Unit Potentials Research Articles

Valorativity of time-remote source text as a problem of cognitive-discursive Translation studies (case study of Ukrainian retranslations of Shakespeare’s Tragedies)

The article addresses an issue of reproduction of evaluation category in the translated text drawing on cognitive-discursive translation studies. The objective of the study is to reveal the potential of valorativity of the units of the original and justify the ways of translational reproduction of this potential in units of translation in terms of the cognitive-discursive paradigm. This is a case study of the tragedy “Macbeth” by W. Shakespeare (1605) as a time-remote original work and its Ukrainian retranslations, the authors of which are Panteleimon Kulish (1900), Todos Osmachka (1930), Yurii Koretskyi (1940), Borys Ten (1986), Oleksandr Hryaznov (2008). The article substantiates the definition of new terminology, namely “cognitive-discursive translation studies”, “valorativity”, “valorative cognitive variant”. The article focuses on the nature of cognitive-discursive paradigm, which is rooted in the interaction of language structures and cognitive processes. The paradigm proves to be the most relevant for considering the valorativity of the text, as it studies it in the context of human cognitive activity and takes into account the impact of linguistic elements on the perception and interpretation of the text. The article reveals that the effectiveness of the selection of means for the reproduction of valorativity of a time-remote original work is determined by the general cultural code of the authors of retranslations and the nature of the translators’ idiostyle and individual authorial worldview. The study affirms that both lexical- semantic and lexical-grammatical transformations were effective in translating evaluative units of the original text using valorative cognitive variants. At the same time, the valorative potential of the original unit when using valorative cognitive variants is either strengthened, or weakened, or transformed as the opposite one.

Sphere Last‐Passage Algorithm for Charge Density on a Smooth (Convex) Conducting Surface

AbstractIn a series of papers, the authors have been developing last‐passage algorithms such as last‐passage algorithm and off‐centered last‐passage algorithm on a flat conducting surface, quadrupole last‐passage algorithm on an L‐shaped conducting surface, and last‐passage algorithm on a spherical conducting surface, held at (non)constant potentials. All the previous last‐passage algorithms can compute charge density at a specific point on a flat or spherical conducting surface only. In this paper, the last‐passage algorithms on any smooth (convex) surface for charge density at a specific point are further developed where a tangent plane can be constructed and a sphere can be put. The algorithm for charge density on a sphere, on a circular plate, and on the unit cube held at unit potential is demonstrated. The results show excellent agreements with theoretical or other simulation ones.

РУСИЗМЫ В ИСПАНОЯЗЫЧНОМ ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОМ ТЕКСТЕ: ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЙ И КОГНИТИВНЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ

The purpose of the study is to identify the semantic and cognitivepragmatic features of the implementation of Russian language units in the novel “Testigo invisible” by K. Posadas. The analysis showed that the semantic and cognitive-pragmatic potential of Russian language units in the analyzed literary text differs from their potentials for the bearer of the Russian-speaking culture. Comments are introduced to complete lacunar implicatures. At the same time, the Spanish-speaking reader receives only the relevant component of the meaning of the units: the pragmatic vector of information presentation determines a certain perception of the units by the reader.

Transition from Gesture and Gesture Nomination to Phraseology

Based on the material of several languages, semantic transitions from gestural nominations to gestural phraseological units, as well as the development of figurative meanings of gestural units are considered. The subject of the study is emblems — communicative gestures containing information that a person intentionally conveys to the addressee, and symptomatic gestures — gestures that express the emotional state of the gesticulator. The study showed that the transition from gestural nomination to gestural phraseology is often accompanied by a change in the actant structure of the original unit. One of the signs of the transition from gesture to gesture phraseology is the generalization of the situation — the generalization of one of the actants of the situation, which is expressed by the presence in the sentence of quantifier units that form universal noun phrases with nouns. Idiomatization of gestural units in different languages has both similarities and differences: differences in the meaning of phraseological units built on the basis of gestural units of the same semantics, or differences in the derivational potential of similar gestural units in different languages. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that gestures play a huge role in oral communication, and the fact that it was carried out in line with such areas as the construction of explanatory models of language and semantic typology.

Assessment of countermovement jump with and without arm swing using a single inertial measurement unit

ABSTRACT The countermovement vertical jump height, flight time, and jump duration are used to assess athletic performance. Force-plate and motion-capture cameras are used to estimate these parameters, yet, their application is limited to dedicated lab environments. Despite the potential of inertial measurement units (IMU) for estimating the jump height, their accuracy has not been validated. This study investigates the accuracy of our proposed method to estimate the jump height using a sacrum-mounted IMU, during countermovement jumping. Eleven individuals performed four jumps each. To obtain the jump height, we transformed the IMU readouts into anatomical planes, and double-integrated the vertical acceleration after correction for zero velocity and vertical displacement. The accuracy of jump height obtained by IMU was compared to force-plate and motion-capture cameras during jumps without arm swing (mean error (standard deviation) of 0.3(2.2) cm and 1.0(3.0) cm, and correlation coefficient of 0.83 and 0.82, respectively) and during jumps with arm swing (−1.1(2.1) cm and 0.5(1.9) cm, and 0.92 and 0.89). The correlation coefficients were high, and the errors were comparable to the difference between the jump height obtained by force-plate and cameras. Therefore, a sacrum-mounted IMU can be recommended for in-field assessment of countermovement jump with and without arm swing.

Словообразовательный потенциал англицизмов в политической лексике

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the word-formation potential of language units has more than once become a subject of linguistic research. At the same time, the matter of the word-formation potential of anglicisms in the political vocabulary of the modern Russian language remains insufficiently studied. The aim of this article is to describe the word-formation potential of anglicisms in the political vocabulary of the modern Russian language. The descriptive method and word-formation analysis are mainly used in the study. The research materials are 302 root anglicisms and their derivatives, which were selected by continuous sampling method from a number of dictionaries of foreign words, such as “Dictionary of anglicisms of the Russian lan-guage (edited by A.I. Dyakov)”, “Dictionary of the latest foreign words (late 20th – early 21st cen-tury)”, etc. As a result of the study, the main linguistic and extra-linguistic factors that have a great influence on the word-formation potential of political anglicisms were identified. In addition, the main types of “political” anglicisms, which have a high or low word-formation potential, are distinguished. The results of this study may be useful in studying the problem of the word-formation potential of anglicisms in political sphere.

Effects of muscle shortening on single-fiber, motor unit, and compound muscle action potentials

Even under isometric conditions, muscle contractions are associated with some degree of fiber shortening. The effects of muscle shortening on extracellular electromyographic potentials have not been characterized in detail. Moreover, the anatomical, biophysical, and detection factors influencing the muscle-shortening effects have been neither identified nor understood completely. Herein, we investigated the effects of muscle shortening on the amplitude and duration characteristics of single-fiber, motor unit, and compound muscle action potentials. We found that, at the single-fiber level, two main factors influenced the muscle-shortening effects: (1) the electrode position and distance relative to the myotendinous zone and (2) the electrode distance to the maxima of the dipole field arising from the stationary dipole created at the fiber-tendon junction. Besides, at the motor unit and muscle level, two additional factors were involved: (3) the overlapping between the propagating component of some fibers with the non-propagating component of other fibers and (4) the spatial spreading of the fiber-tendon junctions. The muscle-shortening effects depend critically on the electrode longitudinal distance to the myotendinous zone. When the electrode was placed far from the myotendinous zone, muscle shortening resulted in an enlargement and narrowing of the final (negative) phase of the potential, and this enlargement became less pronounced as the electrode approached the fiber endings. For electrode locations close to the myotendinous zone, muscle shortening caused a depression of both the main (positive) and final (negative) phases of the potential. Beyond the myotendinous zone, muscle shortening led to a decrease of the final (positive) phase. The present results provide reference information that will help to identify changes in MUPs and M waves due to muscle shortening, and thus to differentiate these changes from those caused by muscle fatigue.Graphical abstract

Popular and Solidarity Economy: Policies and Realities in the Local Context—The Case of the Agricultural Productive Associations of El Valle, Ecuador

The popular and solidarity economy (EPS) emerges as an alternative approach to poverty aligned with the principles of sustainable development; in this sense, some countries in the region have adopted policies for its growth and development, among them Ecuador. The experience of a rural community was shown; the objective of the study was to identify the factors that hinder the achievement of better efficiency indexes, regarding the implementation of policies at the local level, with respect to rural productive associations. The case of the agricultural productive associations located in the parish of El Valle, Cuenca, Ecuador, was studied. The type of research was mixed: quantitative to support the information extracted from the instruments applied and derive the pertinent analysis and qualitative to collect primary information from the actors involved in the study. We used the action research model through the use of surveys, interviews and focus groups. The key contribution of this work was to making visible and understanding the needs of the rural communities of the sector from their development perspectives, respecting their ancestral knowledge and articulating from the academy the private–public action for the generation of policies for governance, effective application of democracy and promotion of the technical and associative potential of the agroecological productive units. The results show regularities in terms of their socioeconomic situation, their mode of action and the impact caused on their productive dynamics by the atomized decisions of local actors in the exercise of governance. These fail to articulate the implementation of policies at the territorial level to the detriment of their effectiveness and efficiency and, therefore, do not bring about substantial changes in their levels of dependence and dynamics of productive activity—diagnostic components that will be used for the formulation of joint multilevel policies.

Метод оценки энергетических параметров и потенциала энергосбережения насосных агрегатов, работающих вне допустимого рабочего диапазона, в системах поддержания давления в нефтяных пластах

Oil reservoir pressure maintenance pumps are often pushed to operate significantly outside of their original design parameters. This can cause operating problems which impact their reliability and efficiency. The author offers the evaluation methodology for energy parameters and energy saving potential of oil reservoir pressure maintenance pumps in order to develop major pump parameters like efficiency, pressure, and specific electric power. The methodology was tested on 42 pump units. The values of variations of basic parameters indicate the energy saving potential of pump units.

Petrophysical properties of bypassed Cenozoic clastic reservoirs in the Cesar sub-basin, Colombia

The Cesar-Ranchería basin has all the necessary elements for the generation, expulsion, and migration of hydrocarbons and considerable potential for coal bed methane (CBM) in Colombia. Previous studies in the Cesar basin focused on understanding the tectonic evolution, stratigraphy, hydrocarbon generation potential, and evaluation of reservoir potential in Cretaceous calcareous units and quartzose sandstones from the Paleocene Barco Formation. These studies had confirmed the existence of an effective petroleum system, with several episodes of oil expulsion and re-emigration in the Miocene period, turning the Cenozoic clastic succession (Barco, Los Cuervos, La Loma, and Cuesta formations) into an element of significant exploratory interest to clarify the potentiality of the basin in terms of hydrocarbon accumulation. The petrophysical parameters of Cenozoic units (shale volume, porosity, water, and oil saturation) were determined by integrating wells log and core samples analyses from three stratigraphic wells. The integration of these results synthesizes the petrophysical behavior of the units. It defines intervals with clay volumes of less than 30%, effective porosity around 20%, which means favorable characteristics as reservoir rocks that need to be considered in future exploratory projects.

Characteristics of fluid potential and division of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation units in the Shijiazhuang Sag

In this paper, the Hubbert fluid potential model is used to restore the fluid potential of the key reservoir forming period at the end of Paleogene in Shijiazhuang Sag. At the end of Paleogene, the high potential area of Shijiazhuang Sag is mainly located in the Western trough belt of the sag, which is the main flow supply area. The low potential area of the sag is mainly distributed in the Gao cheng tectonic belt in the middle, which is the main discharge area. The overall performance is the distribution law of the trough to the central buried hill belt, and the potential energy gradually decreases. The sag is further divided into three major oil and gas migration and accumulation units, namely, the southern oil and gas migration and accumulation unit (III), the central oil and gas migration and accumulation unit (I), and the northern oil and gas migration and accumulation unit (II). Among them, the central oil and gas migration and accumulation unit (I) is the best oil and gas migration and accumulation unit, which receives multi-source hydrocarbon supply and has favorable reservoir forming conditions.

Reflection of Family Relations in the Russian and Chinese Languages (Based on Frames husband's mother – daughter-in-law, wife’s mother – son-in-law, husband's sister – sister-in-law)

Propositional frame-based modeling is one of the most effective methods of cognitive linguistics. This method considers the interaction between the semantic and cognitive aspects of units of two typologically different languages, e. g. Russian and Chinese, in order to study the way language structures and reflects human knowledge and experience. Propositional structures are the same for all languages, but they are implemented differently in every language. The authors used the propositional frame-based analysis to identify universal and specific aspects in the semantics of proverbs based on frames husband's mother – daughter-in-law, wife's mother – son-in-law and husband's sister – sister-in-law, which are important fragments of the Russian and Chinese linguistic world view. The cognitive potential of paroemiological units is enormous: proverbs reflect historical, cultural, linguistic, and extralinguistic cognitive experience. The propositional-frame analysis of the semantics of Chinese and Russian proverbs made it possible to distinguish the following logical-thematic classification: 1) features of the character and behavior of each relative; 2) the relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, mother-in-law and son-in-law, between sisters-in-law; 3) the family status of the mother-in-law, daughter-in-law, mother-in-law, son-in-law, and sister-in-law; 4) family traditions, way of life; 5) sources of family conflicts; 6) ways of solving conflict situations.

К вопросу о реализации манипулятивной возможности политических эвфемизмов в современном медиадискурсе

The article analyzes the research process on the history of political euphemisms in Russian and other foreign linguistics, listing the main scientific research results related to the definition of typical features of political euphemisms on the Internet news portals. One of the main tasks of the research is to identify the essence of the functioning of political euphemisms as a means of manipulating the consciousness of the electorate through the substitution of values. The initial prerequisites for the work are the provisions of linguoculture, psycholinguistics and intercultural communication. The political euphemisms of the media sphere have been studied in a comparative aspect. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the manipulation potential of euphemistic language units depends directly on the political value of citizens.

Pleonastic Application Of Synonyms In Alisher Navoi's Works

This article discusses the wide range of possibilities of the old Uzbek language in the example of Navoi's work led linguists to study the linguistic features of the poet's legacy on a deep scientific basis, which led to theoretical conclusions about the phonetic-phonological, morpheme-morphological, lexical-semantic and syntactic levels of the old Uzbek literary language. For today's linguists, it is important to study the lexical structure of literary works before Navoi, to compare the lexicon of the ancient Turkic language, the Old Turkic language and the old Uzbek language, to study the history of the Uzbek language. Identifying semantic differences in the semantics of synonymous lexemes, the works of A. Navoi serve as one of the main sources in the study of the historical roots of the Uzbek language, as well as in the study of the lingvo-poetic potential of language units. The lingvo-poetic possibilities of assimilation synonyms used pleonastically in a verse or byte further clarify these views.

Propositional Frame-Based Analysis of the Semantics of Proverbs of the Russian and Chinese Languages (Based on Frame Father – Son)

Propositional frame-based modeling is one of the most effective methods of cognitive linguistics. This method considers the interaction between the semantic and cognitive aspects of units of two typologically different languages, e.g. Russian and Chinese, in order to study the way language structures and reflects human knowledge and experience. Propositional structures are the same for all languages, but they are implemented differently in every language. The authors used the propositional frame-based analysis to identify universal and specific aspects in the semantics of proverbs based on frame father – son, which is an important fragment of the Russian and Chinese linguistic world view. The cognitive potential of paroemiological units is enormous: proverbs reflect historical, cultural, linguistic, and extralinguistic cognitive experience. Cognitivists define experience as one’s knowledge about stereotypical situations, stored in one’s mind as frames. A frame is a collection of vertex ("top") and terminal ("low") components. Vertex components are formed by concepts that are valid in relation to the stereotypical situation of the frame. As a result, they are clearly structured and constant. The "low level" is not constant, and its terminals are variable. The semantics of the proverbs in question were represented by frames. The meanings of their components formed a common and complex situation. Knowledge about this situation made it possible to perceive the meaning of each proverb in a holistic way. The proverbs could be interpreted as units that activate a certain cognitive context about the content and structure of the concepts father and son in Russian and Chinese.

MSMEs – a mainstay for the developing economy

This research paper aims to understand all the factors preventing micro, small and medium enterprises from growing despite their great potential, the possible existence of any internal or domestic differences in the way the entrepreneurs from various Indian communities approach business. The question remains whether there are any external or domestic differences in their entrepreneurial orientations. The work also presents some policy-based suggestions to solve such issues that hinder the magnification potential of MSME units. The MSME units offer jobs to more than seven people. However, they do not grow because of many difficulties discussed in this paper. Due to the lack of opportunities, MSMEs are unable to attract foreign investments. MSMEs can stop the migration of young people coming from rural areas to urban cities if MSMEs get developed. MSMEs represent a high-priority sector of the growing and developing economy. Therefore, we need to focus on this sector to transform developing India into a developed country. This paper is an attempt to analyze the reasons for the difficulties of MSMEs.

Integrated Analysis of Terms from a Cognitive Point of View (Based on the Terminology of Photonic Crystals)

The article proposes a comprehensive methodology approach to terminological systems. The methodology involves several stages. The first one involves a semantic analysis. Then follows a structural model of the terminology in question based on the logical connections between objects and processes of a certain special field and their reflection in the professional language. Finally, the researcher discloses the pragmatic potential of terminology units and demonstrates their role in determining the position of the terminological system in the scientific view of the world. The research objective was to describe and apply this approach to the analysis of the terminology of photonic crystals. The study featured the terminology of photonic crystals. The terms were selected from several scientific books. The author employed the following methods: the method of semantic analysis, a cognitive approach to describing the structure of the terminology, and contextual analysis. The author revealed a close relationship between the internal form of the term and the sign. Understanding the internal form of the term makes it possible to determine the place of the term in the terminology, which guarantees it correct interpretation and use. The article introduces a convolved model of the terminological structure of photonic crystals and explains how the terms are organized within the terminological system and how the terminological system can be embedded in the scientific view of the world. The author highlighted the role of general terms in integrating terminological systems into the scientific view of the world and in the relationship between different terminological systems. The most accurate definition of the boundaries of the terminology is possible only in the context where the term can fully exercise its meaning.

Geologic-geochemical and modelling studies of hydrocarbon migration in the South Caspian basin

Based on pyrolysis data an overview is given on the generative potential and maturity of individual stratigraphic units in the South Caspian sedimentary cover. Furthermore, the pyrolysis analyses indicate that the Lower Pliocene Productive Series being immature itself is likely to have received hydrocarbon charge from the underlying older strata. The present state of the art in studying hydrocarbon migration and the "source-accumulation" type relationship between source sediments and reservoired oils in the South Caspian basin are touched upon. The views of and geochemical arguments by different authors for charging the Lower Pliocene Productive Series reservoirs with hydrocarbons from the underlying Oligocene-Miocene source layers are presented. Quantitative aspects of hydrocarbon generation, fluid dynamics, and formation of anomalous temperature & pressure fields based on the results of basin modelling in Azerbaijan are considered. Based on geochemical data analysis and modelling studies, as well as honouring reports by other workers the importance and necessity of upward migration for hydrocarbon transfer from deep generation centers to reservoirs of the Productive Series are shown.

Modern Russia in focus of phraseology (based on the material of english language mediatexts)

The article focuses on the usage of idioms for characterizing the image of Russia in the English language media discourse. To understand the meaning of the phraseological unit one should apply the method of discourse analysis. The discourse analysis of the mediatext takes into account extra-linguistic, linguistic and cognitive factors. Extra-linguistic factors include political situation, current events, and ideology of a state and media outlet. Linguistic analysis provides for the investigation of the semantics of the idiom and its connotative potential. Cognitive analysis shows the intentions of the author to create either positive or negative opinion of events described. Connotative meaning is determined by means of linguocognitive analysis considering extra-linguistic factors. The semantics of the idiom contains subjective modalities (axiological, emotive and deontic) representing different assessments of the reality. Modality can be identified with cognitive-modal operators specifying different types of evaluation: rational, emotional, normative. The analysis of the semantic structure of phraseological units is conducted in our research. It is aimed at characterizing the role of Russia in the global world by means of idioms. The discourse approach enables to determine the connotative potential of phraseological units and to describe the image of our country in the English language mass media.

Germanic Nominations of British Titles and Their Functioning in the 19th Century Fiction Texts

The article concerns identification of semantic potential of lexical units with a Germanic origin joined into thematic group "English titles of nobility", and actualization of their meanings in the literary texts of the 19 th century. The sources of language material were the works of early Victorian period writers. The undertaken semantic and functional analysis of lexemes earl, knight, lord / lady enabled the author to conclude that when they indicate social status of the character depicted in the work of art or are used as an etiquette form of address, they implement direct meaning. It has been noted that alongside with lord / lady, the French loanwords sir / madame are used as forms of polite address in dialogues between the characters. The lexemes-titles can function in figurative meaning, i.e. knight maybe used to indicate valour as one of the main qualities of a noble person of high social status, Lord is used to denote the Creator, lady – to speak about any woman, as well as a wife, a mistress. The analysis of the data obtained resulted in deduction that in literary texts of the 19 th century the meanings of lexemes-titles, comprising thematic group English Nobility Titles, can express the following: the noble origin in the name of a person, a polite form of address in communication, nomination of a social status as well as some commonly shared character traits inherent to an aristocratic class representative; nomination of people in accordance with a family status or gender.