Potential Non-carcinogenic Health Risks Research Articles

Quantification and health risk assessment due to heavy metals in potable water to the population living in the vicinity of a proposed nuclear power project site in Haryana, India

This study reports heavy metals’ concentrations in groundwater in the proximity of proposed nuclear power project site in Fatehabad district of Haryana, India. Heavy metals’ quantification was done using flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The average concentration of metals was: Zn (0.20±0.72 mg L−1), Cu (0.13±0.11 mg L−1), Ni (0.20±0.05 mg L−1), Fe (0.16±0.10 mg L−1), Cr (0.13±0.05 mg L−1), Cd (0.02±0.004 mg L−1) and Co (0.07±0.02 mg L−1). Ni, Cr and Cd concentrations were higher than WHO and Indian Standards (IS: 10500). Multivariate statistical techniques, viz. inter-metal correlation, cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis were applied for the interpretation of data. Significantly, positive correlations were observed between Fe and Cr (r = 0.341; p < 0.01) and Co and Cr (r = 0.441; p < 0.01). The results of inter-metal correlation were further supported by CA as primary cluster pairs were found for Cr–Co, Fe–Cr and Ni–Cd in groundwater. Potential non-carcinogenic health risks of heavy metals were calculated using Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) methods. For non-cancer risks, HQ values were in the following order: Cd (2.16 ± 0.53) ##xgt; Ni (0.67 ± 0.19) ##xgt; Cu (0.21 ± 0.18) ##xgt; Zn (0.04 ± 0.13) ##xgt; Fe (0.02 ± 0.01) ##xgt; Cr (0.01 ± 0.003) for inhabitants of the study area. HI results indicate non-carcinogenic risk to general public of this area through consumption of groundwater.

Source identification and health impact of PM2.5 in a heavily polluted urban atmosphere in China

Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to identify the types of PM2.5 sources and corresponding mass contributions to PM2.5 mass concentrations using PM2.5 measurements obtained from Dec. 2007 to Oct. 2008 in Jinan, which is a highly polluted city in China. The reconstructed mass concentrations from six sources matched the observations, and the resolved sources constituted 98.91% of the PM2.5 mass concentrations. Secondary sources, the major source contributor, accounted for 55.15% of PM2.5 mass concentration, while several other sources, including coal burning (20.98%), soil dust (9.30%), motor vehicles (6.06%), biomass burning (4.55%), and industry (2.87%), contributed a total of 43.76%. The non-carcinogenic risk estimates showed the elemental risk for Mn, Co, S and Cr were high, with values larger than 0.1 being observed for the three groups. The total elemental risk in Jinan for the three groups was higher than 1, and the largest risk was present for children between the age of 6–12 followed by that for children between 2 and 6 years of age, indicating that citizens in Jinan, particularly children, faced more serious potential non-carcinogenic health risks.

Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic and heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mn) in TSP and PM2.5 in Nanjing, China

The bioaccessibility and human health risks of As and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Cr, Cd and Mn) in total suspended particulates (TSP) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Nanjing, China were investigated. The average mass concentration ratios of PM2.5 to TSP were 0.61 for Gulou sampling site and 0.50 for Pukou sampling site, respectively. Zn, Pb, Mn and Cu were the most abundant elements among the studied metal(loid)s in both TSP and PM2.5. The results of a simple bioaccessibility extraction test of the studied metal(loid)s varied among elements, with Cd, Zn, Mn, Pb and As showing the higher bioaccessibility. The carcinogenic risks of As, Cd, Co, Cr and Ni in both TSP and PM2.5 via dermal contact and inhalation exposure were within the acceptable level (<1 × 10−4) for both children and adults, but there was potential carcinogenic risk posed by Pb via ingestion to children and adults. The hazard index values for all of the studied elements suggested no non-carcinogenic health risks via ingestion and dermal contact, but a potential non-carcinogenic health risk via inhalation to adults. Values of hazard quotient and hazard index indicated the non-carcinogenic risks from the studied metal(loid)s to children via ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation pathways in Nanjing given the present air quality.

Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic, mercury and other metals in urban street dusts from a mega-city, Nanjing, China

The oral bioaccessibility and the human health risks of As, Hg and other metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr, Mn, V and Fe) in urban street dusts from different land use districts in Nanjing (a mega-city), China were investigated. Both the total contents and the oral bioaccessibility estimated by the Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test (SBET) of the studied elements varied with street dusts from different land use districts. Cd, Zn, Mn, Pb, Hg and As showed high bioaccessibility. SBET-extractable contents of elements were significantly correlated with their total contents and the dust properties (pH, organic matter contents). The carcinogenic risk probability for As and Cr to children and adults were under the acceptable level (<1 × 10 −4). Hazard Quotient values for single elements and Hazard Index values for all studied elements suggested potential non-carcinogenic health risk to children, but not to adults.

Cécité corticale secondaire à une intoxication au monoxyde de carbone

Despite the benefits of seafood's consumption, the bioaccumulation of metals in fish can endanger consumers' health. This study analyzed lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As), and Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in fillet and gill of parrotfish (Scarus ghobban) using flame atomic adsorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks due to consumption of Scarus ghobban fillet were assessed by estimating average target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) and Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk cancer risk (ILCR) of the analyzed metals. This study indicated that Cd, Pb, As and Hg concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and national standard limits. The meal concentrations (μg/kg dry weight) in both fillet and gill were ranked as follows Pb > Cd > As > Hg. THQ and TTHQ were lower than 1 for adults and children, indicating that consumers were not at considerable non-carcinogenic risk. However, ILCR value for As was greater than 10−4, indicating that consumers are at carcinogenic risk. Overall, this research highlighted that although the consumption of parrotfish from the Persian Gulf does not pose non-carcinogenic health risks, carcinogenic risks derived from toxic As can be detrimental for local consumers.