Potential Gas Research Articles

Assessment of the oil and gas potential of the eastern edge of the Northern Ustyurt using new geophysical data

Purpose. Detailed substantiation of the geological structure of the eastern edge of the Northern Ustyurt, clarification of modern geological and geophysical data, as well as highlighting the mainstages of evaluating the results of exploration work to confirm the oil and gas potential and subsequent exploitation of the fields. Methodology. The authors used the following scientific methods: generalization – to systematize scientific provisions; analogy and comparison – to characterize deflection in different periods; analysis and synthesis – to substantiate geological and geophysical data; algorithmmization – to determine conceptual provisions regarding the assessment of the oil and gas bearing capacity of the trough. Findings. In order to achieve the goals, the indicators of oil and gas capacity in the areas of the eastern side of the Northern Ustyurt of different geological ages were substantiated. The geological and geophysical features of the basin dating back to 2010 compared to modern refinement of geological data were characterized. The productive and unproductive structures of the eastern side of the Northern Ustyurt are characterized, taking into account the showing of oil and gas based on deposits of different geological ages. The importance of conducting geological exploration and creating corresponding cartographic materials is justified, followed by the design of predictive graphical models, geological sections, and a detailed plan of the territory. Originality. The influence of high hydro carbon generation rates on the further identification of “oil windows” has been substantiated for the first time. The hierarchical levels of predicting the oil and gas content of the trough are identified. The necessity of improving the mechanisms for assessing oil and gas content is substantiated. Practical value. The substantiation of the features of the assessment of the oil and gas content of the of the eastern edge of the Northern Ustyurt, which should be based on forecasting promising areas of prospecting, is the key to distinguishing between productive and unproductive objects, determining their real scale and directing investment flow precisely to promising areas with minimal environmental and economic losses.

Mechanisms of Reservoir Space Preservation in Ultra-Deep Shales: Insights from the Ordovician–Silurian Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation, Eastern Sichuan Basin

This study aims to explore the reservoir characteristics and formation mechanisms of ultra-deep shale gas in the Ordovician–Silurian Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation in the Sichuan Basin in order to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the exploration and development of ultra-deep shale gas. With recent breakthroughs in ultra-deep shale gas exploration, understanding its organic matter development, mineral composition, and reservoir space characteristics has become particularly important. The background of this research lies in the significant potential of ultra-deep shale gas, which remains inadequately understood, necessitating an in-depth analysis of its pore structure and reservoir quality. Through a systematic study of the ultra-deep shale in well FS1 of Sichuan Basin, that the following was found: (i) The ultra-deep shale in the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation is mainly composed of quartz and clay minerals, exhibiting high total organic carbon (TOC) and high porosity characteristics, indicating it is in an overmature thermal evolution stage. (ii) Organic pores and microcracks in the ultra-deep shale are more developed compared to middle-shallow and deep shale, forming a complex pore structure that is conducive to gas storage. (iii) In the diagenesis process, the dissolution and recrystallization of the biogenic skeleton promote the cementation between autogenetic quartz particles, forming a rigid skeleton that effectively inhibits the impact of mechanical compaction. (iv) The overpressure environment created by the hydrocarbon generation process, along with gas production from hydrocarbon cracking, can effectively offset the mechanical compaction of overburden pressure on micropores, and this overpressure environment also promotes the further development of microfractures, which is beneficial for the development and preservation of ultra-deep shale pores. In summary, this study not only reveals the reservoir characteristics and formation mechanisms of ultra-deep shale but also provides essential references for the exploration and development of ultra-deep shale gas in the Sichuan Basin and similar regions, emphasizing the ongoing significance of research in this field.

Палеотектонический анализ отложений нижнеапшеронской литофациальной пачки Астраханского Прикаспия

The paleotectonic analysis of the Apsheron deposits of the Astrakhan Caspian Sia is considered. The main at-tention is paid to the analysis of the deposits of the lower Apsheron lithofacies unit, which includes the study of the thickness of the deposits, the construction of maps of thicknesses and trend values, as well as the analysis of the wave pattern of seismic works carried out in the territory of the Astrakhan Caspian Sia. The results of the study showed that during the Lower Apsheron time, significant tectonic processes took place in the region, including the growth of salt domes and the formation of alluvial fans. These processes had a significant impact on sedimentation and the distribution of sediment thicknesses. The conclusions about the influence of salt dome tectonics on sedimentation, as well as the role of paleorelief in the formation of local thickness anomalies are presented as well. The results obtained are important for understanding the geological history of the region and assessing its oil and gas potential. The data presented in the article are based on the analysis of geological data, including seismic data, and the use of paleotectonic analysis methods. The article describes in detail the research methods and provides examples of specific results obtained during the work.

Investigating the Effect of Ammonia Addition on the Performance of a Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Spark Ignition Engine Operated at Stoichiometric Conditions

Abstract Due to the pressing issue of global warming, there has been a significant focus on zero- and low-carbon fuels globally. Among hydrocarbon fuels, methane is widely used in spark ignition engines due to its abundance and relatively low carbon footprint. However, to further reduce carbon emissions, interest is growing in the use of ammonia, a zero-carbon fuel, as a partial replacement for methane. Consequently, it is crucial to investigate the impact of ammonia addition on the performance of natural gas spark ignition engines. A key challenge in studying ammonia-methane engines is that the introduction of ammonia alters the formation mechanisms of nitrogen-based pollutants, resulting in the coupling of fuel-borne and air-borne nitrogen pollutants. As a result, research on the nitrogen-based emissions of ammonia-methane engines has been limited. This study addresses this issue by differentiating between atmospheric nitrogen and fuel nitrogen elements, effectively decoupling fuel-borne and air-borne nitrogen pollutants. This approach provides valuable insights into the effects of ammonia addition on the nitrogen-based pollutant characteristics of natural gas engines. The results indicate that ammonia addition introduces N2O, a species absent in pure methane engines. The N2O primarily originates from cold wall regions and the partial oxidation of ammonia released from engine crevices during the late oxidation process. Although NO remains the dominant nitrogen-based pollutant and the amount of N2O is small, the significant greenhouse gas potential of N2O warrants further attention. Furthermore, while ammonia addition increases the NO concentration in the burning zone, it slightly reduces the NO concentration at chemical equilibrium under stoichiometric conditions. As a result, engines operating with an ammonia energy substitution ratio of 0.4 exhibit lower NOx emissions compared to those fueled solely by methane. These findings underscore the need for further research into the combustion and emission characteristics of ammonia-methane spark ignition engines.

In situ generation of cuprous oxide in metal-organic framework for significantly enhanced room-temperature ammonia sensing: Synergy enabling excellent sensitivity and selectivity

Development of effective strategies to improve the response sensitivity of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to target gases is imperative to further enhancing their application potential in gas sensing. In this work, series of CuHHTP/Cu2O (HHTP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene) composites are successfully constructed by in-situ electrochemical reduction treatment of CuHHTP, and the changing trend of first increasing and then decreasing with increase of CuHHTP electrochemical reduction degree for their sensitivity to NH3 detection is revealed. When the average size of Cu2O nanoparticles generated in CuHHTP is 3.6 nm, the corresponding CuHHTP/Cu2O-A composite exhibits the best NH3 sensing performance compared to pristine CuHHTP, including significantly enhanced response sensitivity, ultralow experimental detection limit of 10 ppb, superior selectivity, good reproducibility, and excellent response stability even after placed for 90 days. More impressively, thanks to integration and synergy of the uniformly-dispersed small-sized Cu2O nanoparticles with significantly enhanced adsorption activity and capacity for NH3, the released large amount of uncoordinated hydroxyl groups that can interact with NH3, as well as the active sites of the CuHHTP substrate itself, the 10 ppb experimental detection limit for the CuHHTP/Cu2O-A-based sensors is not only the lowest one reported in the past 10 years for NH3 sensors based on copper-containing MOF and oxide materials, but also superior to that of 0.1–1 ppm for the existing commercial NH3 sensors. This work opens the avenue for design and development of novel MOF-based sensing materials.

Ultrabroadband mid-infrared emission and gas sensing of cobalt-doped chalcogenide glass ceramics.

Mid-infrared (MIR) gain materials are of great significance for the development of MIR tunable fiber lasers. Herein, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, it is found that Ga2Se3 nanocrystals distributed in chalcogenide glass ceramics can provide new tetrahedral-coordinated sites that can be used to activate ultrabroadband MIR emissions of divalent transition metal ions, such as Co2+. Under the excitation of a 1550 nm diode laser, the transparent Ge-Ga-Se glass ceramic embedded with Co2+: Ga2Se3 nanocrystals shows an intense 2.5-5.5 µm ultrabroadband emission. The peak wavelength is located at ∼4.2 µm and the full width at half maximum exceeds 2 µm. Such emission properties, originating from the dual lattice sites of Ga3+ ions, are superior to those of transparent chalcogenide glass ceramics embedded with Co2+: ZnSe nanocrystals. Moreover, the gas detection system built based on the glass ceramic shows a sensitivity of 45.9 ppm for butane gas. Therefore, the chalcogenide glass ceramics embedded with active Co2+: Ga2Se3 nanocrystals have great potential in MIR tunable fiber lasers and gas sensing.

Enrichment conditions and resource potential of coal-rock gas in Ordos Basin, NW China

To reveal the enrichment conditions and resource potential of coal-rock gas in the Ordos Basin, this paper presents a systematic research on the sedimentary environment, distribution, physical properties, reservoir characteristics, gas-bearing characteristics and gas accumulation play of deep coals. The results show that thick coals are widely distributed in the Carboniferous–Permian of the Ordos Basin. The main coal seams Carboniferous 5# and Permian 8# in the Carboniferous–Permian have strong hydrocarbon generation capacity and high thermal evolution degree, which provide abundant materials for the formation of coal-rock gas. Deep coal reservoirs have good physical properties, especially porosity and permeability. Coal seams Carboniferous 5# and Permian 8# exhibit the average porosity of 4.1% and 6.4%, and the average permeability of 8.7×10−3 μm2 and 15.7×10−3 μm2, respectively. Cleats and fissures are developed in the coals, and together with the micropores, constitute the main storage space. With the increase of evolution degree, the micropore volume tends to increase. The development degree of cleats and fissures has a great impact on permeability. The coal reservoirs and their industrial compositions exhibit significantly heterogeneous distribution in the vertical direction. The bright coal seam, which is in the middle and upper section, less affected by ash filling compared with the lower section, and contains well-developed pores and fissures, is a high-quality reservoir interval. The deep coals present good gas-bearing characteristics in Ordos Basin, with the gas content of 7.5–20.0 m3/t, and the proportion of free gas (greater than 10%, mostly 11.0%–55.1%) in coal-rock gas significantly higher than that in shallow coals. The enrichment degree of free gas in deep coals is controlled by the number of macropores and microfractures. The coal rock pressure testing shows that the coal-limestone and coal-mudstone combinations for gas accumulation have good sealing capacity, and the mudstone/limestone (roof)-coal-mudstone (floor) combination generally indicates high coal-rock gas values. The coal-rock gas resources in the Ordos Basin were preliminarily estimated by the volume method to be 22.38×1012 m3, and the main coal-rock gas prospects in the Ordos Basin were defined. In the central-east of the Ordos Basin, Wushenqi, Hengshan–Suide, Yan'an, Zichang, and Yichuan are coal-rock gas prospects for the coal seam #8 of the Benxi Formation, and Linxian West, Mizhi, Yichuan–Huangling, Yulin, and Wushenqi–Hengshan are coal-rock gas prospects for the coal seam #5 of the Shanxi Formation, which are expected to become new areas for increased gas reserves and production.

Depositional characteristics in the Lower Congo Basin during the Cenomanian-Turonian stage: Insights from fine-grained sedimentary rocks

The Cenomanian-Turonian (C-T) stage, marked by extensive black shales and Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE 2), is pivotal for deciphering paleoceanographic conditions and the main drivers of hydrocarbon formation. Despite its significant oil and gas potential, the Lower Congo Basin (LCB) in central West Africa, particularly during the C-T stage (Likouala Formation), has been severely understudied, primarily due to limited exploration and a historical preference for other basins. Therefore, understanding the depositional characteristics of the C-T stage in the LCB is essential for elucidating paleoceanographic conditions, evaluating hydrocarbon potential and interpreting environmental changes. Due to the limited availability of published data and samples, we employed a targeted and integrated geological analysis to gain comprehensive insights, encompassing logging, lithofacies identification, thin-section observations, grain size measurements, and geochemical analyses (major, trace, and rare earth elements), to provide a cohesive and confirmatory assessment. Utilizing relative sea-level curves and geochemical indicators, and by comparing with other relevant basins, this study preliminarily identified OAE 2 stratigraphic intervals and attempted to discuss the impact of OAE 2 on organic matter enrichment in the LCB. The results indicate that, during the C-T stage, the LCB featured a restricted sea bay environment with limited terrestrial input and anoxic waters. Multiple geochemical proxies suggest that relative sea-level changes significantly affected paleoproductivity, thereby influencing organic matter enrichment. During the depositional period of Lower Likouala Formation (LLF), a relative sea-level drop resulted in weakly reducing conditions in a marginal restricted sea bay environment, leading to low primary productivity. Conversely, during the depositional period of Upper Likouala Formation (ULF), enhanced aeolian input and sea-level rise increased nutrient supply from the open ocean. This led to elevated surface marine productivity and intensified reducing conditions in the water column, forming a marginal semi-restricted sea bay environment. Enhanced reducing conditions within the lower stratigraphic intervals of the ULF are likely consequences of OAE 2. However, the marginal restricted sea bay environment and limited water exchange may have constrained the enhancement of paleoproductivity by OAE 2. These insights not only significantly enhance our understanding of the organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the LCB during the C-T stage, but also contribute to a broader comprehension of the South Atlantic's paleoceanographic conditions and the interplay between regional geological processes and global climate events during the C-T stage.

Underwater Non‐Contact and Ultra‐Fast Adaptive Self‐Healing Elastomers Based on Programmable Dissociation of Dynamic Bonds

AbstractMost of the reported self‐healing materials focus on the structure and function recovery, the influence of the damage degree on the self‐healing process has been rarely studied. In this study, an elastomer with an adaptive self‐healing function is developed based on programmable dissociation of dynamic urea bonds. The stored entropy and reversible hydrogen bonding enable the elastomer with room‐temperature self‐healing performance as the scratch depth is less than 100 µm. Thermal treatment at 75 °C is capable of inducing the cleavage of secondary urea bonds, which accelerate the dissociation of the network, leading to the repair of the middle‐size damage. Continuous increasing the temperature to 120 °C enables the dissociation of primary urea bonds, which causes further dissociation of the network, resulting in the repair of large‐scale damage. This damage‐adaptive self‐healing performance can be well maintained in an aqueous environment, and obvious improvement in the healing rate is achieved due to the water‐accelerated dissociation of urea bonds. The underwater self‐healing rate is more than 360 times faster than that in the air. Incorporation of carbon nanotubes into the network enables remote self‐healing function due to the photo‐thermal transition after irradiated by NIR light, displaying great potential in underwater gas or liquid transportation.

Tectono-sedimentary evolution and oil-gas geological significance of first to third member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Ordos Basin, NW China

Based on logging, core, thin section and geochemical analysis, the tectonic-lithofacies paleogeographic pattern of first member to third member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation (O1m1–O1m3 for short) in Ordos Basin is reconstructed, and the tectono-sedimentary evolution characteristics and oil-gas geological significance are discussed. The results are obtained in four aspects. First, a set of marginal argillaceous dolomites with high gamma ray value developed steadily and diachronously at the bottom of Majiagou Formation, which distributed over the Huaiyuan Movement unconformity, with δ13C values positive drift characteristics comparable to global transgression of the Early Ordovician Floplian. Second, the global sea level rose and the ancient land was submerged into the underwater uplift in O1m1 to O1m2, and the central uplift was deposited for the first time in the Ordovician, forming a tectonic pattern of “one uplift and two depressions”. Subsequently, the subduction and extrusion outside the basin and the differentiation of uplift and depression in the basin of O1m3 resulted in the activation of the Wushenqi–Jingbian bulge. Third, the evolution of the tectonic pattern had a significant impact on the sedimentary paleoenvironment. The O1m1 overlaps westward, and saline lagoon is formed in eastern depression and influenced by the transgression. The transgression continued in O1m2 and resulted in communication with the wide sea, and the large-scale grain shoal developed around eastern depression, and the late dry shrinkage formed a small scale evaporite lagoon in upper part. Under the influence of highland sealing in O1m3, the water body gradually differentiated into dolomitic gypsum and saline lagoons to the east, and the grain shoal spread along the highs around sag. Fourth, the source rocks developed diachronously at the bottom of Majiagou Formation form a favorable source-reservoir assemblage with the shoal facies reservoir distributed around the slope of O1m2–O1m3, and they have certain exploration potential for natural gas.

Magnetostratigraphy of the upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous deposits of the Bolshekhetskaya structural terrace

Relevance. The confinement of hydrocarbon deposits to certain stratigraphic horizons, poor knowledge of the northeast of Western Siberia and adjacent territories, including the magnetostratigraphic method, with their oil and gas potential (over the past 10 years, four unique hydrocarbon deposits have been discovered here), the boreal nature of the deposits, and the need for remote magnetostratigraphic correlations. Aim. To create a magnetostratigraphic reference section of the northeast of Western Siberia. Objects. Sections of deep wells of the Pendomayakhskaya, Vostochno Suzunskaya, Vostochno Lodochnaya and Gorchinskaya areas of the Bolshekhetskaya structural terrace, which exposed the Lower Cretaceous and upper parts of the Upper Jurassic (Yanovstan Formation) deposits. Methods. Paleomagnetic studies were carried out according to standard methods and included sampling of core samples with an "up-down" orientation, sample preparation (kappametry, marking of samples, photographing, sawing), measurement of magnetic susceptibility, temporary cleaning (the samples were located along the field during a week, then a week-against the field with determination of residual magnetization), complete demagnetization by alternating magnetic field, plotting of complete demagnetization, mass cleaning, determination of components of natural residual magnetization, assessment of paleomagnetic stability, identification of forward and reverse polarity zones, construction of paleomagnetic sections. To construct the magnetostratigraphic sections given in this article, the paleomagnetic and biostratigraphic data are linked. For this purpose, magnetochrons were identified using biostratigraphic analysis. Results. The authors have compiled a composite magnetostratigraphic section of the boundary Jurassic-Cretaceous deposits of the Bolshekhetskaya structural terrace and identified four magnetozones with subzones of direct and reverse polarity, compared with the Berriasian ammonite scale. The high information content of the results of magnetostratigraphy research under boreal conditions was noted.

Oil and gas potential of ancient Riphean sediments of the East European Platform (Mezen syneclise) based on basin analysis

Oil and gas potential of ancient Riphean sediments of the East European Platform (Mezen syneclise) based on basin analysis

Methodological approaches to evaluation of oil and gas potential of pre-Jurassic sediments in the Southern West Siberia

Methodological approaches to evaluation of oil and gas potential of pre-Jurassic sediments in the Southern West Siberia

Hydrocarbon generation potential in Jurassic source rocks from hydrous pyrolysis experiments under ultradeep conditions

This study investigates the hydrocarbon generation potential of Jurassic source rocks under ultradeep conditions by utilizing semiclosed system hydrous pyrolysis experiments to simulate the geological processes at play. This study examines four distinct lithologies (shale, mudstone, carbonaceous mudstone, and coal) and three kerogen types (I, II, and III) across a temperature range of 250–650 °C and fluid pressures ranging from 34 to 100 MPa. The results indicate a bimodal distribution in total oil yields, with peak generation observed at approximately 350 °C and 600 °C. This pattern suggests a complex relationship between temperature, pressure, kerogen type, and hydrocarbon output. Notably, while I-Shale and II-Mudstone display higher hydrocarbon efficiency, III-type rocks exhibit superior oil and gas production rates because of their higher total organic carbon content. Research revealed that the oil expulsion rate exceeds 99% at temperatures above 500 °C, with the expelled oil predominantly comprising nonhydrocarbons and asphaltenes. Our findings suggest that Jurassic hydrocarbon source rocks maintain oil and gas potential under ultradeep conditions (high-over maturity stages at depths exceeding 6000 m). Under sustained fluid overpressure exceeding 70 MPa, the hydrocarbon generation peaks of various kerogen types in source rocks are markedly delayed. This phenomenon enables the source rocks to retain the potential for liquid hydrocarbon generation even during the stages of overmaturity. The results significantly enhance the theoretical framework of hydrocarbon generation under ultradeep conditions, thereby providing a crucial extension to the existing thermal boundary theory of hydrocarbon formation. These insights are crucial for the oil and gas industry, directing future exploration efforts towards ultradeep reservoirs and informing the development of new technologies to exploit these resources. This research not only enhances the understanding of subsurface hydrocarbon systems but also has implications for strategies aimed at maximizing resource recovery and managing the environmental impact of deep Earth exploration.

A Comparative Review of Graphene and MXene-Based Composites towards Gas Sensing.

Graphene and MXenes have emerged as promising materials for gas sensing applications due to their unique properties and superior performance. This review focuses on the fabrication techniques, applications, and sensing mechanisms of graphene and MXene-based composites in gas sensing. Gas sensors are crucial in various fields, including healthcare, environmental monitoring, and industrial safety, for detecting and monitoring gases such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ammonia (NH3). Conventional metal oxides like tin oxide (SnO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) have been widely used, but graphene and MXenes offer enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and response times. Graphene-based sensors can detect low concentrations of gases like H2S and NH3, while functionalization can improve their gas-specific selectivity. MXenes, a new class of two-dimensional materials, exhibit high electrical conductivity and tunable surface chemistry, making them suitable for selective and sensitive detection of various gases, including VOCs and humidity. Other materials, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and conducting polymers, have also shown potential in gas sensing applications, which may be doped into graphene and MXene layers to improve the sensitivity of the sensors.

Unveiling the potential of newly synthesized 2D TMCC monolayer for H2S gas sensing: A DFT study

The 2D monolayer of transition metal carbo-dichalcogenide (TMCC) has been recently synthesized from its bulk form. It is a unique blend of MXenes and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), offering superior properties compared to its individual parent components. TMCC has not yet been explored for its potential in gas sensing applications, motivating us to investigate its performance for detecting H2S gas molecule. The pristine monolayer of TMCC (Nb2S2C) exhibited weak H2S adsorption energy (-0.18 eV), leading to low sensitivity, poor selectivity, underscoring surface modification. The decoration strategy was incorporated by considering transition metal (TM) atoms like Ti, Co, Cu, Pd and Ag. Ti and Co decorated TMCC showed superior H2S gas sensing performance. Ti showed maximum binding energy (-5.44 eV) followed by Co (-4.91 eV). The adsorption energy of H2S on Ti and Co decorated TMCC were comparable having values of -1.08 eV and -1.09 eV respectively while showing respective practical recovery time of 6 s and 8.5 s at 350 K, respectively. The improved adsorption mechanism is due to orbital interaction and charge transfer. Work function sensitivity and thermal stability upto 400 K was assessed. The study shows Ti and Co decorated TMCC monolayer as a suitable candidate for H2S sensing, inspiring experimentalists to fabricate TMCC-based H2S sensors.

The effect of hydrogen gas on the oxidative stress response in adipose tissue

Oxidative stress in adipose tissue may alter the secretion pattern of adipocytokines and potentially promote atherosclerosis. However, the therapeutic role of hydrogen in adipose tissue under oxidative stress remains unclear. In this study, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) was collected from the mid-thoracic wounds of 12 patients who underwent open-heart surgery with a mid-thoracic incision. The adipose tissue was then immersed in a culture medium dissolved with hydrogen, which was generated using a hydrogen-generating device. The weight of the adipose tissue was measured before and after hydrogenation, and the tissue was immunostained for nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), which are markers of oxidative stress. The immunostaining results showed that HO-1 and Nrf2 expression levels were significantly decreased in the hydrogenated group, whereas SOD expression levels increased, but did not attain statistical significance. Image analysis of adipose tissue revealed that a reduction in adipocyte size. Furthermore, hydrogenated adipose tissue showed a trend toward increased gene expression levels of adiponectin and decreased gene expression levels of chemerin, an adipocytokine involved in adipogenesis. These results demonstrated the therapeutic potential of hydrogen gas for oxidative stress in adipose tissue and for reducing adipocyte size.

Part-per-Billion (Ppb)-Level Acetylene Sensor Employing Optical Quartz Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (QEPAS) with an Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) and a Fiber-Optic Fabry–Perot Interferometer

An all-optical double-pass quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensor for the detection of acetylene (C2H2) at part-per-billion (ppb) levels was developed and experimentally validated. By employing an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) capable of emitting up to 1 W of optical power, a commercial quartz tuning fork (QTF) resonating at 30.7 kHz, and double-pass acoustic microresonators, the amplitude of the QEPAS signal was significantly enhanced, thereby improving the sensitivity of the C2H2-QEPAS sensor. Instead of using piezoelectric detection in conventional QEPAS, a highly sensitive fiber-optic Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI) was employed to measure the vibration of the QTF prong. A working point self-stabilizing technique was exploited to improve the demodulation sensitivity and stability. The linear response of the sensor to laser power and C2H2 concentration confirmed that no saturation occurred. With an excitation laser power of 1 W and a C2H2 absorption line of 1532.83 nm, a C2H2 minimum detection limit (MDL) of 19.1 ppb was achieved, corresponding to a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient (NNEA) of 1.58 × 10−8 cm−1∙W∙Hz−1/2. Owing to its high sensitivity, long-term stability, and immunity to electromagnetic interferences, the QEPAS sensor provides considerable potential for remote gas sensing in environmental monitoring and other applications.

Enhancing sustainable energy production through biomass gasification gas technology: a review

This proposed research investigates the sustainable and innovative use of biomass gasification for generating electricity. Biomass gasification is a versatile and eco-friendly technology that converts organic materials, such as agricultural residues, forestry waste, and even municipal solid waste, into a valuable source of clean energy. This research delves into the various aspects of this technology, including its processes, efficiency, environmental impact, and potential applications in power generation. Biomass gasification gas, often referred to as syngas, presents a promising avenue for addressing the rising energy demand while lowering greenhouse gas emissions and preventing climate change. This research seeks to offer a thorough insight into the principles and practices behind biomass gasification, highlighting its role in the transition towards a sustainable and renewable energy future. The research will investigate the technical and economic feasibility of utilizing biomass gasification gas for electricity generation, examining the benefits, challenges, and opportunities associated with this alternative energy source. By addressing critical issues such as feedstock availability, gasifier technology, gas cleaning processes, and power plant integration, this study seeks to offer valuable insights into the potential of biomass gasification gas as a clean and renewable energy solution.

Evaluation of gas content in organic-rich shale: A review of the history, current status, and future directions

Shale gas is being hailed as the green energy of the future due to high heating value, low carbon emissions, and large reserves. Gas content of shale is a key parameter for evaluating the shale gas potential and screening for the shale gas sweet spots. Although the concept of gas content has been well defined, obtaining a reliable gas content data still remains a challenge. A significant barrier is the method for evaluating the gas content. In this paper, we provide a review of the long-established and recently developed gas content evaluation methods. In the first part of this review article, the history of gas content evaluation methods is summarized since 1910s, relied on published and unpublished literatures as well as our own experiences. Then, the fundamental contents and concepts involved in gas content evaluation are introduced to provide a clear theoretical foundation for the methods. In the third part, eleven evaluation methods, including four direct methods and seven indirect methods, are systematically reviewed. In each method, its application to evaluating the gas content is presented, the key advances are highlighted, and the advantages and limitations are discussed. Finally, future directions are discussed to promote creative thinking across disciplines to develop new methods or improve current methods for evaluating the gas content more accurately and efficiently.