic analysis of anthropogenic loads (including direct and indirect impacts) on water bodies, to reveal most problem sites for their further detailed study and to develop recommendations for land use optimization.

First Physico-Chemical and Traditional Characterisation of Lake Tseny, Northwest Madagascar

This study was designed to assess the biophysical structure, traditional practices and water quality of Lake Tseny in northwest Madagascar. The lake was divided into five zones: the central zone and the littoral zones (east, north, west and south). Transects and direct observation were used to estimate submerged tree and vegetation cover. Information on local traditions was collected through interviews with key people and visits to sacred sites. Water quality was assessed during the rainy and dry seasons, 2017–2018. Samples were taken twice a day, in the early morning and evening, at randomly selected points at intervals of 400m. The aquatic vegetation covered over 75% of the lakeshore. Most of the submerged tree trunks were recorded along the western area. Five sacred sites associated with eight forms of traditional taboos to reduce the potential source of water pollution were recorded in and around the lake. The lake is bowl shaped. The water was warm (T° 25.3 - 35.6 °C), slightly alkaline (pH 7.1 - 8.5), well oxygenated (DO 4.63 - 9.6 mg/l ) and less mineralised (EC 71.70 - 122.40 µS/cm). We found a seasonal difference in water quality between the rainy and dry seasons. Results showed spatial variation in water quality between zones. A comparison of the mean values with water quality standards showed that Lake Tseny has good water conditions for domestic purposes and suitable habitats for aquatic fauna throughout the year. These preliminary results provide reference data on the lake's characteristics. Due to the increasing human activities in the area, regular monitoring of water quality and physical characteristics should be carried out.

Spatial distribution of pesticides in surface water of the Estacas stream (Argentine Espinal region) associated with crop production.

The Espinal region (Entre Ríos, Argentina) has suffered land use changes caused by expansion of the agricultural frontier. This expansion has led to an increased use of pesticides. This study is aimed at better understanding the spatial distribution of pesticides in surface water of the Estacas stream, a representative basin of the Espinal region, associated with crop production. The location and proportion of area with soybean, maize, and wheat crops in each catchment area of the basin were estimated, and surface water samples were taken to perform a pesticide screening during a period of one year. Soybean represented approximately 71% of the total cultivated area of the basin, whereas maize and wheat accounted for 15% and 14%, respectively. The analysis of 125 analytes showed the presence of 19 pesticides. The pesticide load maps showed that atrazine was detected in an area of relatively low catchment compared to other pesticides as glyphosate, which is applied in all the agricultural fields of the basin. The load of metolachlor and S-metolachlor covered a large area of the basin. The highest recorded concentrations of these pesticides were 86μgL-1 of atrazine, 24μgL-1 of metolachlor, 19μgL-1 of glyphosate, and 15μgL-1 of S-metolachlor. The results allow better understanding the environmental distribution of pesticides associated with pest control in the crops of the basin studied, the doses and times of application, and the variation in the rainfall in the basin. This study provides relevant information about how aquatic ecosystems in agricultural basins receive the diffuse contribution of pesticides, representing potential sources of water pollution. Also, the results allow supporting the design of agricultural practices and politics to improve land-use planning for the development of sustainable basins.

Investigation on Suitability and Safeness of Water hyacinth for Animal Feed, from Lake Ziway

Water hyacinth is a free-floating aquatic plant native to the Amazon Basin in South America and the most dangerous and worst aquatic plant in the world including Ethiopia. The objective of the current study was to evaluate water hyacinth found in Lake Ziway for its suitability and safe as animal feed. Suitability of the water hyacinth was determined based on its nutrient content, while safety was determined based on the level of selected heavy metals, and pesticides. Three sites were selected for sampling purposively based on the types of land use and potential sources of water pollution around the Lake. Water hyacinth samples were collected from the selected sites and the level of selected heavy metals, 21 organochlorine, and 14 organophosphate pesticides were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (gc-ms), respectively. The proximate analysis in the water hyacinth were also determined using the standard method of analysis. The results obtained demonstrate that the level of heavy metals found the ranged from nd to9.0 mg/Kg for cadmium; nd to 30.44 mg/Kg for chromium; 118.1 to 518.8 mg/Kg for manganese; 6.78 to 57 mg/Kg for copper; 34.28 to 884.19 mg/Kg for iron; 2.84 to 37.02 mg/Kg for nickel nd to 21mg/kg for lead and 25.67 to 89.9 mg/Kg for zinc. All pesticides levels were below the limits established by European council regulation for plants used as animal feed which is <0.001mg/Kg. The proximate analysis of the water hyacinthsamples of the leaves parts was moisture content 9.32%, crude protein 18.03%, crude fat 1.42%, crude ash 17.04%, crude fiber 31.04% carbohydrate 22.30%and energy 174 Kcal. The result of the stem revealed the presence of 3.96 moisture content, 2.17% crude protein, 0.47% crude fat, 5.23% crude ash, 6.70% crude fiber, 81.47% carbohydrate, and 338.79 Kca energy. Based on the results of this study, water hyacinth in the Lake Ziway can be potentially used for animal feed.

KAJIAN STATUS MUTU AIR, INVENTARISASI SUMBER PENCEMAR DAN ALTERNATIF STRATEGI PENGENDALIAN PENCEMARAN SUNGAI BARABAI KABUPATEN HULU SUNGAI TENGAH

Barabai River is one of the rivers in Hulu Sungai Tengah District which is widely used by the surrounding community for household, agricultural and industrial activities. Community activities around the Barabai River certainly have an impact on the decline in river water quality because the waste produced generally goes directly to other environments without prior processing. This study aims to analyze the water quality status of the Barabai River, take an inventory of the potential sources of water pollution in the Barabai River and formulate alternative strategies for controlling water pollution in the Barabai River. The research was located on the Barabai River along ± 43.2 km which started from Tanjung Village, Hantakan District, towards Jaranih Village, Pandawan Subdistrict, to Tabat Village, Labuan Amas Utara Subdistrict. The water quality status of the Barabai River was calculated using secondary data from the 2017-2020 river water quality monitoring results sourced from the Department of Environment and Transportation of Hulu Sungai Tengah District using the pollutant index method. Potential sources of pollutants in the Barabai River were inventoried based on domestic, industrial and agricultural activities around the monitoring point for water quality sampling by collecting secondary data and field survey results, then a map of the distribution of each water pollutant source was described using the Geographic Information System (GIS) application. Alternative policy strategies for controlling pollution of the Barabai River were analyzed using the SWOT method based on the Regulation of the State Minister of the Environment Number 01 of 2010 concerning the management of water pollution control. The results showed that in 2018 the water quality status of the Barabai River met the quality standards while in 2017, 2019 and 2020 the status of the water quality was lightly polluted with parameters that did not meet the quality standards, namely Total suspended solid (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Fecal Coli. Potential sources of pollutants in the Barabai River consisted of domestic pollutant sources originating from residential activities in the Barabai River area, potential sources of Pollution Point Source (Institutions) originating from ± 21 types of businesses /activities located in Hulu Sungai Tengah District and potential sources of Non-Point pollutants Source coming from agricultural activities of rice fields and plantation. Alternative policy strategies for controlling the pollution of the Barabai River can be done by adding water quality monitoring points in industrial areas, improving river water quality, raising public awareness of waste management through sustainable and targeted socialization, tightening supervision of compliance with business people, expanding coordination inter-agency, controlling waste entering rivers, determining the capacity of water pollutant loads, constructing a wastewater treatment plants (IPAL), carry out an inventory and identification of water pollutant sources based on the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment Number 01 of 2010, and stipulate a Regional Regulation on licensing for the disposal of wastewater to water sources.

Hydrochemical appraisal of surface water from a subtropical urban river in southwestern Bangladesh using indices, GIS, and multivariate statistical analysis.

The Gorai River is a significant river in Bangladesh's southwestern region, where residents make great use of the water despite a lack of adequate and reliable information concerning water quality and pollution levels. Thus, the goal of this research was to examine the spatio-temporal variations in water quality and determine whether it was suitable for drinking, agriculture, industrial, or livestock purposes, as well as the influencing factors and potential sources of water pollution. Surface water samples were collected in wet and dry seasons from ten sampling sites, and twenty water quality parameters were evaluated. The results showed that some studied water quality parameters, e.g., temperature, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, and nitrate, exceeded the maximum allowable limit. Water quality index values exhibited that the water quality of all sampling sites was found to be poor to very poor during the wet season, while only St-4 and St-5 were found to be poor and the rest of the investigated sites were good category during the dry season. Based on sodium adsorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, residual sodium bicarbonate, and permeability index values, it was depicted that river water was suitable for irrigation purposes, but when compared to Kelly's ratio (KR) and magnesium hazard ratio values, river water was found to be unfit for irrigation. Moreover, potential salinity (PS) and sodium-to-calcium activity ratio (SCAR) values allow the water as moderately suitable for use in irrigation purposes. Langelier saturation index (LSI) and aggressive index (AI) values revealed that the river water was under saturated to supersaturated and moderate to non-aggressive in nature. However, Ryznar stability index (RSI), Puckorius scaling index (PSI), and Larson-Skold index (LS) values describe whether the water was high or severely corrosive, signifying its inappropriateness for industrial consumption. Principal component analysis (PCA) analysis depicted that the fluctuations in water quality are mostly related to point and non-point contaminations, such as urban and industrial effluent discharged and agricultural runoff of fertilizers. Cluster analysis (CA) revealed relative geographical and seasonal changes in water quality, showing the impact of hydrological changes and contamination.

Determining Key Factors Affecting Surface Water Quality in Soc Trang Province, Vietnam

This study evaluates the quality and identify key variables influence on surface water quality in Soc Trang province, Vietnam. Water parameters of total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), nitrite (N-NO2-), nitrate (N-NO3-), ammonium (N-NH4+), orthophosphate (PO43--P), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), turbidity (turb), pH; temperature (T), sulfate (SO42-), electrical conductivity (EC), chloride (Cl-), coliform, and iron (Fe) were used for the assessment. The findings revealed that most of the water parameters of TSS, DO, BOD, COD, TOC, N-NH4+, N-NO2-, Cl-, Fe, and coliforms exceeded the limits of QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT, column A2, B1. The water quality in Hau River was better than the other locations. Saline intrusion has become the concern for surface quality in the study area. PCA showed that five PCs explained 87.9% of the variation of surface water quality in the study area and the parameters including BOD, N-NH4+, TN, TOC, Cl-, TSS, SO42-, Fe and coliforms were the main variables influencing surface water quality in the study area. Potential sources of water pollution are saline intrusion, hydrological regime, runoff, agriculture, industry, and domestic activities.

GIS, Multivariate Statistics Analysis and Health Risk Assessment of Water Supply Quality for Human Use in Central Mexico

The spatial assessments of water supply quality from wells, springs, and surface bodies were performed during the dry and rainy seasons in six municipalities in the eastern regions of Michoacán (Central Mexico). Different physicochemical parameters were used to determine the supplies’ Water Quality Index (WQI); all of the communities presented good quality. The analysis indicates that many water quality parameters were within limits set by the international standards, showing levels of “excellent and good quality” according to WQI, mainly during the dry season (except at San Pedro Jácuaro and Irimbo communities in the rainy season). However, some sites showed “poor quality” and “unsuitable drinking water” related to low pH levels (<5) and high levels of turbidity, color, Fe, Al, Mn, and arsenic. Multivariate statistical analysis techniques (Principal Component and Hierarchical Cluster) and geographic information system (GIS) identify potential sources of water pollution and estimate the geographic extension of parameters with negative effects on human health (mainly in communities without sampling). According to multivariate analysis, the Na+/K+ ratio and water temperature (22–42 °C) in various sites suggest that the WQI values were affected by geological and geothermal conditions and physical changes between seasons, but were not from anthropogenic activity. The GIS established predictions about the probable spatial distribution of arsenic levels, pH, temperature, acidity, and hardness in the study area, which provides valuable information on these parameters in the communities where the sampling was not carried out. The health risk assessment for dermal contact and ingestion showed that the noncancer risk level exceeded the recommended criteria (HQ > 1) in the rainy season for three target groups. At the same time, the carcinogenic risk (1 × 10−3) exceeded the acceptability criterion in the rainy season, which suggests that the As mainly represents a threat to the health of adults, children, and infants.

Ultrahigh Adsorption Capacity of Acrylic Acid-Grafted Xanthan Gum Hydrogels for Rhodamine B from Aqueous Solution

Rhodamine B (RhB) is considered as a potential source of water pollution because it is harmful to the environment and humans, and thus, it should be removed from the water system. Hydrogels derived...

Appraising the Physico-chemical Characteristics and Heavy Metals in Pond Water at Quarry Site in Ngwogwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Quarrying as a land use is a potential source of water pollution but lack of access to safe drinking water has impelled people to make use of pond water from quarry sites. This study investigated the physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals of water samples collected at China quarry site in Ngwogwo Ivo Local Government of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The concentrations of Cd (0.01±0.00 to 0.02±0.00 mg/l), Pb (6.70±0.78 to 7.87±1.08 mg/l), Ni (1.03±0.04 to 1.37±0.04 mg/l), As (1.99±0.02 to 2.35±0.09 mg/l), Fe (3.66±0.44 to 4.18±0.04 mg/l) and Zn (2.47±0.06 to 3.17±1.13 mg/l) were higher than the permissible limit of drinking water by World Health Organization, WHO and Standard Organization of Nigeria, SON. Also, the values of biochemical oxygen demand, BOD (37.57±1.44 to 53.13±0.86 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand, COD (59.55±0.51 to 61.28±0.64 mg/l), dissolved oxygen, DO (5.14±1.51 to 5.75±1.09 mg/l), Mn (3.64±0.91 to 5.10±1.27 %) and Ca (91.88±0.18 to 102.83±0.59 %) were higher than the permissible limit recommended by WHO. Consequently, it is recommended that quarry workers and inhabitants of Ngwogwo should be discouraged from making use of the pond water since it is not fit and will expose them to serious health challenges. In addition, Ebonyi State Government should demand Environmental Impact Assessment report from miners before issuing operating license to them.

The Addition Of Effective Microrganism 4 And Charcoal Husk To Biofilter In Domestic Wastewater Treatment In Makassar

Liquid waste is a potential source of water pollution as it contains a fairly high compound: chemical compounds and pathogenic microorganisms that are harmful to health. Therefore, it is necessary to be processed first before discharged to waterbody. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the addition of EM4 and charcoal husk to biofilter in reducing BOD, TSS, and NH3 levels in domestic wastewater. This experimental research was conducted by using Pretest-Posttest design in several steps, including literature review, biofilter construction, media setup, and biofilter examination as the main research. The basic principle of the biofilter was using microorganism to disentangle the compound and pollutant in the wastewater. The microorganisms grew to attach to the media surface and formed a biofilm layer. The results revealed that after biofilm growing for 28 days, there was a difference in the level of BOD, TSS, and NH3 before and after the processing. The average of BOD level decreased for 45, 01% (258,134 mg/l to 130, 96 mg/l), meanwhile, the average of TSS level decrease by 73, 15% (116,6 mg/l to 29,8 mg/l) and the NH3 level reached 37,96% (0,162 mg/l to 0,10 mg/l). Biofilter had been able to reduce TSS and NH3 levels by specified quality standards, while for BOD parameter were still above the quality standard.

ZnS-based dual nano-semiconductors (ZnS/PbS, ZnS/CdS or ZnS/Ag2S,): A green synthesis route and photocatalytic comparison for removing organic dyes

Organic dyes generating from many industries are considered as a potential source of water-pollution and have negative effects on human health. The present study was aimed to construct a green synthesis method for fabrication of ZnS-based dual nano-semiconductors and to compare the photocatalytic properties for removing cationic and anionic dyes. ZnS nanoparticles were synthesized using a template synthesis in bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution and then ZnS/PbS, ZnS/CdS and ZnS/Ag2S dual nano-semiconductors were prepared using ion-exchange method. Prepared nano-semiconductors were characterized by using HR-TEM, XRD, FTIR, TG/DTA and AAS. Moreover, photocatalytic activity of prepared nano-semiconductors was tested against Rhodamine B (cationic dye) and Methyl Orange (anionic dye). Results revealed that a controllable ZnS/PbS, ZnS/CdS and ZnS/Ag2S ratio in nano-semiconductors can be achieved by adjusting the ion-exchange time. Prepared ZnS based composites exhibited higher photocatalytic efficiency than that of ZnS alone. In addition, photocatalytic activity of ZnS-based dual nano-semiconductors was found to be dependent upon composition and ratio of sulphides in nano-semiconductors with environmental pH. It was concluded that the combination of template synthesis and ion-exchange method is a feasible approach to fabricate new photocatalysts with higher photocatalytic activity.

Investigation of the potential sources of water pollution affecting the companhia hidromineral Caldas da Imperatriz through physical, chemical, and biological analyses

Water is an essential element for life. Accessing good quality and adequate water is directly linked to the people’s health. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential sources of water pollution affecting the Company Hidromineral Caldas da Imperatriz through physical, chemical, and biological analysis to reduce the risks of health hazards. Laboratory tests encompassed chemical parameters (pH, DO, BOD, nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate), physical parameters (color, turbidity and temperature), and biological parameters (total and thermotolerant coliforms). The results obtained were compared to the maximum values allowed by the CONAMA resolutions 357/2005 and 396/2008, and by Ordinance 2914/2011of the Ministry of Health. The analyzed parameters met the current legislation, except for the nitrite analysis performed on March 2, which presented alterations probably because of the rainfall during the previous days, and BOD for all samples, which was above the maximum value allowed by the CONAMA resolution 357/2005. Wastewaters from nearby hotels were the possible source of pollution affecting the waters of the Companhia Hidromineral Caldas da Imperatriz, since there were no other sources of anthropic pollution, such as plantations, livestock, and industries.

METODA PENGHILANGAN LOGAM BERAT (As, Cd, Cr, Ag, Cu, Pb, Ni dan Zn) DI DALAM AIR LIMBAH INDUSTRI

Industry is a potential source of water pollution, it produces pollutants that are extremely harmful to people and the environment. Many industrial facilities use freshwater to carry away waste from the plant and into rivers, lakes and oceans. Inorganic industrial wastes are more difficult to control and potentially more hazardous Industries discharge a variety of toxic compounds and heavy metals. The most pollutans heavy metals are Lead, Cadmium, Copper, Chromium, Selenium, Mercury, Nickel, Zinc, Arsen and Chromium. Heavy metals are dangerous because they tend to bioaccumulate. Mercury for example, causes damages to the brain and the central nervous system, causes psychological changes and makes development changes in young children. Normally Mercury is a toxic substance which has no known function in human biochemistry.There are several methods to eliminate or remove heavy metals in water such as chemical oxidation process, ion exchange process, adsorption process, an electrochemical process, reverse osmosis process and other alternative methods likes biosorption. Each method has strengths and weaknesses, therefore to choose the method of removing heavy metals in wastewater depending on pollutants conditions such as concentrations of heavy metals in wastewater, types of heavy metal, heavy metal concentrations in treated water, land availability, flow rate of wastewater will be processed and other parameters. In this paper discusses several methods of removal of heavy metals in industrial wastewater such as chemical precipitation and oxidation processes, adsorption and ion exchange process. Keywords : water pollution, heavy metal, industrial wastewater, removal methods

METODA PENGHILANGAN LOGAM MERKURI DI DALAM AIR LIMBAH INDUSTRI

Industry is a potential source of water pollution, it produces pollutants that are extremely harmful to people and the environment. Many industrial facilities use freshwater to carry away waste from the plant and into rivers, lakes and oceans. Inorganic industrial wastes are more difficult to control and potentially more hazardous Industries discharge a variety of toxic compounds and heavy metals. The most pollutans heavy metals are Lead, Cadmium, Copper, Chromium, Selenium, Mercury, Nickel, Zinc, Arsen and Chromium. Heavy metals are dangerous because they tend to bioaccumulate. Mercury for example, causes damages to the brain and the central nervous system, causes psychological changes and makes development changes in young children. Normally Mercury is a toxic substance which has no known function in human biochemistry. There are several methods to eliminate or remove mercury in water such as chemical oxidation process, ion exchange process, adsorption process, an electrochemical process, reverse osmosis process and other alternative methods likes biosorption. Each method has strengths and weaknesses, therefore to choose the method of removing of mercury in wastewater depending on pollutants conditions such as concentrations of mercury in wastewater, types of mercury, mercury concentrations in treated water, land availability, flow rate of wastewater will be processed and other parameters. This paper discusses several methods of removal of mercury heavy metals in industrial wastewater such as chemical precipitation and oxidation processes, adsorption and ion exchange process. Keywords : water pollution, heavy metals, mercury, industrial wastewater, removal methods.

PENGGUNAAN MEDIA SERAT PLASTIK PADA PROSES BIOFILTER TERCELUP UNTUK PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH RUMAH TANGGA NON TOILET

Water pollution in the big cities in Indonesia, especially in DKI Jakarta has shown serious problems. One of the potential sources of water pollution is domestic wastewater that is wastewater from kitchens, laundry, bathing and toilets. These problems have become more serious since the spreads of sewerage systems are still low, so that domestic, institutional and commercial wastewater causes severe water pollution in many rivers or shallow ground water. Based on the fact that the progress of development of sewerage system is still low, it is important to develop low cost technology for individual house hold or semi communal wastewater treatment such as using anaerobic and aerobic submerged biofilter. This paper describes the pilot plan study of individual household wastewater treatment using anaerobic and aerobic submerged biofilter using plastic fiber media. The raw wastewater in this experiment was from household wastewater. Results of experiment shows that under operating condition 12-24 hours hydraulic retention time, the treated water was physically very clear, and according on chemical analysis the removal efficiency of BOD is 73.24 – 94.92 %, COD 65.80 – 90.76 %, total suspended solids (TSS) 95.60 – 97.69 %, and detergent (MBAS) 56.80 – 88.51 %, respectively. Compared to attempt by using charcoal media, the quality of treated water did not show difference significantly. Kata Kunci : Limbah domestik non toilet, biofilter anaerob-aerob, media serat palstik.