Potential Of Waste Cooking Oil Research Articles

Utilizing Waste Cooking Oil for Sustainable Biodiesel Production: A Comprehensive Review

The environmental and economic challenges posed by the over-reliance on fossil fuels have driven the search for alternative and sustainable energy sources. Waste cooking oil (WCO) presents a viable feedstock for biodiesel production, offering a dual solution to waste management and renewable energy generation. This comprehensive review examines the current state of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil, exploring the benefits, challenges, and processes involved. Biodiesel derived from WCO has several environmental advantages, including lower greenhouse gas emissions, biodegradability, and enhanced engine lubricity compared to traditional fossil fuels. Moreover, utilizing it for biodiesel addresses waste disposal issues, reducing the contamination of land and water resources. Despite these benefits, several challenges remain, such as the variability in its composition, contamination, and the need for efficient purification and transesterification processes. The review explores various methods for converting WCO into biodiesel, highlighting the key stages of the transesterification process, including the use of catalysts, alcohols, and reaction conditions. Additionally, advanced techniques such as ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted transesterification are discussed for their potential to increase efficiency and reduce processing time. This paper also addresses the sustainability aspects of biodiesel production from it, emphasizing its role in promoting a circular economy and reducing waste. The use of its contributes to a closed-loop system, where waste is transformed into a valuable resource. Furthermore, the review explores the economic and social impacts of biodiesel production, noting its potential to create jobs, reduce import dependence, and support local communities. In conclusion, this review underscores the significant potential of waste cooking oil in sustainable biodiesel production. It calls for continued research and technological innovation to optimize processes, enhance efficiency, and overcome existing challenges, thereby contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable energy landscape.

Experimental Investigation on Effect of Nano Particles on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

The depletion of conventional fuels and increase in global warming due to burning of conventional fuels forces scientists to develop sustainable alternative fuels which are renewable and suggested biodiesel as an immediate substitute for the conventional diesel fuel. The potential of waste cooking oil is increasing in the recent years as the people are avoiding usage of waste cooking oil (WCO). In this work, biodiesel was produced from WCO and used as partial substitute for the conventional diesel and studied the impact of titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticle on engine’s emission level and performance. The engine tests were conducted on compression ignition engine and from the experimental results, it was observed that the addition of Al 2O3 enhances the engine’s thermal efficiency and minimises the emission levels.

Studies on Use of Waste-cooking Oil as a Diesel Substitute through Trans-esterification

Biodiesels are substitute fuel sources that can be potential replacement to fossil fuels apart from being eco-friendly owing to their carbon-neutral nature. The energy originating from nature-based resources has a premium value due to its lowest environmental impact. The strategies that protect nature are grouped under a philosophy termed as ‘sustainability’. The biodiesel ought to give net energy acquire, have ecological advantages with financially serious, and producible in enormous amounts without diminishing food supplies. The proposed study examines potential of waste cooking oil as a source of bio-diesels by collecting samples of used cooking oil from the food outlets. The characteristics of producing bio-diesel from waste cooking oil are investigated from the point of view of utilizing it on a small batch mode of 5 to 10 litre. The chemistry of transesterification is investigated by adopting computational route to design a reactor and experimentally verifying the small-scale production.

A sustainability study of the processing of kitchen waste as a potential source of biofuel: Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO)

One of the most concerned components in world’s food system challenges is food waste, and it is particularly a critical issue in developed countries. Waste cooking oil (WCO) is one of the liquid food wastes that are recyclable. A proper recycling practice of WCO helps to reduce the adverse impact on environment and it can be reused by converting it into industrial products such as biodiesel and soap. With the rising in cost of crude oil in the global market and depletion of conventional fuel, the world also is in need of alternative fuel to fulfil the global rising of energy demands. This paper studies on the potential of WCO as a source of biofuel by converting it to biodiesel by transesterification process. The acid value of the WCO is determined using standard titration method, in which, if the percentage of FFA is more than 2%, in which the WCO needs to undergo pre-treatment process. Sodium hydroxide is used as a catalyst and methanol as the reacting alcohol in transesterification. The characteristics of the biodiesel produced were tested and compared with the standard specification of the biodiesel; ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. From the experiment conducted, more than 90% of biodiesel yield can be obtained from the waste cooking oil. The properties of biodiesel that undergoes more washing process, such as acid value, density, kinematic viscosity, and cloud and pour points have values typically close to the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards, which can be seen in Sample 1. Producing biodiesel from WCO is one of the alternatives of disposing these waste products as it gives beneficial impacts to the environment. Since WCO is biodegradable, economical, environmental friendly and always available, the economic feasibility of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil is viable.

Utilization of waste cooking oil for highly efficient recovery of unburned carbon from coal fly ash

The disposal of industrial solids (e.g., coal fly ash (CFA)) and kitchen wastes (e.g., waste cooking oil (WCO)) has attracted much attention worldwide. However, it is challenging to manage these wastes economically. In this study, the potential of WCO as a collector to recover unburned carbon from CFA by froth flotation was investigated for the utilization of CFA and WCO resources. Traditional collectors, i.e., diesel oil and fresh cooking oil, were used for comparison. The composition of the collectors was determined via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The interaction mechanisms between the CFA surface and different collectors were analyzed by atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and dynamic contact angle measurements. The results indicate that WCO contains a large amount of oxygen-containing functional groups such as aldehydes, short-chain acids, and long-chain fatty acids. Furthermore, flotation tests indicated that in comparison with diesel oil and cooking oil as collectors, WCO can significantly enhance the recovery of unburned carbon from CFA and effectively lead to tailings with low loss on ignition. The major mechanism responsible for the enhanced CFA flotation is that its oxygen-containing functional groups, such as CO and COOH, were covered, whereas the C–H/C–C groups were exposed on the CFA surface due to the strong adhesion forces between the CFA and WCO under the synergistic effect of the short-chain acids/aldehydes and long-chain fatty acids in WCO. This resulted in a significant increase in the surface hydrophobicity of the CFA after the WCO treatment. This work provides an efficient and promising green method for the recovery of unburned carbon from CFA as well as the reuse of WCO, allowing the management of an industrial solid and kitchen waste.

The Experimental Study on the Potential of Waste Cooking Oil as a New Transformer Insulating Oil

The Experimental Study on the Potential of Waste Cooking Oil as a New Transformer Insulating Oil

Conversion of waste cooking oil into biogas: perspectives and limits.

Each year, large quantities of waste cooking oils are produced worldwide which are currently reused mainly for biodiesel production. Since lipids have a very high potential for biomethanation, the production of biogas is a possible alternative for the recycling of edible used oils. The digestion of fats is hindered mainly by their hydrophobicity, which implies a biphasic system with problems of floating and foaming of the oily materials, and by the accumulation of long-chain fatty acids, which are toxic to microbial consortia. The objectives of this review were to highlight the recycling potential of waste cooking oil to biogas production and to facilitate the application of the technology by identifying solutions to overcome biological and engineering limits to its diffusion. Particular attention was paid to the microbial populations involved, to the process factors whose control is important to improve the digestion of fats such as lipid concentration, pH, temperature, and agitation, and to technological solutions whose application also aims to improve digestion, such as pretreatment of raw materials and co-digestion of fats with other feedstocks. The state of the art in reactor designs suitable for lipid digestion was also examined.

Enzymatic production of biodiesel using lipase catalyst and testing of an unmodified compression ignition engine using its blends with diesel

The exploration for alternative fuels was prompted by increasing environmental concerns, rising conventional fuel prices and fossil fuel depletion. The improved potential of waste cooking oil makes it desirable for its utilization for biodiesel production. In the present study, enzymatic transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) is done using lipase enzyme to produce waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME) and three different test blends were used namely, Diesel+20% of WCOME, Diesel+40% of WCOME, and Diesel+60% of WCOME. After several trials the optimum reaction factors found to be methanol as the alcohol, 1.5% enzyme concentration (by weight of WCO), 3:1 M ratio and 4 h reaction time. The performance and engine characteristics like as brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, and the emissions of CO, HC, and NOx were analyzed in unmodified compression ignition engine. Test results revealed that the blend with lower biodiesel content performed well in the engine with lowered CO, HC and NOx emissions. But with the higher biodiesel concentrations, there was a considerable increase in the emission spectrum. Overall, Diesel+20% of WCOME and diesel+40% of WCOME blends resulted in improved performance with minimized emissions and can be utilized in an unmodified DI diesel engine.

The Potential of Waste Cooking Oil and Oily Food Waste as Alternative Biodiesel Feedstock in Padang Municipality

Indonesia is highly dependent on fossil fuels to support its development. In order to reduce fossil fuel dependency, Indonesian Government sets up policies to promote biodiesel, i.e. a petro-diesel substitute deriving from plant oils. However, current biodiesel production only relies on the use of crude palm oil (CPO). This study has, therefore, been done to know other potential biodiesel feedstock in Padang Municipality, namely, waste cooking oil (WCO) and oily food waste (OFW). The surveyed WCO and OFW generators comprised of households and commercial activities. Direct sampling for waste quantification was carried out based on the Indonesian standard for municipal waste sampling (SNI No. 19-3964-1994), while questionnaire survey was done to know the existing practices in waste handling and people willingness to participate in collecting the wastes. Moreover, WCO and OFW samples were laboratory analysed for its acid value, water content and fatty acid profile. Some good practices were also learned from Kitakyushu City in Japan that has used WCO in biodiesel production. This study shows that WCO and OFW are highly potential for biodiesel feedstock in Padang Municipality, due to the waste availability, their properties to be converted to biodiesel, and willingness of people to collect the waste.

Hydrothermal catalytic processing of waste cooking oil for hydrogen-rich syngas production

Substantial amounts of waste cooking oil are obtained worldwide from household and catering enterprises because of deep-frying and other cooking activities. Supercritical water gasification is considered as an aqueous phase reforming process to produce hydrogen enriched syngas from biomass and other organic wastes. In this study, waste cooking oil was gasified at variable temperatures (375–675 °C), feed concentration (25–40 wt%) and reaction time (15–60 min) to investigate their effects on syngas yield and composition. Maximum yields of hydrogen (5.16 mol/kg) and total gases (10.5 mol/kg) were obtained at optimal temperature, feed concentration and reaction time of 675 °C, 25 wt% and 60 min, respectively. At 5 wt% loading, Ru/Al2O3 enhanced hydrogen yield (10.16 mol/kg) through water-gas shift reaction, whereas Ni/Si-Al2O3 improved methane yield (8.15 mol/kg) via methanation reaction. The trend of hydrogen production from catalytic supercritical water gasification of waste cooking oil at 675 °C, 25 wt% and 60 min decreased as Ru/Al2O3 > Ni/Si-Al2O3 > K2CO3 > Na2CO3. The results indicate the recycling potential of waste cooking oil for hydrogen production through hydrothermal gasification.

Investigation on the potential of waste cooking oil as a grinding aid in Portland cement

Although there are several methods for managing waste cooking oil (WCO), a significant result has not been achieved in China. A new method is required for safe WCO management that minimizes the environmental threat. In this context, this work was developed in which cement clinker and gypsum were interground with various WCOs, and their properties, such as grindability, water-cement ratio required to achieve a normal consistency, setting times, compressive strength, contents of calcium hydroxide and ettringite in the hardened paste, microstructure and economic and environmental considerations, were addressed in detail. The results show that, overall, WCO favorably improves cement grinding. WCO prolonged the cement setting times and resulted in longer setting times. Additionally, more remarkable effects were found in cements in which WCO contained more unsaturated fatty acid. WCOs increased the cement strength. However, this enhancement was rated with respect to the WCO contents and components. WCOs decreased the CH and AFt contents in the cement hardened paste. Even the AFt content at later ages was reduced when WCO was used. WCO also densify microstructure of the hardened cement paste. It is economically and environmentally feasible to use WCOs as grinding aids in the cement grinding process. These results contribute to the application of WCOs as grinding aids and to the safe management of WCO.

Synthesis of Waste Cooking Oil-Based Polyol Using Sugarcane Bagasse Activated Carbon and Transesterification Reaction for Rigid Polyurethane Foam

This study was carried out to determine the potential of waste cooking oil (WCO) in preparation of rigid polyurethane (PU) foam. The raw WCO was first filtered and adsorbed by using sugarcane bagasse activated carbon in order to purify the oil. Next, the adsorbed WCO was used to synthesize polyol via transesterification reaction. The WCO-based polyol was then combined with other chemicals at various ratios to form PU rigid foam. The adsorbed WCO showed the decrease in both free fatty acid percentage and viscosity, from 4.3 % to 0.77 % and from 106 mPa.s to 72.5 mPa.s, respectively. No alteration of functional group observed after adsorption as proven by FTIR spectroscopy. The FTIR spectrum of WCO-based polyol showed the formation of OH absorption peak and supported by the increase in hydroxyl value from 0 to 148.79 mgKOH/g after reaction. The formation of urethane linkages (NHCO) backbone in PU foam was confirmed using FTIR. The properties of PU foam are highly dependent on the chemical composition. The density and compressive strength of 60:54:90:40 of glycerol:water:polyol:amine polyurethane foam are 277.7 kg/m3 and 0.10 MPa, respectively. This study showed that WCO exhibit promising potential as raw material for PU formation.