Potential Landfill Research Articles

Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Site Selection Based on Fuzzy-AHP and Geoinformation Techniques in Asir Region Saudi Arabia

One of the main issues with solid waste management is finding appropriate sites for landfill. Non-scientific and inappropriate disposal practices have a negative impact on the environment which affects the quality of life. The study provides an integrated framework with a focus on structuring the decision-making process for the landfill suitability site map. This could be determined by the use of proper data collection, criterion weighting and normalization. In order to understand the procedures that affect the suitability of landfill sites, the integrated GIS-based fuzzy-AHP-MCDA method was implemented to appropriate landfill site for Abha-Khamis-Mushyet located in Aseer region Following the extensive literature review and expert opinion, 10 themes were selected for this study such as drainage density, land use/land cover (LULC), slope, elevation, lineament density, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), rainfall, distance from the airport, distance from road, and geology. These themes have been developed through RS (remote sensing) and conventional data. Subsequently, potential landfill sites were identified and divided into five classes: very low suitable (fuzzy value 0.20–0.45), low suitable (0.46–0.55), moderately suitable (0.56–0.65), high suitable (0.66–0.75), and very high suitable (0.76–0.92). According to the statistical analysis, 23.91% and 3.67% of the total area were within a very good and good landfill area, while 38.14% and 22.84% accounted for the moderate and poor suitable zone, respectively. As a quality-based site, the existing two landfill sites were located over a very low suitable and low suitable potential area while one landfill site was located over the high suitable∙ The spatial variance of high and very high potential landfill site zones found in the north-eastern, east-central and south-eastern parts of the watershed. The sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the efficacy of each parameter and reveals that the effective weights for each theme differ slightly from the theoretical weight assigned to the landfill site suitability zone. This technique and its findings can provide an appropriate guideline to assist hydrogeologists, engineers, regional planners, and decision-makers in selecting an optimal landfill site in the future.

Landfill site selection using GIS based multi criteria evaluation technique. A case study of Srinagar city, India

Selection of a landfill site in an urban area like Srinagar is a captious issue due to the involvement of multitude of parameters. The decisive parameters are of environmental, economic and social in nature, some of them conflicting, which makes landfill site selection a tedious and complex process. This study focuses on the identification of potential landfill sites in Srinagar city based on Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing; using techniques such as Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Selection of landfill site by the integration of GIS and MCE can be an efficient technique which simultaneously pays attention to all restrictions. GIS has the capability to handle and simulate the necessary constraints while MCE makes it possible to generate and rank the alternatives according to their attractiveness. Five potential sites are identified which fulfil MoEF and CPCB guidelines. Land Suitability Index (LSI) is used to find the extent of suitability of different sites on the basis of environmental considerations while Total Hauling Distance (THD) is used for evaluating sites from economy point of view. The results obtained showed that 98.69% of the study area is restricted. Weights are calculated by AHP using 45 pairwise comparisons with Consistency Ratio equal to 3.2%. Cartographic analysis is performed using ESRI ArcGIS 10.5 software.

Health Conditions of Landfills Workers, Lagos State, Nigeria

This study investigated health conditions of landfills workers in Lagos State, Nigeria. The adverse effects of different management practices particularly from landfills are enormous with such concerns on health conditions of workers prompted the interest of this paper. The objective was to identify the causative agents associated with diseases occurring amongst landfill workers and to evaluate its potential health issues including psychological effects, diseases, and accidents of solid waste on humans while also identifying types of sicknesses amongst workers at Landfill Sites in Lagos State. The research design adopted was a survey descriptive method. Convenience sampling technique was employed to select 336 respondents using questionnaire which was structured on a 2-6-point Likert Scale. The Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficients for the constructs ranged between 0.727 and 0.930. The response rate was 75.5% and data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Data gathered were analyzed with the aid of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) via Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). The result obtained indicate a significant and positive relationship between causative agents associated with diseases and landfill workers in Lagos State. Results also showed a positive correlation between potential health effects and landfill workers in Lagos State. It further showed that the levels of heavy metals in the soil were within acceptable limit relative to World Health Organization’s standard. It is also noted that people living and doing business in the landfill were at risk from diseases. Microbial organisms such as E. coli, Salmonella Sp, Klebsiella Sp, Staphylcoccus aureus and Psendomonas Sp were also isolated. Provision of solid waste workers with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), restriction of access to landfill sites, and review of existing laws to ensure compliance are strongly recommended.

Araztegi-lokatzak jasotako lurzoruaren analisi toxikologikoa zizare eta landareak erabiliz

Urtetik urtera areagotzen diren giza populazioak eta jarduera industrialak zabortegi, isuri-puntu eta betetze guneen emendioa eragin du. Zabortegi horien artean, 48046-00181 kodearekin, «17-zabortegia» dago, Gernika-Lumon kokatua (43°19’28,9”N 2°40’30,9”W.). Zabortegi horretan, Gernikako araztegiko arazketa-lokatzak isuri izan ziren ongarri gisa urteetan zehar; eta, horrela, Gernikako industrian sortutako hainbat kutsatzaile (metal astunak, PAHak, pestizidak, etab.) bertan lurperatu ziren. Isurketaren eraginez gehien kaltetutako espezieen artean, azpimarratzekoak dira landareak eta zizareak edo antzeko lurzoruko ornogabeak; batez ere, berorien eta lurzoru-matrizearen arteko kontaktu estuagatik. Testuinguru horretan, lan honen helburua da lokatz horien isurketak eragindako efektuen ebaluazio bat gauzatzea, lurzoruari beste erabilera bat emate aldera; eta, horretarako, zabalki ezagunak diren test estandarizatu eta biomarkatzaileak erabiliko dira: organismo (uraza eta zizare), denbora (3, 7, 28 eta 56 egunera) eta konplexutasun biologiko desberdinetan (zelula-mailatik populazio-mailara arte). Besteak beste, OECD-204 (toxikotasun akutuaren testa), OECD-222 (ugalketa-testa) eta kaltzeina AM bideragarritasun-testak aplikatu ziren Eisenia fetida zizarean, paraleloki, Lactuca sativa landareetan ernetze- eta elongazio-testak gauzatu ziren heinean. Azterketa toxikologikoen ostean, kontrolarekiko desberdintasun esanguratsuak ikusi ziren: erauzitako zelomozito kantitatean, bideragarritasun zelularrean, ehunetan metatutako metal-kontzentrazioetan, hazkuntza-parametroetan (pisu-galeran) eta ugalketa-parametroetan, kutsatzaileek lurzoru biotan eragindako afekzioa berretsiz. L. sativa espeziarekin egindako frogetan, aldiz, ez zen desberdintasun nabarmenik preziatu talde esperimentalen artean.

Analysis of modern methodical approaches to determination of locations of solid waste landfills

The need to introduce resource-saving technologies and environmental policies at both international and regional levels, the rapid growth of the world's population in recent centuries and related processes of industrialization, urbanization, intensification of agricultural production, increasing energy demand and, consequently, increasing waste , polluting the environment further complicates the task of substantiating the location of new landfills and assessing existing ones. In Ukraine, the issue of waste management is regulated by a number of legislative acts, plans, strategies, recommendations, they contain high-quality criteria for assessing the selected site for solid waste, but none of them has clear guidelines for identifying places for potential landfills. That would meet all the above criteria. The authors consider the problem of the lack of methods for selecting sites for landfills in Ukraine in terms of decentralization and reform in the field of waste. The experience of scientists from Russia, America, Serbia, Ethiopia, Italy, China, etc. is also analyzed, their systems of site selection, features, advantages and disadvantages are clarified. In such circumstances, an important scientific and practical task is to improve methodological approaches to determining the location of landfills and the development of land management projects for the allocation of land for landfills, because currently there is no such methodology. At the same time, the methods developed by foreign scientists need to be improved and even if they are used in Ukraine, they require adaptation to local, regional and other conditions.

Optimal Sanitary Landfill Site Selection for Solid Waste Disposal in Durgapur City Using Geographic Information System and Multi-criteria Evaluation Technique

The government authorities in developing countries are awfully concerned with coping out the problems of the rising issues related to the disposal of solid wastes. Most of the Indian cities still dispose of solid waste unscientifically causing to severe environmental as well as public health problems. Geographic information systems (GIS) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) have emerged as efficient tools for multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in effective solutions of solid waste management. The present study focuses on the integration of GIS and AHP in identifying potential sanitary landfill areas for solid waste disposal in Durgapur city, West Bengal, India. Eleven criteria were selected viz. land elevation, slope, soil, geology, land use land cover, distance to surface water, distance to tube wells, distance to roads, distance to industrial belts, distance to sensitive places, and land cost. All the criteria were aggregated using weighted overlay analysis in GIS environment. The study identified three potential landfill areas for MSW disposal covering the areas of 13.83854, 33.80678, and 27.20085 ha, respectively, in Durgapur city. The result found that land cost value was the most significant criterion in the model with a weight of 0.25258. Followed by land cost value, sensitive places and roads were the second and third most important criteria with a weight value of 0.1409 and 0.1233, respectively.

Mobilizing Communities to Sustainably Produce Face Masks: Public Health Practice in the Time of COVID-19

Background: Face mask shortages in health care and use recommendations and requirements in a variety of com-munity and professional contexts associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States created initial and ongoing demand for face masks. In March 2020, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provided guidelines for use of cotton masks for individuals in health care settings and in public. Community volun-teers provide a potential workforce to rapidly and flexibly address critical needs in emergent circumstances.
 Methods: People Protecting Each-other Sustainably (PPEs) was developed to recruit and manage over 100 Northeast Ohio volunteers. People Protecting Each-other Sustainably used the social media platform Facebook to facilitate material donations, volunteer recruitment and training, and to function as an ongoing central communications hub. Leaders used an assembly line process with zero contact pick up and drop off at multiple stages of production to allow safe assembly and distribution of face masks.
 Results: A total of 7 695 handmade face masks were created to distribute to local frontline responders in 10 weeks. Use of upsourced and donated materials allowed this project to reduce potential landfill waste and made a zero cost project possible. Volunteers had positive responses to the project and reported benefits from their participation.
 Conclusion: This model has been successfully recreated by a smaller group in Geauga County, Ohio, with similarly successful results. Clearly this model of community mobilization has the potential to be replicated in other state of emer-gency crises and emergency response situations to produce lifesaving or necessary equipment when industry standard equipment is not readily available.

Landfill leachate treatment by electrocoagulation: Effects of current density and electrolysis time

Electrocoagulation (EC) was investigated as a potential landfill leachate treatment technique. EC was performed using a laboratory-scale 2L reactor, with aluminum electrodes, with an aim to find the most efficient conditions of current density (J) and electrolysis time. The rate of coagulant generation was observed to be high for a high applied current. The best removal efficiencies were obtained by applying J of 128 A m−² for 90 min of electrolysis, removing 82 %, 82 %, 40 %, 90 %, and 40 % of color, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, and ultraviolet absorbance at a wavelength of 254 (Abs254), respectively. The removal rates were slow for the smallest J applied. The sulfates showed complete removal with a J of 96 and 64 A m−² and the pH of the leachate increased with increasing electrolysis time and J owing to electrogenerated hydroxyl (OH−) ions. Electrocoagulation exhibited more efficient BOD removal (84 %–90 %), indicating its excellent capability of removing biodegradable organic material from wastewater.

Uses GIS in Town Planning (Case Study: Landfill Site Selection of Al-Nasiriyah City in Iraq.) (Dept. C (Public Works) )

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GIS-based potential landfill site selection using MCDM-AHP modeling of Gondar Town, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Selecting an appropriate landfill site is one of the major problems of towns and cities. This study was aimed to map the optimum suitable landfill sites in Gondar town, Ethiopia. To achieve the objectives, a GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation method was employed. Nine-criteria were considered to select appropriate landfill sites. The result of the suitability map shows that about 4.5% of the study area is highly suitable for the landfill site. The result of this study could be used as an initial input for further detailed identification of landfill site selection to enhance the waste disposal management of Gondar town.

Suitability analysis for municipal landfill site selection using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and geospatial technique

One of the most important challenges in solid waste management throughout the world is selection of suitable landfill sites. It is essential for solid waste management, because unscientific dumping and landfilling of waste could negatively impact the environment and human health. This research presents a GIS-based multi-criteria decision support approach for assessing the suitability analysis for landfill site selection in Kolkata Municipal Corporation, India. In highly urbanized areas of Kolkata, there is stress regarding the location of potential landfill sites, because existing waste dumping ground, i.e., Dhapa have no longer space to hold waste after 2 or 3 years. The availability of land is also a major tension than financial assistance in the study area. Therefore, the present study developed a methodological framework for locating suitable landfill candidate sites and selecting the best alternatives. Thus, 20 relevant alternatives were selected and relative weight calculated using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. The geographic information system was considered to arrange the spatial and aspatial data. The alternatives of all criteria were rated from 1–5 scale indicating lowest to highest suitability for landfill. The weighted linear combination was performed between different criteria for modeling suitable candidate sites. The results revealed that throughout the study area, initially, 16 candidate sites were identified based on geospatial analysis, but out of them, 13 sites cannot be accepted for a landfill site due to current land use, public acceptance, transportation, and local environmental issues. Only three suitable sites can be considered for landfilling, although these are also not completely satisfying the environmental concern. However, landfill site is also essential; otherwise, it will appear as more adverse impact. Therefore, with little compromising with the environmental component, the engineered plan can be designed for the sanitary landfill on specific sites that recommended in this suitability analysis.

Geophysical Investigation of a Solid Waste Disposal Site Using Integrated Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Multichannel Analyses of Surface Waves Methods

Electrical resistivity tomography survey was deployed at a solid waste landfill in southwest Missouri USA with the intent to map variations in moisture content through the solid waste and underlying subsurface, and to map the top of bedrock. Multichannel analyses of surface waves survey was also deployed to map variations in engineering properties of the solid waste and underlying subsurface, and to constrain the interpretations of top of bedrock. The 2-D resistivity images through the waste suggest rainwater seeps through the cap cover system of the solid waste landfill, and moisture content within the solid waste increases with solid waste burial depth. The resistivity anomalies displayed by the soil and bedrock directly underneath the solid waste suggests a lateral component to moisture infiltrating at the toe of the landfill, which is flowing inward to the base of solid waste structural low. The 1-D shear wave velocity profiles obtained from the multichannel analyses of surface waves survey helped interpret the top of bedrock underneath the solid waste, where top of bedrock is difficult to map using electrical resistivity tomography, as shallow fractured bedrock is moist and displays comparable resistivity values to that of overlying soil. Not surprisingly, the top of bedrock is readily identified on the electrical resistivity tomography profiles in places where subsurface is relatively dry. The deployment of the combined non- invasive, cost and time effective geophysical surveys, along with engineering judgement on available site history data, has reasonably identified potential landfill seepage pathways. The methodology presented could be used in similar site investigation settings.

Environmental risk assessment of a young landfill site and its vicinity for possible human exposure

Landfilling is the oldest and cheapest solution for waste management along with the generation of leachate and landfill gas. Present study was conducted on a landfill site to estimate potential human and environmental risks associated with it. Human risk assessment was done by determining the contamination of drinking water by leachate mixing, hazard quotient (HQ) and cancer risk effect (CRE) whereas environmental risk assessment was done by finding out the potential ecological risk index (PERI) and total landfill gas emissions. The results showed that drinking water was contaminated by heavy metals and E. coli within the 2 km radius of the site. Arsenic and Cadmium has the highest HQ of 1.36 and 1.53 respectively whereas their CRE in drinking water was also positive with 6.1 x10−4 and 4.78 x10−3 respectively. The overall PERI of the metals was also high (312.49) which was highly degrading for the environment. The total gas emissions were modeled by the software LandGEM (version 3.02), which showed that the total gas emissions from the landfill site in the year 2018 were 1.715E + 04 Mg/yr. Currently, the landfill was graded as moderately risky which could become severely risky with the passage of time.

Implementation of fuzzy, Simos and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis for municipal solid waste landfill site selection: Adana City case study.

The selection of suitable landfill locations for municipal solid waste has become a top priority, especially in developed countries as a result of rapid population growth, unplanned urbanisation, increasing waste production and the limited area available. However, determining the location of landfill sites is a complex decision-making problem for municipalities and depends on social, environmental, technical and economic factors and regulations. In this study, we combined a geographic information system (GIS), multi-criteria decision-analysis techniques and fuzzy logic to determine the best location for landfill sites in Adana, Turkey, in four steps. Firstly, the threshold values and the coefficient weights of 15 criteria, grouped into environmental and socio-economic factors, were determined by a literature review and expert opinion to select suitable landfill locations. Secondly, selection criteria were standardised using fuzzy logic. Thirdly, we assessed the criteria weights based on their effectiveness on the selection of potential landfill sites using the Simos method. According to the weight coefficients, environmental factors are more important than socio-economic factors. Final maps for each criterion were calculated and overlaid by a GIS. As a result, the final suitability results were divided into four discrete categories: very high, high, moderate and low suitability areas, representing 1%, 76%, 17% and 6% of the location options, respectively. Finally, four different alternative areas were identified as being very highly suitable for landfill locations, which were evaluated in detail using a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis. Three key aspects affect the final decision of a landfill site, in decreasing order of importance: environmental protection, minimising the negative impact on urban life quality and economic issues. Consequently, these results can guide decision-makers (ministries, municipalities, planners, etc.) during the selection of suitable landfill sites in both national and international studies.

A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Landfill Site Selection in Lahore, Pakistan

In Pakistan, solid waste management (SWM) is considered to be a serious problem, with most of the hazardousand non-hazardous waste being dumped in landfills without any segregation. The key objective of our research was to select a suitable landfill site that is environmentally sound, economically feasible and socially acceptable for metropolitan Lahore. Lahore District is located in one of the world’s largest fluvial plains, namely the Indo-Gangetic meandering rivers system plain. There is only one functional landfill site situated in the northern part of the city. Multi-criteria decision aid (MCDA) and geographical information system were combined and used in this research that blends two aggregation methods: weight linear combination (WCL) and assigning criteria weights. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) pair-wise comparison method was applied for assigning weights to the 9 delineated criteria. The result of the analysis show that 7 (6.26% highly suitable) possible sites are available that are greater than 50 ha in area. The selected potential landfill locations were contrasted with each other in connection to their land size, distance from nearby settlements and from the city center. The result shows that site number 6, with a weight of 0.22 (22.21%), is the most suitable location for a landfill site in Lahore. In addition, landfill site 4 is considered the least preferable site due to its weight. This site has the least environmental and social impacts, as it is at a reasonable distance from settlements and is at the same time comparatively closer to the city center. This study highlights the importance of the landfill siting process for the fluvial plain and helps in decision making.

Sanitary Landfill Siting Using GIS and AHP: A Case Study in Johor Bahru, Malaysia

One of the major problems affecting municipalities is solid waste management. There is a difficulty in selecting suitable sites for waste disposal as it involves different factors to be considered before site selection. Currently, waste generation in Johor Bahru has steadily increased over the last few years and the only existing sanitary landfill is reaching its capacity limits, which means that a new sanitary landfill site needs to be constructed. In this study, geographic information system (GIS) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methods were utilized with the integration of dynamic data such as future population and projection of waste production in order to provide suitable sites for the construction of a sanitary landfill in the study area. Thirteen criteria were considered for this study, namely water bodies, soil, geology, slope, elevation, residential areas, archeological sites, airports, population, road, railway, infrastructure, and land use. AHP was used to determine the weights for each criterion from the pairwise comparison matrix. Consistency index and consistency ratio were checked and confirmed to be suitable. The results obtained from AHP were assigned to each criterion in GIS environment using weighted overlay analysis tool. The final potential site map was produced, and the three most suitable potential landfill sites were identified.

Decision making guidelines for mining historic landfill sites in Flanders

This study aims at showing how the United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC) can help to classify potential landfill mining projects with different levels of maturity, from exploration to production, under technical, socio-economic and project-planning aspects. Taking the example of three former landfill sites in Flanders general decision making guidelines regarding the future management of old landfills are provided. Using the ECLAR methodology for the evaluation (E) and classification (CL) of anthropogenic resources (AR), the individual projects, where clean land and/or materials are recovered, are mapped under the three-dimensional UNFC system. The Bornem project, yields a negative Net Present Value (NPV) of −17 Mio € (−44 €/t of excavated waste), i.e. the project is currently not economically viable. In case of changing key parameters the landfill has, however, reasonable prospects for future economic extraction. The Turnhout land development turned out to be economically viable with a NPV of 361,000 € (8 €/t of excavated waste). The Zuienkerke remediation project is at a too early stage to determine its socioeconomic viability. The main focus to compare and prioritize potential landfill mining projects in Flanders should be on (1) site specific conditions (e.g. landfill’s composition, land prices), (2) project related factors (e.g. remediation required vs. resource/land recovery, selected technologies and project set-ups, private vs. public evaluation perspective) and (3) the timing of mining, considering future development of costs, prices, laws, available data and information.

Use of a geographic information system to find areas for locating of municipal solid waste management facilities

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a pressing concern for Goiás State, Brazil. Of the state's 246 municipalities, only 16 send their waste to licensed landfills. This means that 93% of the cities in Goiás dispose of their MSW inappropriately, in dumps or unlicensed landfills. This practice poses a danger to both the environment and to public health. On this basis, the goal of this study was to survey potential landfill sites in Goiás. A geographic information system tool was used to first identify Goiás landfills and dumps and then examine them, to check whether they are located in legally restricted areas. This tool cross-references morphology, land use and occupancy, conservation of the environment, public health and population projections for 2040. It then outputs restriction-free areas that are suitable for landfill construction. The results indicate that, by 2040, Goiás will have 59,500 km2 available for landfills, i.e., 17% of the state's total area. Conversely, 60% of the state's geographical area will be off limits for landfill construction. The most urgent need is in the Goiânia Metropolitan area, which will be producing about 40%, of 6,850 t⋅day−1, of the MSW generated in the state by 2040. This metropolitan area will have the smallest restriction-free area for landfill construction (832 km2). A total of 235 MSW final disposal facilities were identified in Goiás: 15 licensed landfills, 23 unlicensed landfills and 197 dumps. Of these, 15 are in permitted areas, 38 are in areas subject to approval and 182 are in restricted areas. These numbers highlight the need for Goiás municipalities to terminate and/or readjust landfills and unlicensed dumps and to set up new MSW management facilities that conform to the legal and environmental requirements and the expected population growth.

Determination of Potential Landfill Site in Tarkwa Area Using Multi-Criteria GIS, Geophysical and Geotechnical Evaluation

A 24-acre land at Aboso serves as the site where municipal solid waste from Tarkwa and its environs are openly dumped. Evaluation of the suitability of this existing landfill site for the construction of an engineered landfill was determined. Reconnaissance survey, structural mapping, determination of depth to groundwater, geotechnical site investigation as well as socio-economic indicators showed that the existing landfill site is not suitable for an engineered landfill construction. A multi-criteria GIS model was used to select an alternative suitable area for the construction of an engineered landfill. The multicriteria GIS modelling identified fourteen (14) suitable areas for the siting of landfill in the Tarkwa area. A site located in Domeabra was chosen due to its proximity to the neighbouring communities of Tarkwa, Nsuta and Aboso. The suitability of the proposed site in Domeabra was assessed using geotechnical and geophysical methods. The geotechnical methods included the testing of soil properties such as moisture content, particle size distribution, Atterberg limit, bulk density, specific gravity, and compactibility. The soils at Domeabra site are predominantly gravel and sand, well graded with gradual increase in clay content with depth and good moisture content (less than 30%). The gravel and sandy soils have good to excellent shear strength and work ability. The soils in Domeabra have suitable dry density (1.3 - 2.1 Mg/m3), bulk density (1.7 - 2.5 Mg/m3) and specific gravity (2.2 - 2.9) for landfill construction. The geophysical method involved the use of seismic refraction tomography. The geophysical survey showed that the site is made up of four layers namely the top soil (0.5 - 2 m), weathered material (5 - 15 m), saturated material (10 - 15 m) and fresh rock. The water table occurs at a depth of 12 to 15 m. The proposed area in Domeabra based on the geophysical and geotechnical investigations is suitable for the construction of engineered landfill.

Geographical information systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) integration for sustainable landfill site selection considering dynamic data source

Landfill site selection is complex task in which many different factors need to be considered. The aim of this study is to identify suitable landfill sites for a 35-year period using a Geographical Information Systems (GIS) with Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). If an analysis is carried out to resolve a problem as it exists today, then the same problem will recur in the years to come due to changes in the input parameters. Future prospections should always be considered when using GIS with MCDA for the creation of mid- and/or long-term solutions. To assess the proposed approach, the city of Antalya was chosen for study, being the city with the highest population growth in Turkey. Twelve available parameters (i.e., digital elevation model, aspect, slope, temperature, precipitation, earthquake zones, distance to road, visibility from roads, distance to population density, geology, landslide density, and distance to fault lines), prepared through a series of GIS analyses, were used to carry out a landfill site selection. The weights of the parameters were obtained from a constructed Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) matrix, and the consistency index and the consistency ratio were recorded as 0.091 and 0.062, respectively. For the study, protection zones were omitted. The analysis revealed a number of potential landfill sites. Furthermore, the volume of solid waste for the next 35-year period was calculated using dynamic population data, and possible candidate sites for landfill were generated. The proposed approach can serve as a guide for future works.