Potential Raw Material Research Articles

Efficient Production of Fuel Ethanol via the Simultaneous Use of Distillery Stillage Biomass and Beet Molasses

The integrated production of ethanol fuel through the simultaneous use of various by-products and waste materials is an intriguing concept, as it maximizes the raw material potential while addressing the challenge of managing waste biomass from different technological processes. The efficient utilization of lignocellulosic waste depends on employing a pretreatment method that enhances the susceptibility of structural polysaccharides to hydrolysis. The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of the simultaneous use of corn stillage biomass and beet molasses as raw materials for the production of ethanol fuel. The research focused on optimizing the process conditions for the acid pretreatment of stillage biomass and the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and evaluating the effectiveness of two fermentation strategies: SHF (Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation) and SSF (Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation). The highest hydrolysis susceptibility was observed in biomass pretreated with 2% v/v H3PO4 for 30 min at 121 °C. The maximum glucose concentration of about 12 g/L (hydrolysis efficiency about 35.5%) was achieved even with the lowest enzyme dose, i.e., 7.5 FPU per gram of biomass. The yeast also showed high fermentation activity in media prepared from stillage biomass and molasses, producing about 50 g/L of ethanol regardless of the fermentation strategy used. The complete fermentation of carbohydrates assimilated by yeast confirmed the complementarity of the two raw materials used to prepare fermentation media, emphasizing the high potential of the proposed technological solution for ethanol fuel production.

Strategic Site Selection for Bio-LNG Plant in Indonesia: A Multi-Criteria Scoring Method Approach

In Indonesia, the energy sector is still predominantly reliant on fossil fuels, with renewable energy, including liquefied biomethane (Bio-LNG), playing a limited role. Nonetheless, Indonesia has significant potential for Bio-LNG development due to its abundant organic waste resources such as Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) from palm oil mills. Having approximately 891 Palm Oil Mills in Indonesia and being spread mostly in Sumatra, this study aims to select a strategic location for a Bio-LNG plant that can enhance logistical efficiency and economic viability for the plant. This study uses Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methodologies to assess potential sites based on key criteria: Land Availability, Distance to Source of Feedstock, Distance to Customer Locations, Jetty Availability, and Future Business Developments. This study has narrowed down into focusing on provinces with substantial raw material potential, Riau Province, particularly Dumai City and its surroundings, which emerges as a pivotal hub. Secondary data are gathered to conduct a systematic scoring process evaluates and integrates each criterion to generate a comprehensive ranking of potential sites. The selected site for the Bio-LNG plant is Location 1, at the coordinates of 1.662056, 101.707092, Pelintung, Medang Kampai Subdistrict, Dumai City, Riau. Its strategic positioning, proximity to key transportation routes, availability of abundant feedstock, and access to necessary infrastructure make it an ideal choice. This study aims to advance Bio-LNG infrastructure in Indonesia, promoting cleaner energy solutions, and enhanced supply chain efficiency.

ВЫБОР СПОСОБА ТРАНСПОРТИРОВКИ НЕФТЕПРОДУКТОВ В ОТДАЛЕННЫХ РЕГИОНАХ НА ОСНОВЕ МЕТОДА АНАЛИЗА ИЕРАРХИЙ

Abstract. For many years, oil has remained an indispensable mineral, the processing and transportation of which is carried out at an enormous pace. The development of raw material potential in the Arctic zone is gaining momentum, but at the same time, the transportation of petroleum products in this area is associated with certain difficulties, expressed by severe weather conditions, vulnerability of the natural environment, as well as the remoteness of the Arctic regions. Together, the above factors determine the seasonality of the use of certain types of transport, the increase in prices for the operation of transport infrastructure. Therefore, an urgent issue is the choice of the optimal method of transportation of petroleum products in remote regions. The paper considers an example of choosing a method of transportation in remote regions from four alternatives (automobile, pipeline, water, pipeline) according to five criteria (permissible volume of transported petroleum products, cost of transportation, the possibility of delivering petroleum products to remote regions, speed of delivery, dependence on weather conditions/ road conditions) based on the hierarchy analysis method.

Unlocking lignin valorization and harnessing lignin-based raw materials for bio-manufacturing.

Lignin, an energy-rich and adaptable polymer comprising phenylpropanoid monomers utilized by plants for structural reinforcement, water conveyance, and defense mechanisms, ranks as the planet's second most prevalent biopolymer, after cellulose. Despite its prevalence, lignin is frequently underused in the process of converting biomass into fuels and chemicals. Instead, it is commonly incinerated for industrial heat due to its intricate composition and resistance to decomposition, presenting obstacles for targeted valorization. In contrast to chemical catalysts, biological enzymes show promise not only in selectively converting lignin components but also in seamlessly integrating into cellular structures, offering biocatalysis as a potentially efficient pathway for lignin enhancement. This review comprehensively summarizes cutting-edge biostrategies, ligninolytic enzymes, metabolic pathways, and lignin-degrading strains or consortia involved in lignin degradation, while critically evaluating the underlying mechanisms. Metabolic and genetic engineering play crucial roles in redirecting lignin and its derivatives towards metabolic pathways like the tricarboxylic acid cycle, opening up novel avenues for its valorization. Recent advancements in lignin valorization are scrutinized, highlighting key challenges and promising solutions. Furthermore, the review underscores the importance of innovative approaches, such as leveraging digital systems and synthetic biology, to unlock the commercial potential of lignin-derived raw materials as sustainable feedstocks. Artificial intelligence-driven technologies offer promise in overcoming current challenges and driving widespread adoption of lignin valorization, presenting an alternative to sugar-based feedstocks for bio-based manufacturing in the future. The utilization of available lignin residue for synthesis of high-value chemicals or energy, even alternative food, addresses various crises looming in the food-energy-water nexus.

Methods for studying the raw material of pottery of antiquity (on the example of material from Olbia)

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the methodology of researching the potential pottery raw materials of excavated material from the antique polis using the example of Olbia in the North Western Black Sea region. The historiography of the issue is considered and the main methods are defined. It includes fieldwork, laboratory analyses and their interpretation, as well as an experimental component. The discussion is based on the description of the stages of fieldwork, the study of the macromorphological structure of the clay deposits, micromorphological and granulometric analysis of ancient ceramics and experimental products made of potential pottery raw materials. According to the obtained results, it can be said that the population of Olbia used local materials in pottery making, although their characteristics are specific for the preparation of the clay mass. A comprehensive study confirmed the ability to find out the raw material base of the ancient polis and the possibility of its application at other sites.

Removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue R Dye from Water Using Eggshell Mixed Matrix Membrane through Filtration and Adsorption

Water pollution causes flora and fauna to be destroyed and this process might be irreversible as well as lead to other bad consequences, especially towards human beings. Due to the inefficiencies of the dyeing process, it is estimated that up to 200,000 tonnes of dyes are released into wastewater annually by the textile industry. This research aimed to fabricate the mixed matrix membranes made up of eggshells that were combined with silica (SiO2) for dye removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR). Poly ether sulfone (PES) and N-methyl-pyro-lidone (NMP) will be added in the formulation as a binder and solvent, respectively. The results from the characterisation and filtration process of the ceramic membrane with different ratios of eggshells and silica for removing Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) dye were compared. The ATR-FTIR showed a strong existence of carbonate minerals and silica proving its functional group and properties of having good capacity in filtration. The water contact angle measurement of the 4:1 ratio of eggshell: silica gave a low contact angle value which is 2.16o while the contact angle for a 1:1 ratio membrane is 1.99o, thus, the synthesis of the membrane was successful. From the filtration process, it was discovered that the 4:1 ratio of eggshell: silica was able to remove the 50 ppm blue dye with a removal efficiency of 81.39% compared to the 1:1 ratio with a removal efficiency of 76.17%. The adsorption capacity or the amount of dye adsorbed onto hollow fibre membrane and flat sheet membrane were found to be 1.423mg/g with an adsorption percentage of 71.15% and 1.616mg/g with an adsorption percentage of 80.80% respectively. To sum up, eggshells are a practical way to remove RBBR dye from a solution and a potential raw material for membrane manufacturing.

Anaerobic decomposition of substandard pet food as a raw material source for producing hydrogen from methane

A potential raw material for producing hydrogen (the main carrier for the accumulation, storage and transportation of energy) is methane from biogas. An approach to producing biogas with a high methane content (69–72%) from waste commercial dry and wet food for dogs and cats under mesophilic conditions has been demonstrated. For 27–28 days under anaerobic conditions, the degree of biotransformation of waste was 60–88%. As a result of mineralization of watered organic waste, the content of ammonium nitrogen and phosphorus in the form of phosphates amounted to 676–887 mgNH4+/l and 77–160 mgPO43-/l, respectively. In anaerobically treated effluent, accumulation of sulfide ions up to 22 mg/l was observed. The solid sediment and anaerobically treated effluent (liquid fraction) obtained upon completion of the biotransformation of pet food waste are a potential organic fertilizer for agricultural needs, and methane from biogas is a raw material for producing hydrogen and pure carbon for the needs of the nanoindustry.

Approaches to the method of granulation of fly ash of power plants

Relevance. The research is aimed at reducing the impact of deficiencies (dusting) when involving in circulation fly ash, which prevents the wider use of valuable secondary raw materials in the production of demanded products. The direction of work corresponds to the Comprehensive Waste Disposal Plan for coal-fired power plants and boiler houses, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 06/15/2022 No. 1557-R. Aim. Development of an optimal technology for the production of granules from fly ash of Kemerovo GRES using two types of substances of a similar nature as a binder, depending on the concentration of the binder in an aqueous solution and the delay time of strength gain and abrasion index. Object. A granulate or pellet made of fly ash based on a binder of experimental aluminosilicate glue and liquid sodium glass "Diola-53". Methods. Strength tests were carried out on a hydraulic press according to SS 8929-2020 and the abrasion index of a large filler in a shelf drum was determined out according to SS 9758-2012. Two methods of granulation of fly ash were used: 1) two-stage – preparation (cooking) of aluminosilicate glue from fly ash and granulation; 2) one-stage – granulation using market liquid glass. Liquid aluminosilicate glue was produced experimentally in a container using a flask heater and a mixing device. Results and conclusions. The authors have established the differences in the delay time of strength gain and the abrasion index of granules obtained by two methods based on fly ash from Kemerovo Urban District Power Plant using aluminosilicate glue and liquid sodium glass "Diola-53" as a binder. They found the dependences of the delay time of strength gain and the abrasion index of granules on the concentration (fraction) of an aqueous solution of the binder. The specific costs for the production of granules for each binder and its proportion in an aqueous solution are determined. Granulate from fly ash based on a binder: experimental aluminosilicate glue and liquid sodium glass "Diola-53", can be transported without dusting by any type of transport and serve as a potential raw material for cement production and a component in concrete production.

A novel application of industrial waste bischofite for the anti-aging property of asphalt: Synthesis of organic layered double hydroxide and performance evaluation

Asphalt aging causes significant distress to pavements, which risks driving safety and poses unsustainable repair and reconstruction works. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) is a promising anti-aging modifier for asphalt. A unique benefit of LDH is its potential raw material - bischofite, a fruitful by-product of salt lake industries and is often casually discarded. In this work, LDH with laminated structure and high crystallinity was synthesized from industrial waste bischofite, and the silane coupling agent A151 was grafted onto the LDH surface, which remarkably inhibits the adhesion and hydrophilicity of LDH and makes it more compatible with asphalt. Asphalt becomes hard and brittle after aging, and the rheological properties deteriorate considerably. At the micro-level, asphalt aging is manifested by the oxidation of light components to heavy ones, the increase of molecular weight, the accumulation of macromolecules, and the gelation of the colloidal structure. Comparative studies indicate that the LDH synthesized from waste bischofite is able to relieve performance deterioration, component oxidation, molecular polymerization, and structure gelation of asphalt during aging. Furthermore, the A151 surface organic modification can further improve the effect of LDH in bolstering the anti-aging property of asphalt. These favorable results provide a sustainable approach to building durable pavements.

Different levels of interpreting chemical data by prompt gamma activation analysis on polished stone tools in the Carpathian Basin (Hungary)

Average chemical composition data can be effectively exploited in provenance, i.e. raw material’s origin, research of archaeological polished stone artefacts where direct correlation with potential raw materials is possible. This study summarizes the success of Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) method on two different levels of chemical data interpretation for variable rock types found in Hungary, in the Carpathian Basin and their wider vicinity, i.e. material characterization and provenance identification level. Characterization of different lithologies is possible by variable combinations of some major element oxides (Si, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Al, Fe and Ti). Applying statistical methods, boxplots and Principal Component Analysis, we proved that serpentinites, nephrites and Mg-Si-rich subgroup of ‘white stones’ can be clearly distinguished, while the ‘green stone’ category cannot be further differentiated, partly overlaps with hornfels and significantly overlaps with other rock types (basalts, metadolerites-metagabbros, andesites and metavolcanites). The provenance identification is successful in the case of contact metabasites and HP metaophiolites, while less exact for nephrites, basalts and hornfels.The non-destructive PGAA proved to be very effective in the identification of certain lithologies, while for other polished stone tool raw materials it has medium certainty and requires complementing methods.

Problems of Arctic Hydrocarbon Development in The Context of Modern Global Challenges: Development Potential and Industry Strategies

Significant hydrocarbon raw material potential in the Arctic territories and complex technological solutions for its development dictate the need to solve extraordinary organizational, managerial and technical tasks of strategic nature. There are economic difficulties associated with oil and gas production in the Arctic fields and, in particular, in the development of offshore facilities. The article focuses on the sectoral strategies of oil and gas complex development, which should be balanced with regional and corporate strategies. Industry strategies for the development of the Arctic oil and gas complex detail a specific set of measures that fully reflect the technological and economic capabilities of domestic companies, it is especially important to assess the achievability of strategic goals in terms of the development of offshore resources. The purpose of this study is to summarize the strategic problems of the development of hydrocarbon resources in the Arctic with the identification of options for the development strategies of oil and gas industry complexes. The methodology of the research is based on the methods of strategic management. Within the framework of solving strategic problems and tasks, it is advisable to apply various scenarios using the methods of strategic alternatives, and, in particular, matrix methods. Matrix methods allow to use the results of the analysis and offer specific alternatives that can be used as a basis for strategic choice in the development of sectoral strategies of the oil and gas complex. The scientific results of the study are determined by the generalization of the problems of the Arctic hydrocarbon potential development and the development of alternative strategy options for solving technological and environmentally-oriented strategic problems. The article presents strategic problems of Arctic oil and gas fields development. The key economic, organizational, technological, social, environmental and geo-political problems are highlighted. Technological strategies largely depend on markets and the policy of technological sovereignty. Using domestic markets or turning to external markets seems to be an important strategic choice, as it determines the level of investment costs — in-house development or purchase of technologies on open markets. For the development of breakthrough technologies in offshore hydrocarbon production, it is possible to rely on the domestic technology market to develop new technical solutions and digital systems. Environmentally-oriented strategies are based on sustainability and efficiency criteria with economic or socio-environmental aspects being prioritized. It is revealed that “green” strategies can take place, but for the development of oil and gas industrial complexes it is important to maintain a balance between production development and environmental safety.

Chokeberry Products and By-Products as the Potential Pharmaceuticals for Kidney Protection-An Experimental Study in Rats.

The study aimed to investigate the protective effects of chokeberry fruit products and by-products against cisplatin-induced acute nephrotoxicity in rats. Potential mechanisms involving oxidative stress and inflammatory responses were examined through biochemical and histopathological analyses of kidney tissue. Chokeberry waste, along with the whole fruit extract and juice, was evaluated as a potential raw material for pharmaceutical use. The chemical composition of chokeberry juice and extracts was analyzed using spectrophotometry and HPLC. Rats were treated with chokeberry preparations via intragastric tube for ten days, with a single intraperitoneal dose of cisplatin (8 mg/kg BW) administered on the third day. Post-sacrifice, plasma samples were analyzed for biochemical nephrotoxicity markers, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. Kidneys were removed for histopathological and biochemical analysis. Cisplatin-induced acute nephrotoxicity was confirmed by elevated plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. Additionally, lipid peroxidation was significantly elevated, while reduced glutathione and catalase activity were significantly reduced. Pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels were significantly increased in the cisplatin group. Treatment with chokeberry extracts and juice significantly mitigated these nephrotoxic effects, as confirmed by histopathological examination and biochemical marker analysis. Notably, the waste extract demonstrated greater efficacy than the whole fruit extract, likely due to its higher concentration of polyphenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins. These results highlight the potential of chokeberry as a therapeutic and preventive agent for kidney protection, emphasizing the value of by-products rich in biologically active compounds.

New mineralogical and geochemical data on a potential critical raw materials occurrence at Polski Gradets (Southеastern Bulgaria)

New mineralogical and geochemical data on wolframite, garnets, and scheelite (± molybdenite) in hydrothermal quartz veins and skarns from the area of the Polski Gradets ore occurrence (SE Bulgaria) are present. Wolframite is the main ore mineral partly replaced by irregular scheelite aggregates. It is mostly ferberite in composition and contains 57.47 to 72.63 mol% FeO, 22.11 to 39.01 mol% MnO and MgO from 3.52 to 6.29 mol%. The trace element concentration in the wolframites is dominated by Mo, Nb, and Cu. The studied garnets are grossular-andradites (Grs: 47.51 to 86.87 mol%; Adr: 0.00 to 52.49 mol%) enriched in V, Cr, and As.

Small Steps to the Big Picture for Health-Promoting Applications Through the Use of Chickweed (Stellaria media): InVitro, In Silico, and Pharmacological Network Approaches.

Stellaria media L., also called chickweed, is widespread in all parts of the world. In the present study, we investigated the biological properties and chemical profiles of different extracts (ethyl acetate, ethanol, ethanol/water, and water) of S. media. The chemical profiles were examined using UHPLC/MS/MS technique. Regarding the biological properties, antioxidant properties as well as enzyme-inhibiting and cytotoxic effects of the extracts were demonstrated by invitro methods. To obtain further information about the structure-ability relationship, network pharmacology and molecular docking were also performed. Twelve phenolic compounds were identified in the extracts and most of them were flavonoids (apigenin, kaempferol derivatives, etc.). The water extract showed the best free radical scavenging activity, while the ethanol was the most active in reducing power tests. When inhibiting AChE, the ethyl acetate extract showed the best inhibitory effect. The water extract has a good cytotoxic effect on HepG2 (cell viability: 33.9% at a concentration of 100 g/mL). The analysis, performed using the STRING database, included these 45 cancer-associated targets. The identified hub genes were TP53, CDKN2A, PTEN, KRAS, and HRAS. In molecular docking analysis, acacetin-O-hexoside-O-deoxyhexoside and napigenin-7-O-hexoside exhibit remarkable binding energies with proteins. Consequently, S. media can be potential raw materials for designing functional formulations in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical industries.

Tracing the origin of raw materials used for the production of ancient ceramics: a case study of multi-period archaeological sites in the Turopolje area (Continental Croatia)

The selection of raw materials for ancient pottery production was influenced by a variety of technological and cultural factors, underscoring the importance of characterising these materials to understand the technology of ancient societies. This research examines ancient ceramics from two multi-period archaeological sites: Staro Čiče-Gradišće (Neolithic, Copper Age, Copper/Early Bronze Age, Early Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age, Roman period, and Late Mediaeval period) and Kurilovec-Belinščica (Early Bronze Age and Middle/Late Bronze Age), alongside potential clayey raw materials collected near these settlements. Using a multi-analytical approach (optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, mass and emission spectrometry, and laser granulometry), the research aims to determine the characteristics of the paste recipes (raw clay and tempers) and to examine the type and provenience of the raw materials used for ancient pottery production over different periods of the past (from the Neolithic to the Late Mediaeval period). The results showed that ancient potters preferred to use moderately plastic, sandy clay, while Bronze Age potters often used highly plastic clay. Potters utilised various non-plastic tempering materials, such as sands and gravels, grog, and mollusc shells, with their choice being influenced by the need to enhance technological properties as well as by regional and culturally determined pottery traditions. Most of the ceramics are of local origin, made from easily available raw materials that represent flood sediments of the nearby Sava River. However, non-local materials were detected in Neolithic samples, indicating the presence of exchange networks among those communities.

Natural radioactivity and technological properties of kaolinized granite from the Motajica mine, Bosnia and Herzegovina

For the production of ceramic tiles, it is necessary to use high-quality and economical raw materials, which will optimize the properties of the final product and meet the prescribed standards. For this reason, it is necessary to examine the properties of each potential raw material. This paper examines radioactivity and technological properties of kaolinized granite from the Motajica mine, in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal analysis (DTA) were carried out. In order to examine the technological (ceramic) properties of this raw material, ignition tests of the composite obtained by introducing kaolinized granite (with a content of 25 %) into the standard factory series of ceramic tiles were conducted at four selected temperatures (1050, 1100, 1120, and 1150 ℃). Total linear shrinkage, flexural strength, and water absorption were determined for the produced biscuit. Using gamma spectrometry, the activity concentrations of radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and, 40K were measured, and then the radiation risk for external exposure of workers in the industry was assessed using hazard indices and doses. The radiation risk from the use of manufactured unglazed ceramic tiles in houses was also assessed. Statistical analysis of radionuclides for 100 samples of kaolinized granite was performed using descriptive statistics and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). It was observed that the average values of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K are above the average for building materials in the world and amount respectively to 122 Bq kg−1, 96 Bq kg−1, and 1068 Bq kg−1. All other obtained values indicate that it is a quality raw material that, despite having an increased content of radioactive elements compared to the world average, does not represent a radiological hazard for workers and people who stay indoors on an annual basis. The tested raw material satisfies all technological criteria for further use and can be considered a desirable ingredient of ceramic composites because it can partially or completely replace feldspar.

A preliminary investigation of banana pseudo-stem (Musa cavendish) for pulp and paper production: morphology, chemical composition, FTIR, XRD and thermogravimetric analysis

Abstract In today’s world, the use of paper and cardboard increasing but the availability of raw materials and the environmental impact on the paper industry is a big concern. To address these concerns, researchers are exploring the potential of agricultural waste products as raw materials for pulp production. This study uses morphological, chemical composition, FTIR, XRD, and thermogravimetric analysis to examine the potential of banana pseudo-stem as a raw material for paper pulp to address environmental concerns and raw material shortages in the paper industry. The study reveals favorable characteristics for papermaking, including long fiber length (1750 μm), thin cell wall thickness (9.7 μm), and large lumen diameter (22.15 μm). The chemical composition of banana pseudo-stem contains cellulose (44.93 %), hemicellulose (23.7 %), and Klason lignin (11.1) showing its suitability for pulp production. FTIR analysis highlights the functional groups present on the banana pseudo-stem. The XRD analysis shows that it has a similar cellulosic peak and crystallinity index with common raw materials used in pulp production. The thermogravimetric analysis shows that the banana pseudo-stem has high thermal stability. The findings demonstrate that banana pseudo-stem, both by itself and in combination with other raw materials, might be a potential raw material for the pulp production.

Production of Long-Fiber Pulp from Enset Plant Residues by Soda Pulping.

This paper evaluates the modification of fiber morphology and the strength property development of paper from Enset fiber as a function of soda pulping conditions and refining energy. Soda pulping was conducted at pulping temperatures between 160 and 180 °C. The NaOH charge was 16, 20, and 24% based on the initial raw material. The beating of pulp was conducted using a Jokro mill. The refining of pulp was conducted in a laboratory refiner at different refining intensities. The mild Jokro mill beating was not effective on Enset fiber pulp. On the other hand, the laboratory refiner effectively refined the pulp. The fiber morphology was altered in the way of improving the paper formation and strength. The beating degree of the pulp was increased to about 49 °SR. The tensile index was enhanced to around 80 Nm/g using a refining energy input of 250 kwh/t. From the results, it can be concluded that Enset fiber pulp is suitable for packaging papers due to its high strength level. On the other hand, Enset fiber can be a potential raw material for specialty papers like filter paper and tea bags because of its high porosity.

Synthesis of Bio lubricant from Bhallataka oil

The demand for a renewable and biodegradable lubricant as a substitute for fossil fuel-based lubricant has increased due to strong environmental concerns and expanding regulations over contamination and pollution in the environment. This study investigated the potential of using Semecarpus anacardium L.f. oil, which was identified as a potential raw material for biodiesel, as a feed stock for bio lubricants. Epoxidation and hydrolysis reactions were used to synthesize bio-lubricant. Epoxidized SA L.f oil was made using peroxyformic acid, which was produced on the spot by reacting hydrogen peroxide and formic acid with sulfuric acid acting as a catalyst. The oxirane value of the oil was 3.77, indicating that the unsaturated bonds were almost entirely converted to oxirane, while the iodine value decreased from 90.7 to 2.01 mg I2/g. ESAO

Analysis of Pyrophyllite Quality as a Potential Industrial Raw Material in Argotirto Area, Sumbermanjing Wetan District, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia

The Argotirto area, Sumbermanjing Wetan District, Malang Regency, East Java is one of area which had industrial mineral, namely pyrophyllite. Pyrophyllite minerals in this area were generally found in rocks that have been altered by hydrothermal alteration. Pyrophyllite is an industrial mineral that can be used as a raw material in various industries. This research aims to determine the geological conditions, physical properties, mineralogical and geochemical properties of pyrophyllite in the research area and to determine the quality of pyrophyllite as a potential industrial raw material. The methods used in this research were megascopic analysis, petrographic analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, and X-Ray Fluorescene (XRF), and the quality assessment of pyrophyllite using the standard of PT Gunung Bale, SNI No. 15-1023-1989, and SNI No. 15-1325-1989. The lithology in the study area consists of basaltic lava, andesite breccia, dacitic tuff breccia, dacite intrusion, and limestone. Pyrophyllite in the study area has a quality ranging from low grade to high grade. The EIP sample is classified as high grade quality and can be used as raw materials for the refractory industry, class I refractory materials, and materials for making fine ceramics. The WSP sample is classified as medium grade quality, and can be used as class III refractory materials. The DSP sample is classified as low grade quality, and can be used as a class III refractory material.