Potential Sites Research Articles

Cytotoxic Pt(II) complexes containing alizarin: a selective carrier for DNA metalation.

Many efforts have been made in the last few decades to selectively transport antitumor agents to their potential target sites with the aim to improve efficacy and selectivity. Indeed, this aspect could greatly improve the beneficial effects of a specific anticancer agent especially in the case of orphan tumors like the triple negative breast cancer. A possible strategy relies on utilizing a protective leaving group like alizarin as the Pt(II) ligand to reduce the deactivation processes of the pharmacophore enacted by Pt resistant cancer cells. In this study a new series of neutral mixed-ligand Pt(II) complexes bearing alizarin and a variety of diamine ligands were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized by FT-IR, NMR and UV-Vis analyses. Three Pt(II) compounds, i.e., 2b, 6b and 7b, emerging as different both in terms of structural properties and cytotoxic effects (not effective, 10.49 ± 1.21 μM and 24.5 ± 1.5 μM, respectively), were chosen for a deeper investigation of the ability of alizarin to work as a selective carrier. The study comprises the in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation against triple negative breast cancer cell lines and ESI-MS interaction studies relative to the reaction of the selected Pt(II) complexes with model proteins and DNA fragments, mimicking potential biological targets. The results allow us to suggest the use of complex 6b as a prospective anticancer agent worthy of further investigations.

Unveiling the role of a ground state charge transfer complex in carbon nanoparticles for highly efficient metal-free solar hydrogen production

A ground state charge transfer complex of N, P-CNPs and TEOA promotes long-lived free carriers and modifies the electronic energy levels for complete metal-free solar H2 generation. Free TEOA molecules act as effective SEDs during photocatalysis.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Soil Strata for Underground Transportation System: A Case Study

In the current capital of Yemen, Sana’a, a time-efficient and economical transportation system is one of the greatest challenges to overcome the increasing urbanization for many years. Rapid transport systems use tunnel structures to reach the city's most inaccessible areas. Given the Gulf's geopolitical unrest, these structures could also serve as emergency shelters. Consequently, this research conducted an experimental soil exploration investigation in Sana'a, Yemen, to identify potential tunneling sites for the city's rapid transit system. The field exploration, in-situ, and laboratory soil testing at the four locations were performed with the collaboration of the Ministry of Public Works & Highways, Yemen. Further, to calculate the geotechnical parameters for tunnel design, numerical analysis has been carried out using the finite element package ABAQUS, and two-dimensional plane-strain numerical models of underground tunnel structure have been developed to conduct the parametric study in different soil types and boundary conditions under static loading. The material behavior of soil strata has been incorporated into the well-known Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model. The field investigation found that the geotechnical properties of the soil strata in Sana’a have a lot of variation. The numerical study shows that the maximum deformation in the concrete liner of the tunnel was observed at the crown of the tunnel. The ovalling effect in tunnel concrete liner was also seen in all the tunnel models, and the maximum ground settlement at sites 1, 2, 3, and 4 was estimated to be approximately 4, 25, 17, and 11 mm, respectively. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-03 Full Text: PDF

Ecotourism development with SWOT analysis as an effort to conserve mangrove ecosystems in Kotabaru Regency, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

The extent of Indonesia's mangrove forests has decreased in recent decades, generally influenced by anthropogenic factors including in Kotabaru Regency of South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. It is necessary to prepare alternative livelihoods and sustainable use of mangrove areas as an effort to reduce pressure on mangrove forests, through cultivation in mangrove areas (silvofishery) and ecotourism. One of the methods used to map the potential of ecotourism is by using a descriptive analysis approach and SWOT analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats). The potential suitability of mangrove ecotourism can be assessed by: 1) identified the SWOT factors according to local characteristics then calculating weights and scores of these parameters; 2) field survey to acquire the thickness of mangrove vegetation from coast to land, mangrove density, mangrove species, tidal water levels in mangrove areas, aquatic and terrestrial biota objects that interact in mangroves, accessibility, and connectivity with other tourism area. The strategies for mangrove conservation at provincial level which have been formulated using SWOT approach, then derived into action plan at regional level by identifying a potential site for this purpose. Based on Mangrove Tourism Suitability Index, this site gains a total score of 2.81, (very appropriate category). Recommended mangrove ecotourism activities can be integrated with shrimp/milkfish/crab in silvofishery area which will be managed by local communities, as well as mangrove breeding and mangrove planting activities for mangroves species that naturally grow in the area.

Effects of in-process surface finishing on part strength in polymer material extrusion additive manufacturing

Material extrusion additive manufacturing suffers from limitations in surface finish, dimensional accuracy, and part strength. Hybrid manufacturing, which in this context integrates material extrusion with in-process surface finishing, offers a potential solution to address these issues. This study presents two critical aspects of a polymer-based hybrid manufacturing process. First, it quantifies the impact of the interfacial temperature drop during the finishing cycle on part strength. Secondly, it investigates the influence of surface finishing on part strength, considering two finishing methods: machining and a combination of machining and chemical polishing. The results reveal that temperature plays a major role in influencing the part strength and must be regulated to preserve interfacial bonding. An interfacial temperature drop beyond the material’s glass transition temperature can lead to a 50% reduction in part strength. However, slowing down the printing speed at the interface could induce localized heating, partially offsetting this loss. Furthermore, in-process surface finishing can mitigate potential sites for crack initiation, thereby increasing part strength. The results indicate that the machining-only scenario increases the part strength by 70.6% compared to the as-printed condition, while the combined machining and chemical polishing further increase part strength by 163.3%. This research underscores the multifaceted benefits of surface finishing in a polymer hybrid manufacturing setting while highlighting the potential challenge of temperature management.

Multicriteria characterization of feasibility parameters, implementation of seawater intake selection along the Moroccan coastline

Determining the optimal seawater intake types and is influenced by factors including location, geology, ecology, costs, regulations, and stakeholder input. Employing multicriteria analysis, this approach systematically evaluates factors through objective scoring, ensuring a methodical decision-making methodology. This analysis focuses on crafting a decision support interface that meticulously coordinates a range of vital factors to assess the viability of seawater intake locations both offshore and onshore. These factors encompass geological, geographical, hydrological, and hydrogeological conditions, as well as topographic and bathymetric data, water capacity, demand, environmental constraints, technical specifications, economic impacts, and local requirements. The cornerstone of our multicriteria analysis approach is the methodical organization of the gathered data within a structured Excel database. Concurrently, an interactive VBA-based interface is designed to extract insights from this integrated database. Stakeholders can evaluate potential sites based on predefined criteria, customize outcomes, and engage interactively based on preferences. The interface adapts to user selections, expertly guiding them toward the optimal intake type. This process is governed by rules in the VBA code and carefully defined constraints, ultimately providing a precise intake type via a comprehensive elimination and ranking process.

Mapping of potential sea-cage farming sites throughspatial modelling: Preliminary operative suggestionsto aid sustainable mariculture expansion in India

Sea cage farming in marine open waters is considered as the most viable technique in Indianmariculture to enhance production. Owing to the support of the government in researchand development, and policy initiatives, marine cage farming is progressing steadily in thecountry. Technological guidance from research institutions and financing under the ambitious“Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)” and blue growth mission objectives haveinspired stakeholders and fisheries administrators in maritime states to explore open seacage culture. Site selection is a key parameter affecting the success of cage culture systemsand, technically analysed geo-referenced demarcation of spatial information is necessaryfor minimising the risks. Thus, in the light of rising demand for spatial allocation of coastalareas, the present study identifies and aggregates locations within 3 km of the coastline,that have the potential for sea cage farming operations in the country. The site suitabilitywas examined based on optimal standards required for the prospective candidate speciesselected for mariculture in India. The locations were vectorised in a GIS platform, and thepotential areas available for sea cage installations were demarcated. An optimised sitesuitability schema was developed for the spatial demarcation of potential site selection.The preliminary results identified 134 sites covering a total area of 46,823.2 ha suitablefor marine cage culture along Indian territorial waters. Among the coastal states, the topthree states holding the maximum area suitable for sea cage farming are Andhra Pradesh(11,792 ha), Gujarat (11,572.2 ha) and Tamil Nadu (7,673 ha). It is envisaged that spatialsuitability demarcation even on this pilot scale will accelerate the expansion of sea cagefarming in the country. Keywords:GIS Mapping, Mariculture, PMMSY, Sea cage farming, Site suitability, Spatial planning

Державне регулювання процесу ініціювання інноваційних проектів за умов обмеженого фінансування

Державне регулювання процесу ініціювання інноваційних проектів за умов обмеженого фінансування

Design And Evaluating The Efficacy Of Novel Antibodies Enhancing Binding On CTLA-4 And PD-1 Immune Checkpoints

Immune checkpoint proteins, including CTLA-4 and PD-1, have emerged as promising targets for cancer immunotherapy due to their vital role in immune regulation. In this comprehensive study, we conducted a thorough analysis of antibody-protein interactions by employing structural analysis, mutational studies, and antibody-antigen docking simulations. Our findings revealed that antibodies 1 and 2 exhibited strong binding affinities towards CTLA-4 and PD-1 proteins, respectively. Further analysis through alanine scanning identified specific residues, namely Tyr91 on antibody 1, along with Asn31 and Asp96 on antibody 2, as potential mutation sites. Introducing these mutations resulted in the generation of two novel antibodies, 1a, 2a and 2b, which displayed enhanced binding affinity towards their respective target proteins. With their improved binding capabilities, these novel antibodies hold tremendous promise for enhancing the effectiveness of antibody-based therapies designed to target immune checkpoints in cancer treatment. The ultimate objective is to significantly improve the health outcomes of patients by leveraging the potential of these novel antibodies.

Influence mechanism of interfacial organic matter and salt system on carbon dioxide hydrate nucleation in porous media

CO2 carbon sequestration in marine gas hydrate occurrence areas is a potential way to mitigate the continued growth of CO2 in the atmosphere. The organic matters of marine sediment can affect the phase equilibrium conditions of CO2 hydrate in salt system, and the organic salt system in pore medium has effect on the nucleation growth of CO2 hydrate. The organic matters on the surface of the sediment is mainly composed of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and unsaturated hydrocarbon organic compounds, and these polar functional groups weaken the inhibitory effect of salt ions on hydrates through coordination bonds and Ca ion complexation. The nucleation kinetics of CO2 hydrate under organic salt system in pore medium in marine environment is an important parameter determining the carbon sequestration of hydrate. In addition, experimental results show that clay surface organic matters (CSOM) can reduce the surface tension of pore water, and thus pore water migration occurs during hydrate growth and expansion. The basic background in our findings will bring a much better recognition of phase equilibrium conditions among the offshore marine sediment CO2 sequestration process and further assess the location of potential marine CO2 storage sites.

WASTE LEMON PEEL AS A CIRCULAR SOLUTION FOR THE REMEDIATION OF LEAD-CONTAMINATED SLUDGE FOR LAND APPLICATION

Lead-contaminated sludge is a major environmental concern, as land application of this material can contaminate surfaces with toxic heavy metals. To address this, a novel approach to utilizing waste lemon peel (WLP) for the remediation of lead-contaminated sludge for land application with the circular economy in perspective is presented. The WLP was collected from local producers and characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to determine the functional groups present. The hydroxyl, carboxyl, ether, and amide groups are the main functional groups in the sample and they have been identified as potential sites responsible for binding heavy metal ions to the biomass.
 The sludge samples were collected from the Ahmadu Bello University Water treatment plant and analyzed for contamination. The effects of WLP on the lead sorption were investigated using batch experiments. The results indicated that lead sorption onto the WLP was significantly as high as 90.5%. The WLP was found to effectively reduce the lead from the contaminated sludge. This study aimed to identify the capability of WLP as a low-cost and sustainable material for the remediation of lead-contaminated sludge for land application, indicating the potential for waste materials to be utilized in the circular economy. The Material Circularity Indicator of 0.835 indicated a highly circular system.

Analysis of Marrubiin in Marrubium alysson L. Extract Using Advanced HPTLC: Chemical Profiling, Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity, and Molecular Docking.

The main purpose of this work is to investigate the phytochemical composition of Marrubium alysson L. non-polar fraction. GC/MS analysis was used to evaluate the plant extract's saponifiable and unsaponifiable matter. Although M. alysson L. lipoidal matter saponification produced 30.3% of fatty acid methyl esters and 69.7% of unsaponifiable matter. Phytol was the most dominant substance in the unsaponifiable materials. Notably, marrubiin which is one of the most prominent metabolites of Marrubium alysson L. was not detected through our adopted GC/MS technique. Thus, further characterization was proceeded through simple and rapid HPTLC analysis which successfully managed to identify marrubiin. Based on the regression equation, the concentration of marrubiin in M. alysson L. extract was 14.09 mg/g of dry extract. Concerning acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, both the crude M. alysson L. total methanolic extract and the non-polar fraction displayed reasonable inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), whereas the pure compound marrubiin was considered to be the most effective and potent AChE inhibitor, with an IC50 value of 52.66 (µM). According to the molecular docking studies, potential sites of interaction between the pure chemical marrubiin and AChE were examined. The results show that Tyr124 on AChE residue was critical to the activity of the aforementioned drug. Based on the depicted marrubin AChE inhibition activity and reported safety profile, this chemical metabolite is considered as a promising lead compound for further pre-clinical investigation as well as drug development and optimization.

In Vitro and In Silico Studies on 4-Nitroacetophenone Thiosemicarbazone Potential Cytotoxicity Against A549 Cell Lines.

Lung malignancy is a major worldwide issue that occurs due to the dysregulation of various growth factors. Lung cancer has no apparent signs in the early stages, which makes it harder to catch it in time and leads to a higher fatality rate. So, the goal of this work was to create and analyze a novel chemical molecule called 4-nitro acetophenone thiosemicarbazone (4-NAPTSc) against the lung cancer cell line A549 and human non-tumorigenic lung epithelial cell line BAES-2B. The ligand was synthesized by refluxing the reaction mixture of 4-nitro acetophenone and thiosemicarbazide and was further characterized by UV, FTIR, and 1H and 13C NMR and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study. Cytotoxicity assay/MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl))2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the compound. Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR), polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) were chosen as the target proteins for molecular docking to find potential ligand binding sites and inhibit their function. A novel yellow-colored crystalline solid has been synthesized. 4-NAPTSc had an IC50 of 2.93 μg/mL against the A549 lung cancer cells. When the dosage is increased from 5 to 15 μg/mL along with time, the cell viability falls. Docking results showed that the compound binds with the targeted proteins' amino acid residues, and the likeness profile of the compound is also favorable. This study reveals that the compound has the potential for further investigation and can be used in multitargeted cancer therapies.

On the role of selective nucleation and growth to recrystallization texture development in a Mg–Gd–Zn alloy

One of the main material properties altered by rare earth additions in magnesium alloys is texture, which can be specifically adjusted to enhance ductility and formability. The current study aims at illuminating the texture selection process in a Mg–0.073at%Gd–0.165at%Zn alloy by investigating recrystallization nucleation and early nucleus growth during static recrystallization. An as-cast sample of the investigated alloy was deformed in uniaxial compression at 200 °C till 40% strain and was then cut into two halves for subsequent microstructure characterization via ex situ and quasi in situ EBSD investigations. In order to gain insights into the evolution of texture during recrystallization, the contributions from dynamic and static recrystallization were initially separated and the origin of the non-basal orientation of recrystallization nuclei was traced back to several potential nucleation sites within the deformed matrix. Considering the significant role of double-twin band recrystallization in determining the recrystallization texture, this type of recrystallization nucleation was further investigated via quasi-in situ EBSD on a deformed sample, annealed at 400 °C for different annealing times. With progressive annealing, a noticeable trend was observed, in which the basal nuclei gradually diminished and eventually vanished from the annealed microstructure. In contrast, the off-basal nuclei exhibited continuous growth, ultimately becoming the dominant contributors to the recrystallization texture. The study therefore emphasizes the importance of particular nucleation sites that generate favorably oriented off-basal nuclei, which over the course of recrystallization outcompete the neighboring basal-oriented nuclei in terms of growth and thereby dominate the recrystallization texture.

PROSPECTS FOR INFILL DRILLING OF WELLS AT A LATE STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BS10 OBJECT OF THE MAMONTOVSKOYE FIELD

The article is devoted to the issue of optimizing the development system and increasing the efficiency of reserve production at the late stage of development of the BS10 object of the Mamontovskoye field and the formation of a strategy for its additional development. The results of the analysis of actual data from drilling horizontal wells and sidetracks made it possible to identify the most significant criteria for determining reserve localization zones for the purpose of placing new wells. The main factors for the effective placement of horizontal wells include: local dome uplifts, clinoform boundaries — zones where clinoforms pinch out, edge zones — zones with a lack of stock that require further exploration, distance from the formation pressure maintenance system — away from existing injection wells and with high accumulated injection , dissected zones, «pinched undeveloped reserves» — between injection rows, areas with long-term downtime of both injection and production wells — effects of reserve relaxation. The actual results of studies of core material and carbon-oxygen logging indicate the presence of relaxation processes in the formations of the BS10 object and the localization of oil pillars in the top part of the formation, which is further confirmed by hydrodynamic modeling. One of the key factors for planning the most effective measures is to take into account the effects of segregation and relaxation of stocks. The results of the implementation of infill horizontal drilling confirmed the high efficiency in areas of localization of current recoverable reserves in order to increase the rate of their production and achieve the approved values of oil recovery factors, the correct choice of the development strategy for the object at the current stage. The proposed methodological approach has shown high efficiency in searching for potential sites for drilling infill wells.

Site Suitability Assessment for a Health and Recreation Center’s Public Space, Rangsit, Pathum Thani

The objectives of this study are to explore the site suitability for the Rangsit City Health and Recreation Center, to analyze the potentials and the limitations of the locations in identifying an appropriate site, and then finalizing a conceptual design for the Rangsit City Health and Recreation Center’s Public Space in Pathum Thani province. The study methodology included a review of the literature to establish criteria for analyzing the location and developing the proposal of the concept design and a cadastral survey of two potential sites,in accordance with the policy of Rangsit City Municipality. The first site area was located in Soi Rangsit Nakhon Nayok 45, and the second was located in Soi Rangsit Nakhon Nayok 39. In analyzing the suitability of the two sites, the study considered location and accessibility, as well as environmental factors conducive to convenience and safety, wellbeing, recreation, and awareness. In comparing the two areas, the analysis showed a strong potential for Soi Rangsit Nakhon Nayok 39. to be a health and recreation center, as it met criteria regarding context of location, access, and linkage. The site can be accessed from several ways as well as easily connected to other public areas in the neighborhood. The surrounding area is open, well drained, and the rectangular area makes it easy to design and maintain safety. In terms of concept design, three main concepts were emphasized: Connect, Cool, and Clear. Connect focused on creating spaces with easy connection for either indoor or outdoor activities. Cool required the design to fit with local climate as a means of creating a comfortable state of mind. Lastly, Clear highlighted open spaces and uses shapes and lines which are easy to understand based on a concept of universal design, to facilitate access for people of all groups and ages.

Tunnel-like region observed as a potential allosteric site in Staphylococcus aureus Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) catalyzing the sixth step of glycolysis has been investigated for allosteric features that might be used as potential target for specific inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus). X-ray structure of bacterial enzyme for which a tunnel-like opening passing through the center previously proposed as an allosteric site has been subjected to six independent 500 ns long Molecular Dynamics simulations. Harmonic bond restraints were employed at key residues to underline the allosteric feature of this region. A noticeable reduction was observed in the mobility of NAD+ binding domains when restrictions were applied. Also, a substantial decrease in cross-correlations between distant Cα fluctuations was detected throughout the structure. Mutual information (MI) analysis revealed a similar decrease in the degree of correspondence in positional fluctuations in all directions everywhere in the receptor. MI between backbone and side-chain torsional variations changed its distribution profile and decreased considerably around the catalytic sites when restraints were employed. Principal component analysis clearly showed that the restrained state sampled a narrower range of conformations than apo state, especially in the first principal mode due to restriction in the conformational flexibility of NAD+ binding domain. Clustering the trajectory based on catalytic site residues displayed a smaller repertoire of conformations for restrained state compared to apo. Representative snapshots subjected to k-shortest pathway analysis revealed the impact of bond restraints on the allosteric communication which displayed distinct optimal and suboptimal pathways for two states, where observed frequencies of critical residues Gln51 and Val283 at the proposed site changed considerably.

Unlocking renewable energy potential: A case study of solar and wind site selection in the Kasserine region, central‐western Tunisia

AbstractDeveloping wind and solar photovoltaics on a large scale requires substantial financial investments, making it crucial to identify the most suitable locations beforehand. To address this issue, a spatial analysis is carried out to determine the most potential sites for hosting large‐scale solar photovoltaic and wind systems in the region of Kasserine, central‐western Tunisia. To this end, an integrated model based on Step‐wise Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA), Decision‐Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), and Geographic Information System is proposed. An extensive literature survey is conducted to establish suitability criteria and constraints. The SWARA‐DEMATEL is used to assign weights and capture the interdependencies among the considered criteria, while the raster calculator tool from the ArcGis 10.8 software is utilized to extract the final suitability maps. The obtained results indicate that the region of Kasserine exhibits great solar and wind potential, with areas of 635 and 467 km2 extremely fit for installing solar and wind systems, respectively. Furthermore, 349 km2 are identified as potential locations for hosting solar‐wind hybrid systems. Considering these outcomes, policymakers can take the initiative to accelerate the deployment of these facilities, which would assist the country in achieving its plans by 2030.

Tissue-specific RNA methylation prediction from gene expression data using sparse regression models

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a highly prevalent and conserved post-transcriptional modification observed in mRNA and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). Identifying potential m6A sites within RNA sequences is crucial for unraveling the potential influence of the epitranscriptome on biological processes. In this study, we introduce Exp2RM, a novel approach that formulates single-site-based tissue-specific elastic net models for predicting tissue-specific methylation levels utilizing gene expression data. The resulting ensemble model demonstrates robust predictive performance for tissue-specific methylation levels, with an average R-squared value of 0.496 and a median R-squared value of 0.482 across all 22 human tissues. Since methylation distribution varies among tissues, we trained the model to incorporate similar patterns, significantly improves accuracy with the median R-squared value increasing to 0.728. Additonally, functional analysis reveals Exp2RM's ability to capture coefficient genes in relevant biological processes. This study emphasizes the importance of tissue-specific methylation distribution in enhancing prediction accuracy and provides insights into the functional implications of methylation sites.

Metabolic Usage and Glycan Destinations of GlcNAz in E. coli.

Bacteria use a diverse range of carbohydrates to generate a profusion of glycans, with amino sugars, such as N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), being prevalent in the cell wall and in many exopolysaccharides. The primary substrate for GlcNAc-containing glycans, UDP-GlcNAc, is the product of the bacterial hexosamine pathway and a key target for bacterial metabolic glycan engineering. Using the strategy of expressing NahK, to circumvent the hexosamine pathway, it is possible to directly feed the analogue of GlcNAc, N-azidoacetylglucosamine (GlcNAz), for metabolic labeling in Escherichia coli. The cytosolic production of UDP-GlcNAz was confirmed by using fluorescence-assisted polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The key question of where GlcNAz is incorporated was interrogated by analyzing potential sites including peptidoglycan (PGN), the biofilm-related exopolysaccharide poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). The highest levels of incorporation were observed in PGN with lower levels in PNAG and no observable incorporation in LPS or ECA. The promiscuity of the PNAG synthase (PgaCD) toward UDP-GlcNAz in vitro and the lack of undecaprenyl-pyrophosphoryl-GlcNAz intermediates generated in vivo confirmed the incorporation preferences. The results of this work will guide the future development of carbohydrate-based probes and metabolic engineering strategies.