Potential Emission Research Articles

Spontaneous otoacoustic emission as a novel method to screen pulsatile tinnitus caused by sigmoid sinus wall abnormalities: a prospective study.

To evaluate the diagnostic potential of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAE), distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE), and pure-tone audiometry (PTA) in patients with pulsatile tinnitus (PT) caused by sigmoid sinus wall anomalies (SSWA). This study included 20 PT patients and 20 matched healthy controls. SOAE, DPOAE, and PTA were assessed before and after compression of the internal jugular vein. Statistical analysis included paired t-tests to compare differences in SOAE amplitude, DPOAE signal-to-noise ratios, and PTA thresholds, while independent t-tests assessed age differences, and one-way ANOVA evaluated mean PTA thresholds. SOAE amplitudes were significantly higher in ipsilesional ears compared to contralesional and control ears. DPOAE showed a significant difference in 0.5kHz S/N-ratio between ipsilesional and contralesional ears. PTA revealed higher thresholds in ipsilesional ears at low frequencies, with differences decreasing after compression. Besides radiological modalities, SOAE is a sensitive tool for diagnosing and assessing the severity of PT in patients with SSWA, with DPOAE and PTA providing supplementary information. These findings suggest a multimodal approach for the diagnosis of PT related to SSWA.

Mercury in an Australian sclerophyll Eucalyptus forest and emissions from fuel reduction prescribed burning

Environmental context Understanding how mercury cycles through the environment is crucial for protecting ecosystems and human health. Our study is among the first to measure mercury concentrations in Eucalyptus forest soils and litter and estimate emissions from prescribed burns, addressing a significant gap in current knowledge. These new data enhance our understanding of mercury cycling in Australia and contribute to the global information on the biogeochemical cycle of mercury. Rationale Research on mercury in Australian soils and litter is sparse. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by investigating mercury pools in soil and litter in a eucalypt forest in Victoria, Australia. Methodology We analysed total mercury concentrations in O and A horizon soils, and twig, bark and leaf litter. Soil samples were collected from an area affected by a prescribed burn and unburned areas. Additionally, soil samples from the base of tree stems were taken in unburned areas. The organic matter content of all soil samples was also assessed. Results In unburned soils, mean mercury concentrations at the base of tree stems, in the O-horizon and A horizon were 143 ± 61, 112 ± 71 and 56 ± 30 ng g−1 respectively. In burned soils, mean mercury concentrations in the O and A horizons were 91 ± 63 and 46 ± 19 ng g−1 respectively. Mercury concentrations in leaf, bark and twig litter averaged 71 ± 11, 21 ± 13 and 8 ± 4 ng g−1 respectively. The emission factor was estimated as 0.247 g Hg ha−1. Discussion The studied sclerophyll forest represents a significant mercury reservoir. Burning did not significantly alter the mercury burden in soil; however, emissions of mercury from litter did occur. This finding underscores the need for more comprehensive research into mercury cycling in Australia and suggests that prescribed burning practices should account for potential mercury emissions.

New Molecular Photoswitch Based on the Conformational Transition of Phenothiazine Derivatives and Corresponding Triplet Emission Properties.

Molecular photoswitch research has drawn much attention in the last century owing to its great potential in the development of smart materials. However, photoswitches suitable for constructing light-responsive luminescent materials remain limited, especially those involving triplet-state phosphorescence. Herein, we designed a novel molecular photoswitch based on the conformation transition of phenothiazine derivatives, minimizing steric hindrance (-CH3 > -Cl > -F) to regulate the conformation transition process while introducing a cyanobenzene acceptor to promote phosphorescence emission potential. When they were doped into a polymer matrix, varying photoswitch rates were achieved by incorporating different steric hindrance groups into phenothiazine or cyanobenzene groups, accompanied by photoresponsive room-temperature phosphorescence. This study is expected to greatly expand the diversity and applications of organic photoswitch molecules.

Emission Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Key Industries: A Case Study in the Central Plains of China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the precursors of ozone and fine particulate matter, are one of the atmospheric pollutants harmful to human health. The emission characteristics of VOCs in Anyang, a typical industrial city in the Central Plains of China, are unclear. To determine the emission level and composition of local VOCs, this study conducted on-site sampling of 20 factories in eight key industries. A total of 105 VOC species in seven categories were observed. The concentration of total VOCs emitted from the eight industries in order from large to small was as follows: packaging and printing > pharmaceutical > paint manufacturing > industrial coating > chemical industry > metal smelting > furniture manufacturing > textile printing and dyeing. In addition to industrial coating, the total VOCs and their corresponding ozone formation potential of organized emissions in seven industries (1.44–87.64, 1.52–181.61 mg/m3) were higher than those of unorganized emissions (0.38–24.17, 0.38–125.55 mg/m3). The VOC emissions were concentrated in the central, south-central, and south-eastern parts of the city, mainly from the factories in the packaging and printing, pharmaceutical, paint, and coating industries. The furniture manufacturing (4.55 × 10−3) and pharmaceutical (1.66 × 10−3) industries in organized emissions were at high risk of carcinogenesis, while the pharmaceutical industry in unorganized emissions (3.61 × 10−4) was at moderate risk of carcinogenesis. Naphthalene was the main high-risk compound. In terms of non-carcinogenic risk, the packaging and printing industry in organized emissions (228.51) and the metal smelting industry in unorganized emissions (16.16) had the highest risk, and the main high-risk compound was ethyl acetate.

Application of active biomonitoring technique for the assessment of air pollution by potentially toxic elements in urban areas in the Kemerovo Region, Russia.

In Kemerovo Region (Kuzbass, Southwest Siberia), there is the largest coal basin in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Active moss biomonitoring was applied to assess the impact of potentially toxic elements on air pollution in five urban areas of the region. In each of the chosen urban regions, the moss bags were exposed in November and December of 2022 at locations with varying degrees of anthropogenic pressure. Using a direct mercury analyzer in conjunction with coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, the content of sixteen major and trace elements (Al, Ba, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, S, V, Zn, and Hg) was ascertained. Compared to unexposed the exposed moss bags showed a higher content of potentially toxic elements. To draw attention to the relationships between the elements and connect them to potential emission sources, correlation, and principal component analyses were used. A strong positive correlation was obtained for elements emitted by coal mining and burning, the metallurgical industry, and vehicles. To evaluate the degree of environmental pollution and the element enrichment in the moss, the relative accumulation factor and contamination factor were computed. The mean values of the contamination factor ranged from 0.83 to 4.8, indicating the exposure sites show no contamination to moderate contamination status.

Potential of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Aircraft for Commercial Applications with Advanced Airframe and Propulsion Technologies

The present work demonstrates a comparative study of hydrogen fuel cells and combustion aircraft to investigate the potential of fuel cells as a visionary propulsion system for radically more sustainable medium- to long-range commercial aircraft. The study, which considered future airframe and propulsion technologies under the Se2A project, was conducted to quantify potential emissions and costs associated with such aircraft and to determine the benefits and drawbacks of each energy system option for different market segments. Future technologies considered in the present work include laminar flow control, active load alleviation, new materials and structures, ultra-high bypass ratio turbofan engines, more efficient thermal management systems, and superconducting electric motors. A multi-fidelity initial sizing framework with coupled constraint and mission analysis blocks was used for parametric airplane sizing and calculations of all necessary characteristics. Analyses performed for three reference aircraft of different sizes and ranges concluded that fuel-cell aircraft could have operating cost increases in the order of 30% compared to hydrogen combustion configurations and were caused by substantial weight and fuel burn increases. In-flight changes in emissions of fuel cell configurations at high altitudes were progressively reduced from medium-range to long-range segments from being similar to hydrogen combustion for medium-range to 24% for large long-range aircraft, although fuel cell aircraft consume 22–30% more fuel than combustion aircraft. Results demonstrate a positive environmental impact of fuel cell propulsion for long-range applications, the possibilities of being a more emission-universal solution, if desired optimistic technology performance metrics are satisfied. The study also demonstrates progressively increasing technology requirements for larger aircraft, making the long-range application’s feasibility more challenging. Therefore, substantial development of fuel cell technologies for long-range aircraft is imperative. The article also emphasizes the importance of airframe and propulsion technologies and the necessity of green hydrogen production to achieve desired emissions.

Solution-Processed Blue Narrowband OLED Devices with External Quantum Efficiency Beyond 35% through Horizontal Dipole Orientation Induced by Electrostatic Interaction.

The multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) device has drawn great attention due to their outstanding efficiency and color purity. However, the efficiency of solution-processed MR-TADF devices is still far behind their vacuum-deposited counterparts, due to the uncontrollable horizontal emitting dipole orientation for emitters during solution process, resulting in low light out-coupling efficiency. Here, we proposed a new strategy namely electrostatic interaction between a dendritic host with high positive electrostatic potential (ESP) and dendritic emitter with multiple negative ESP sites, which could induce high horizontal dipole ratio (ΘII) up to 83.0% in solution-processed films. For this couple, the largest plane of dendritic host tends to anchor on the substrate, and thus the strong positive electrostatic site mainly lies at the exposed tetraphenylsilicon, which could electrostatically attract the multiple negative electrostatic sites of the dendritic emitter, realizing horizontal dipole orientation. Moreover, the highly twisted structure of dendritic host and dendron encapsulation of emitter could effectively suppress aggregation, leading a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 98.6%. As a result, the solution-processed blue MR-TADF devices exhibit a record-break external quantum efficiency of 35.3%, as well as narrow bandwidth of 17 nm and pure blue color with CIE coordinates of (0.137, 0.176).

Remarkable results of energy consumption and CO2 emissions for gasoline and electric powered vehicle.

Increasing concerns about climate change and efforts on reducing reliance on fossil fuels have led to research on electric vehicles for sustainable solutions to increasing energy demands. This study comprehensively analyzes the impact of power plant emissions on the adoption of electric vehicles in relation to air pollution. The main pollutants emitted by power plants and the potential change in emissions with the deployment of electric vehicles are assessed. Energy consumption of the vehicles was calculated. A gasoline-powered and an electric vehicle are modelled in MATLAB Simulink software. The theoretical model results of the main pollutants are compared with the power plant emissions to analyze the effect on major pollutants. This investigation aims to identify the potential CO2 emission and power requirement by transitioning to electric vehicles. Results show that energy consumption and CO2 emissions can be 111% and 82% higher than GPVs depending on the electricity generation technologies.

Methane emission fluxes and associated microbial community characteristics in a temperate seagrass meadow.

Seagrass meadows are acknowledged as blue carbon ecosystems, yet they are also ideal habitats for methane (CH4) release, offsetting their ability to mitigate climate change. The global CH4 fluxes in seagrass meadows remain highly uncertain due to regional and species biases, and the microbial mechanisms driving methane release are poorly understood. Here, we investigated CH4 air-sea fluxes, sediment CH4 emission potential and microbes involved in CH4 release using geochemical techniques combined with qPCR and Illumina sequencing in a temperate Zostera japonica and Zostera marina mixed meadow. The CH4 air-sea fluxes fluctuated from -0.42 to 11.42μmol·m-2·d-1, showing a strong seasonal variation. CH4 emission potential was significantly higher in seagrass vegetated sediments (10.34±2.72nmol·g-1·d-1) than in the adjacent bare sediments (1.55±1.15nmol·g-1·d-1), primarily attributed to variations in sediment organic matter content. Diverse methanogens occurred in the seagrass meadow, with Methanolobus dominating in seagrass sediments, while Methanococcoides, Methanosarcina, and Methanoculleus being prevalent in bare sediments. Meanwhile, a variety of methylotrophic groups were detected, including aerobic Gammaproteobacteria, anaerobic Desulfobacterota and Methylomirabilota, as well as archaea Candidatus Methanoperedens. The co-occurrence of these functional groups implied the presence of complex CH4 production and oxidation pathways, which regulated the CH4 budget in the seagrass ecosystems. Taken together, our findings enhance the comprehension of the methane emission process and driving mechanism in seagrass ecosystems.

A Review of Ammonia Combustion and Emissions Characteristics in Spark-Ignition Engines and Future Road Map

Ammonia (NH3) is gaining recognition as a viable “green” transportation fuel due to its zero-carbon characteristic, its high energy density and its widespread availability. However, NH3 has a high auto-ignition temperature, resulting in potential emissions of NOx and unburned NH3. Addressing combustion challenges requires innovative solutions, such as the application of combustion promoters to enhance NH3 combustibility. This review article focuses on the compatibility of NH3 as a fuel for spark-ignition (SI) engines, examining its combustion under various modes including pure NH3 combustion, gasoline blends, NH3/hydrogen (H2) blends, and NH3/natural gas blends in single or dual-fuel configurations. The formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and slip-NH3 is explored to understand emissions species such as NO and N2O. Additionally, the article highlights the limitations of NH3 as a fuel for SI combustion. The comprehensive discussion provided in this review aims to fill a critical gap in the literature regarding NH3’s feasibility as a zero-carbon fuel for SI engines, particularly in the maritime sector. By offering insights into NH3 combustion characteristics and emissions profiles, the article seeks to provide a roadmap for leveraging NH3 as a suitable non-carbon fuel to decarbonize the marine sector and advance global sustainability goals.

Decarbonization potential of fuel cell technologies in micro-cogeneration applications: spotlight on SOFCs in a Belgian case study

Abstract There is a plethora of fuel cell technologies, many of which hold great promise in terms of their decarbonization potential, which this paper aims to explore. In fact, this paper discusses the only two existing technologies on the market, Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). Unfortunately, these commercial systems mainly use natural gas as primary fuel due to its cost and practicality (easy transport and storage, existing infrastructures, etc.). Using Belgium as a case study, this paper shows that their GHG mitigation potential remains rather insignificant compared to the average individual carbon footprint if their fuel is not decarbonised. Even so, their mitigation potential would still be far from sufficient, and other measures, including behavioural changes, would still need to be implemented. Nevertheless, some emerging fuel cell technologies, such as Direct Carbon Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (DC-SOFCs) or Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells (DFAFCs), offer the possibility of facilitating pure CO2 capture at their anode outlet, thus allowing for potential negative emissions. Using a case study of the electricity demand of an average Belgian home (with two adults) supplied by an efficient biomass-fuelled DC-SOFC, this paper shows that these negative emissions could be up to about 4 tCO2eq/year. By comparison, the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report estimated the emissions footprint that could never be mitigated, even with future net-zero CO2 emissions, to be 1 tCO2eq/year per capita, implying that climate neutrality will require similar levels of carbon sequestration. In populous Western countries, natural carbon sinks are unlikely to be sufficient, and the potential negative emissions of emerging fuel cell technologies will be welcome.

Nitrite Cycling in Freshwater Ecosystems: A Case Study of an Artificial Reservoir in Eastern China Using Nitrite Dual Isotopes Combined with a Geochemical Model

Reservoirs are hotspots for emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide; however, the nitrite cycling processes associated with nitrous oxide production therein remain poorly understood, limiting a better assessment of the potential for reservoirs to emit nitrous oxide. Accordingly, this study presents the application of the natural abundance isotope technique combined with a geochemical model to elucidate the nitrite cycling in the freshwater aquaculture and non-aquaculture zones of a large artificial reservoir in eastern China. We employed nitrite dual isotopes to identify nitrite transformation processes. Additionally, a steady-state model was used to estimate the rates of these processes as well as the residence time of nitrite. Our findings indicate that nitrite production in this reservoir may be primarily driven by ammonia oxidation. However, the pathways of nitrite removal differ notably between the aquaculture and non-aquaculture zones, suggesting a significant impact of the aquaculture activities. The steady-state model calculations revealed that nitrification may be more pronounced in the aquaculture zones compared to the non-aquaculture zones, which may be related to the altered balance of competition for substrates between phytoplankton and microbes induced by aquaculture activities. Moreover, we observed a latitude-dependent increase in the significance of nitrite oxidation in natural environments, highlighting potential implications for regional and global nitrogen cycling. Our study highlights the complexity of the nitrite cycle and emphasizes the roles of both natural and anthropogenic factors in shaping nitrogen dynamics within freshwater reservoirs. This understanding contributes to a more accurate assessment of the greenhouse gas emission potential of reservoirs, offering valuable implications for the adoption of sustainable aquaculture practices to mitigate climate impacts and support global sustainable development goals.

Seismic evidence for fluid migration on the outer Chukchi Shelf, Arctic Ocean

Methane released from shelf regions is considered to be an important contributor to climate change. Knowledge of potential emissions from specific regions is therefore critical for estimating expected climate change. To this end, we use multichannel seismic data acquired in 2011 to image the subsurface and identify upwelling gas migration structures along the outer Chukchi Shelf in the Arctic Ocean. We examine the upper 2500 ms TWT of sediments for distinct sedimentary structures and anomalous seismic velocities. The data show a wide distribution of bright spots as a consequence of the fluid migration from deeper sources throughout the study area. However, no bottom simulating reflector is identified in the study area to indicate the base of a likely gas hydrate zone. Furthermore, high seismic velocities and strong ground reflectors are not observed, suggesting an absence of submarine permafrost from the outer Chukchi Shelf.

Analysis of ship electrical load management to reduce exhaust gas emissions in landing platform dock (LPD) vessel class

This paper investigates the impact of electrical load management on reducing exhaust gas emissions in Landing Platform Dock (LPD) class vessels. The study focuses on the implementation of Integrated Fully Electric Propulsion (IFEP) systems and Variable Speed Drives (VSD) to enhance energy efficiency and minimize environmental impact. The conventional Diesel Engine Propulsion system in LPD vessels often results in high fuel consumption and significant emissions, particularly under non-optimal operating conditions. By transitioning to an IFEP system and optimizing electrical load management using VSD, the study demonstrates a substantial reduction in carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and sulfur oxides (SOₓ) emissions. The results indicate a potential emission reduction of up to 40%, alongside a 20% improvement in overall energy efficiency. Additionally, the operational benefits of these technologies include increased flexibility, reduced maintenance costs, and extended equipment lifespan. The findings underscore the importance of adopting advanced propulsion and load management technologies in naval vessels to meet stricter environmental regulations and support sustainable maritime operations. This study provides a framework for future research and practical applications in expanding these technologies across different ship types and operational scenarios.

Assessing the impact of carbon mitigation strategies on agricultural GHG emissions: insights from a dynamic CGE model analysis

The selection of effective carbon reduction strategies and the management of agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are critical issues in climate change mitigation. Different climate actions can lead to varied pathways for agricultural GHG emissions. This study constructs a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model for Chinese agriculture to identify which measures can contribute to achieving established climate governance objectives, exploring potential net emission pathways for agricultural GHG. On this basis, we provide a rationale for selecting emission reduction measures. Our findings indicate that: (1) Carbon taxation is an indispensable climate action for achieving China’s “dual carbon” goals and net-zero emissions, necessitating combination with other mitigation strategies; (2) Carbon sequestration, non-agricultural carbon taxation, and CCUS measures can alter the net emission trajectory of agricultural GHG, and carbon sequestration shows the most significant impact; (3) Based on the ‘dual carbon’ or net-zero emission goals, China’s agricultural GHG emission pathway might exhibit a flat M-shaped characteristic, whereas intensifying carbon sequestration efforts could lead to an inverted V-shaped trajectory. Our results offer decision-making support for the formulation of GHG emission reduction measures in China.

Chemical Diversity of Mediterranean Seagrasses Volatilome.

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), extensively studied in terrestrial plants with global emissions around 1 PgC yr-1, are also produced by marine organisms. However, benthic species, especially seagrasses, are understudied despite their global distribution (177,000-600,000 km2). This study aims to examine BVOC emissions from key Mediterranean seagrass species (Cymodocea nodosa, Posidonia oceanica, Zostera noltei, and Zostera marina) in marine and coastal lagoon environments. BVOCs were collected using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) using divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fibers and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). An important chemical diversity was found with a total of 92 volatile compounds (61 for Z. noltei, 59 for C. nodosa, 55 for P. oceanica, and 51 for Z. marina), from different biosynthetic pathways (e.g., terpenoids, benzenoids, and fatty acid derivatives) and with several types of chemical functions (e.g., alkanes, esters, aldehydes, and ketones) or heteroatoms (e.g., sulfur). No differences in chemical richness or diversity of compounds were observed between species. The four species shared 29 compounds enabling us to establish a specific chemical footprint for Mediterranean marine plants, including compounds like benzaldehyde, benzeneacetaldehyde, 8-heptadecene, heneicosane, heptadecane, nonadecane, octadecane, pentadecane, tetradecane, and tridecanal. PLS-DA and Heatmap show that the four species presented significantly different chemical profiles. The major compounds per species in relative abundance were isopropyl myristate for C. nodosa (25.6%), DMS for P. oceanica (39.3%), pentadecane for Z. marina (42.9%), and heptadecane for Z. noltei (46%). These results highlight the potential of BVOCs' emission from seagrass ecosystems and reveal species-specific chemical markers.

Potential Reductions in Carbon Emissions from Indonesian Forest Concessions Through Use of Reduced-Impact Logging Practices

To estimate the potential and realized carbon emission reductions from implementation of reduced-impact logging (RIL) in Indonesia, we compiled logging emissions data from 15 concessions in Kalimantan and 10 from the Papuan provinces. Committed emissions data were collected for harvested timber as well as from collateral damage caused by felling, skidding, and clearing for haul roads and log yards. Emissions expressed as mean ± standard error per cubic meter of timber harvested, per area harvested, and per Mg of timber harvested (i.e., the ‘Carbon Impact Factor’) were 1.30 ± 0.15 Mg C m−3, 27.52 ± 4.44 Mg C ha−1, and 6.88 ± 0.84 Mg Mg−1, respectively. Among the sampled concessions, felling, hauling, and skidding caused 18–86%, 2–48%, and 6–75% of these emissions, respectively. Potential emission reductions calculated as the difference between observed emissions and those of the five best-performing concessions are 0.67 ± 0.15 Mg C m−3, 21.11 ± 4.38 Mg C ha−1, and 4.20 ± 0.83 Mg Mg−1, which represents reductions of 51%, 76%, and 61%, respectively. Extrapolating these estimates to all of Indonesia using average log production data from 2018 to 2021 results in an estimated annual emissions reduction of 14.47 Tg CO2 from full adoption of RIL, which is 2.9% of Indonesia’s nationally determined contribution (NDC) from the forestry sector.

Atomic and molecular gas as traced by [C II] emission

The latest ALMA and JWST observations provide new information on the birth and evolution of galaxies in the early Universe at the epoch of reionization. Measurements at redshift $ z > 5$ of their cold-gas budget are particularly important because this budget is known to be the main fuel for star formation. A powerful tool for probing the physics characterising galaxies at high redshift is the m$ emission line. Due to its low excitation potential emission can be produced in photodissociation regions, neutral atomic gas, and molecular clouds. To properly capture the cold-gas processes taking place in these environments (molecule formation, self-shielding, dust grain catalysis, and photoelectric and cosmic-ray heating), we made use of a new set of dedicated hydrodynamic simulations ( including time-dependent non-equilibrium chemistry, star formation, stellar evolution, metal spreading, and feedback mechanisms. We were able to accurately track the evolution of and H$_2$ in a cosmological context and predict the contribution of each gas phase to luminosity. We provide formulas that can be used to estimate the mass of molecular and atomic gas from detections. Furthermore, we analysed the evolution of conversion factors with galactic properties, such as stellar metallicity, star formation rate, and stellar mass. We demonstrate that emission is dominated by gas and that most of the luminosity is generated in warm, dense, star-forming regions. We conclude that although predominantly traces atomic rather than molecular gas, the luminosity remains a robust indicator of the H$_2$ mass.

ASSESSING THE PUBLIC PERCEPTION AND TARGETED IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORCYCLES IN DENPASAR CITY RELATED TO EMISSION REDUCTION

Using an electric motorcycles can contribute to decreasing emissions in the transportation sector. Government policies and various socialization programs have supported the development of electric vehicles. This research was conducted to determine the public perception and implementation of electric motorcycles in Denpasar City. The public perception was obtained through questionnaires and in-depth interviews with related key persons. The statistical analysis of the questionnaire indicated a good category with a score of 3.43. The level of community acceptance was influenced by quieter and environmentally friendly technology, electricity tax subsidies, and lower electric fuel costs. The interview with community and government representatives reinforced the public acceptance finding affected by the intensive public outreach program and a vehicle installment payment scheme. As the result, The implementation target was rated optimistic, with a potential CO2 emission reduction of up to 32,641 tons/year in 2026. All the efforts to implement electric motorcycles in Denpasar City by the goverments have met the requirements to achieve acceptance of perceptions in the people of Denpasar City. This thing’s very important to reaching out the scenario of reducing CO2 emissions by 2026. In addition, it is important to have a more study regarding to the sustainability of the electric motorcycles ecosystem, such as the availability of data sources update from related agencies that show efforts to improve infrastructure by producers, the number of charging station and selling stations, as well as opportunities for domestic production and incentive policies. Keywords: Electric Motorcycles; Emission; Implementation Targets; Level of Acceptance; Public Perception

Denitrifying microbial genes quantification attests inference for potential N2O emissions in sugarcane soils by enzymatic bioanalysis

This study evaluated the relationships and sensitivity of denitrifying microbial gene abundance, as well as the activities of soil enzymes β-glucosidase (GLU) and arylsulfatase (ARYL), to assess the quality of sugarcane soils managed with vinasse (V), filter cake (FC), and mineral fertilizer (MF). Composite soil samples were collected using a systematic sampling approach that included two soil classes (Ferralsol and Acrisol), two textures (clayey and sandy), three management systems (V, V+FC, and MF), two sampling seasons (rainy and dry), and three replicates, totaling 72 samples. Analysis of soil organic carbon (SOC), and macro- and micronutrients differentiated the Ferralsol and Acrisol samples into distinct groups based on agricultural management (Global R = 0.554) and showed some overlap based on soil texture (Global R = 0.369). The number of nirK, nirS, and nosZ I gene copies per gram of soil, determined by Real-Time Quantitative PCR (qPCR) based on genomic DNA isolated from the 72 soil samples, was higher in the rainy season compared to the dry season (P<0.05). None of the genes evaluated revealed a consistent response to different sugarcane soil managements, showing specific response patterns for each soil class and texture. In the Ferralsol, the activities of GLU and ARYL increased in the following order: V < MF < V+FC, regardless of soil texture (sandy or clayey) and sampling season. The average activity of the two enzymes in both V+FC and MF treatments was 1.8 times higher in sandy soil and 3.9 times higher in clayey soil compared to soil managed with vinasse. In the Acrisol, no significant differences among the treatments were observed. Statistical analyses revealed negative correlations (P<0.05) between the number of copies of the nirK and nosZ I genes and GLU and ARYL activities in the soil during both seasonal periods analyzed. The number of copies of these two microbial genes was also negatively correlated with the soil organic matter in the rainy season. Thus, the indications of sugarcane soil quality based on enzymatic analyses were corroborated by the lower abundance of genes associated with denitrification process. The findings of this study open the possibilities to infer about the potential for N2O emission from these sugarcane soils based on GLU and ARYL activities.