Potential Economic Resources Research Articles

Ekonomi Politik Islam: Pendekatan Maqashid Al-Shari’ah

The Indonesian nation, which has undergone its independence for more than 70 years, experienced two major changes, namely in 1966 and 1998. 1966 gave birth to the New Order. The New Order period which lasted 32 years with a full orientation to pursue economic growth which was supported by security stability which killed democratic values. We have also gone through the reform era that was rolled out in 1998 which later gave birth to the state order as we feel today. During the 20 years or so of reformation, Indonesia's condition can be said to be more democratic even though it is still procedural which is marked by an election celebration party and post-conflict local election. However, economic orientation and development have almost no fundamental correction, no significant changes. The strategic economic policies taken by the government have not been in favor of the people. Potential economic resources are still held hostage by the interests of foreign countries. Both in the banking sector, insurance, capital markets, state-owned enterprises (BUMN), oil and gas mining and other economic sectors. The government only relies on the amount of economic growth, which does not contribute much to the real economy of the people. As a result, poverty and unemployment rates have not been significantly reduced. The quality of life of the people becomes low. In this paper, the author tries to study the economic growth which is always glorified by the ruling regime in the perspective of Islamic political economy. However, economic policies are inseparable from government political interference. Therefore, questions such as how is the political economy of Islam in view of economic growth amid the high poverty rate of the Indonesian people? Then what is the solution that Islamic political economy can provide in overcoming policies that are deemed not to benefit the people? From the discussion, the writer can provide some things that according to the authors are important to conclude. Islamic political economy is only one area of science that will be built based on the tauhid paradigm. Basically, all existing science needs to be built within the framework of the monotheistic paradigm. The emergence and development of Islamic civilization for more than a thousand years is always based on the Tawhid paradigm. At that time, all science was built on the basis of monotheism. The problem of economic development can be solved by tauhid paradigm. Keywords: Islamic Economic Politics, Maqashid al-Shari’ah Approach

An analysis of capture fisheries resource depletion in Cirata Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia

Anna Z. 2018. An analysis of capture fisheries resource depletion in Cirata Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 927-935. Fisheries in public waters such as the Cirata Reservoir in West Java, Indonesia are potential economic resources that should not be ignored. They play an important role in food security for the surrounding communities. Unfortunately, natural capture fisheries in Cirata Reservoir have received less attention in the past than aquaculture which dominates economic activity in the waters. Recently, the condition of the dam has deteriorated as a result of major aquaculture activity with extensive use of artificial feedstock; an increase in industrial and domestic waste entering the waters; and open access fisheries management that has allegedly caused depletion of the natural fish resources of the waters. From time to time there have been observed declines in the natural capture fisheries production. The research reported in this paper aimed to estimate the extent of this depletion and associated economic depreciation of capture fish resources in the Cirata Reservoir. Bio-economic methods were used to calculate the potential sustainable utilization of the resources. The analytical model of Logistic Gordon-Schaefer (GS) and Fox models provided the framework for the analysis. The fish depletion was calculated by comparing the potential sustainable utilization and the value of the actual utilization, based on quarterly data for the years 2011 up to 2016. Depreciation was calculated in terms of unit rent loss as a result of the depletion. The analysis showed that depletion of fish resources occurred in certain quarters between years of 2011 to 2016. The value of the total depletion over this period for the GS model amounted to 835.13 tons with an estimated value for depreciation of IDR 5.93 Billion, or IDR 84.71 Billion in Present Value term. For Fox Model, the depletion reaches 1421.35 Ton, with a value of IDR 10.09 Billion, or 144.17 Billion in Present Value term. This value represents the economic loss due to depletion of the fisheries resource in Cirata Reservoir. The policy implication of this fish depletion is that there is a need for better management of the aquatic habitat, by reducing water pollution load, and by regulation of capture fisheries through input/output restrictions based on the conceptual tools of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) and Maximum Economic Yield (MEY).

Navigating Rivers and Opening Territories

Navigating Rivers and Opening Territories Susan Imbarrato (bio) Introduction to "The Travel Diary of Elizabeth House Trist: Philadelphia to Natchez, 1783–84" annette kolodnyIn Journeys in New Worlds: Early American Women's Narratives183–200 Edited by william l. andrewsMadison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990 232 pp. For over four decades, Annette Kolodny has been opening up new ways to investigate women's frontier writings. In a discussion of Elizabeth House Trist's journey, for example, Kolodny notes this particularly difficult moment: "Enduring 'excessive cold' and maneuvering treacherous inclines where the horses were 'scarce able to keep their feet' (Trist. Jan. 8, 1784), Trist nonetheless seems to have been eyeing the surrounding countryside with avid curiosity" ( The Land before Her, 39). Rather than conquering her surroundings, Trist is intent on adjusting to and evaluating them. This focusing in on the diary entry and then showing Trist's larger view illustrates Kolodny's technique of carefully integrating voice, setting, and context. This discussion expanded when Kolodny brought "The Travel Diary of Elizabeth House Trist: Philadelphia to Natchez, 1783–84" into publication for the first time in Journeys in New Worlds: Early American Women's Narratives. This volume, skillfully edited by William L. Andrews, includes four narratives with scholarly introductions: Sargent Bush, Jr., on Sarah Kemble Knight, Amy Schrager Lang on Mary Rowlandson, Daniel B. Shea on Elizabeth Ashbridge, and Kolodny on Elizabeth House Trist. Journeys in New Worldsis a model of scholarship and editing, with extensive, excellent notes and illustrations. 1 In Annette Kolodny's introduction to Trist's diary, she masterfully integrates historical context with Elizabeth Trist's own observations to draw us into this dramatic narrative. In doing so, she explains the circumstances [End Page 897]surrounding Trist's winter departure and her determination to be reunited with her husband, Nicholas Trist, who had traveled to Natchez to establish a home for Elizabeth and their young son. Regarding the text's larger significance, Kolodny notes, "as the earliest extant diary by a white woman traveling downriver to frontier Natchez, the Trist manuscript offers a unique account of the conditions of frontier life in the years immediately following the Revolution" (188). Along these lines, Kolodny describes Thomas Jefferson's interest in Trist's pending journey, the two having met in Philadelphia where Elizabeth's mother, Mary House, ran a boardinghouse. Kolodny elaborates on the interaction between this friendship and some of Trist's observations: "The description of the coal deposits outside Pittsburgh, for example, was a response both to Jefferson's interest in geography and to his political interest in the potential economic resources of the western territories" (187). These connections bring interesting dimensions to each: Trist as part of a founding westward narrative and Jefferson as an inquisitive friend eager to learn more about the frontier territory. Kolodny's meticulous scholarship is again evident as she recounts her intensive search for the manuscript that was eventually located in the University of Virginia's Alderman Library in a collection separate from both the Trist and Jefferson family papers (introduction 198). This information also proves instructive, for not only are early American women's writings very often cataloged under a husband or father's family papers rather than by a woman's name but a diary may be even more difficult to find. After describing the diary's pages as 6 by 81/2 inches, Kolodny prefaces the manuscript with this note: "The first two pages of the diary are missing; the third page is badly torn along the right margin, and several lines along the bottom are missing" (199; Trist 201). These physical details allow us to visualize the manuscript, if not to imagine its weather-beaten state, which is all too evident in one of the first extant entries dated December 24, 1783, from Lancaster: "Arose very early with an intention to set of [sic] before Breakfast, but it set in to snow very fast which detained us till 10 O' clock." Rising rivers present another hazard, as on January 6, 1784: "My Horse cou'd scarcely keep his feet. He fell with me once, but I was so lucky as to keep my saddle" (Trist...

Temporal Variations of REE in Several AMD Sources of the Odiel River (SW Spain)

Waters affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) can contain high concentrations of rare earth elements (REE) which have a great interest not only by its application as tracers in hydrogeochemical processes but also as a potential economic resource. The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) is rich in sulfide deposits which have been exploited intensively since ancient times, generating numerous AMD discharges. This work studies the REE content in five different AMD sources located in the upper reach of the Odiel River (SW Spain). The concentration of REE in these sources ranged from 113 to 7208 ppb. Differences in NASC-normalized REE patterns were observed among AMD sources that remained constant along the year despite the variability in REE concentrations, being lower during the rainy season due to dilution processes.

The Sustainability in a Quality Improvement Model

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to promote the integration of sustainable development concepts and conceptual models in engineering research, and therefore, to enhance sustainability of research models. Particularly, the concepts are integrated with an integrated theoretical model of knowledge management and DMAIC (Define-Measure-Analysis-Improve-Control) process. Methodology: Based on literature, the key concepts of sustainable development, knowledge management, Ontology and DMAIC methodology have been reviewed. A theoretical combination of knowledge management, ontology engineering, and DMAIC methodology is to aim at accumulating and reusing a potential economic resource, knowledge resource. An analysis of sustainable aspects of a proposed model is presented. Important findings: As literature expressed that knowledge created by every step of a DMAIC process can be accumulated and reused by using Ontology in a conceptual model. Furthermore, sustainable aspects of the model such as economy, environment and society are identified. Conclusion: DMAIC knowledge is a potential economic resource that should be shared and reused using Ontology engineering in order to archive sustainable development of DMAIC process. Theoretical integration of seven sustainable measures with activities of knowledge management is possible and realizable.

서태평양 해저산 고코발트 망간각 자원평가를 위한 광역 탐사 방안

서태평양 해저산 사면에 부존하는 고코발트 망간각은 코발트, 니켈, 백금, 희유금속 등을 다량 함유하고 있으며, 최근 국제해저기구에서 공해상 탐사규칙이 제정됨에 따라 개발 대상으로 더욱 주목받고 있다. 해저산에 분포하는 망간각의 개발을 위해서는 경사가 낮고 지형기복이 완만하여 채광에 유리한 지형조건을 갖추면서 망간각이 두껍게 분포하는 유망지역을 선별하여야 한다. 따라서 광역단계의 망간각 탐사는 음향 수심탐사를 통한 지형 및 경사도의 확인, 음향산란 자료의 획득을 통한 기저면 표층 매질 분포 파악, 그리고 해저면 영상 관찰과 시료채취를 통한 망간각의 분포 두께 파악이 필요하다. 또한 음향산란 자료를 이용하여 망간각 분포 지역을 확인하기 위해서는 영상관찰 및 시료 채취를 통한 망간각 음향매질 특성분석이 필요하다. 기존의 탐사를 통해 수행된 망간각 기초탐사 자료를 분석한 결과 해저산 지형 해석과 망간각 광역분포와 같은 망간각 유망지역 선별을 위한 일부 자료를 확인할 수 있었다. 하지만, 음향산란 자료를 확보하지 못하여 넓은 탐사지역을 대상으로 망간각 부존 유망지역을 선별하는 데 필요한 망간각 분포 변화는 파악하지 못하였다. 따라서 향후 탐사는 망간각 탐사후보 지역을 대상으로 음향산란 자료의 확보가 선행되어야 하며, 해저면 관찰 및 시료채취를 병행하여 해저면 음향매질 특성과 망간각 분포의 상관성을 파악하기 위한 탐사가 수행되어야 한다. Co-rich ferromanganese crusts (Fe-Mn crusts) distributed on the seamounts in the western Pacific are potential economic resources for cobalt, nickel, platinum, and other rare metals in the future. Regulations for prospecting and exploration of Fe-Mn crusts in the Area, which enables the process to obtain an exclusive exploration right for blocks of the fixed size, were enacted recently by the International Seabed Authority, which led to public attention on its potential for commercial development. Evaluation and selection of a mining site can be established based on abundance and grade of Fe-Mn crusts in the site as well as topography that should be smooth enough for mining efficiency. Therefore, acquisition of shipboard echo-sounding and acoustic backscatter data are prerequisite to select potential mine sites in addition to visual and sampling operations. Acoustic backscatter data can be used to locate crust-covered areas in a regional scale with the understanding of acoustic properties of crust through its correlation with visual and sampling data. KIOST had collected the topographic and geologic data to assess the resources potential for Fe-Mn crusts in the west Pacific region from 1994 to 2001. However, they could not obtain acoustic backscatter data that is crucial for the selection of prospective mining sites. Therefore, additional exploration surveys are required to carry out side scan sonar mapping combined with seafloor observation and sampling to decide the blocks for application of an exclusive exploration right.

Internal architecture and Fe–Ti–V oxide ore genesis in a Variscan synorogenic layered mafic intrusion, the Beja Layered Gabbroic Sequence (Portugal)

The Beja Layered Gabbroic Sequence (LGS) intruded the SW border of the Ossa Morena Zone at ca. 350Ma during the early stages of the Variscan oblique continental collision in Iberia. It represents an exceptional case-study for the petrogenesis and metallogenesis of the rare class of synorogenic layered intrusions.LGS oxidised parental magmas (+1.7±0.5 ΔFMQ) evolved to relatively reduced ferro-basaltic magmas (±0.5 ΔFMQ) after extensive differentiation (SB I–SB II–ODV I Series: Fo88-54) and gave rise to ODV I Series oxide-rich ferro-gabbros and massive oxide ores, that represent a potential economic resource for Fe, Ti and V. Vanadium enrichment in ODV I melt peaked at the formation of basal ores and was followed by heterogeneous depletion at prevailing high Fe–Ti contents within other oxide-rich domains of the Series. Geological, geophysical and geochemical evidence suggest that density driven processes were fundamental to oxide accumulation and segregation within ODV I basal domains.The SB I–SB II–ODV I suite was followed by monotonous gabbroic Series (ODV II, III, BRG I, II) developed from repeated magma replenishments with similar initial composition (Fo78). The prevailing oxidising conditions (Fo76-66 ΔFMQ+.5 to+1.0) and the buffering effect of recurrent replenishments constrained the Fe–Ti enrichment within a typical calc-alkaline differentiation trend; decreasing recharge/crystallisation rates locally produced oxide accumulations at ≈+1Δ FMQ. The coupled ƒO2 decreasing with Fe-enrichment throughout LGS is consistent with crystallisation under conditions closed to oxygen exchange. It is inferred that the large amount of oxides that precipitated throughout ODV I Series required transient, episodic openings of the system favoured by the tectonically active character of the magma chamber.Modelling of melt compositions supports that LGS parental magmas were high-alumina, primitive basalts (#Mg0.63), which after some differentiation gave rise to SB II Series (#Mg0.59) preserved as a chilled margin. The SB I parental magmas may account for the monotonous Series compositional spectrum, whereas ODV I Series model melts may be derived as residual magmas from SB II Series. ODV I melts show strong Fe–Ti enrichment and Si depletion, consistent with a Fenner trend, wherein the formation of extreme differentiation products was precluded by the arrival of new magma batches related with the monotonous Series.

Survey of the ethnobotanical uses of Ximenia americana L. ( mumpeke ) among rural communities in South Angola

An insight into the cosmetic and medicinal importance of Ximenia americana (mumpeke) in South Angola is provided. In the years 2009 and 2010 a field investigation was carried out in four rural communities, in order to gather information on traditional uses of this species. Sixty-eight informants were interviewed and 71% reported the use of X. americana. A total of 210 citations were recorded for 13 different uses: 9 medicinal (84 citations), 3 cosmetic (125) and 1 veterinary (1). The most relevant use resulted to be direct application of the oil extracted from seeds as a cosmetic for body and hair care and as a medicinal remedy to prevent varicose veins. Minor medicinal and veterinary uses of leaves were also recorded. Quantitative analyses showed that the use of mumpeke oil both as a cosmetic and as a medical remedy is widely and homogenously distributed within the communities (UE = 1). The category 'cosmetic uses' showed also the higher use diversity index (UD = 0.59). No statistically significant difference emerged in the number of uses cited by the informants grouped either for gender or for age. Yet, when comparing the distribution of citations with Hurlbert’s PIE, women and >40 yrs informants showed a significantly higher use diversity. The distribution of knowledge among communities is also analyzed and discussed. Local traditional technique of oil extraction is described, based on direct observation in the investigated communities. Mumpeke oil is a potential economic resource for local communities and could provide important opportunities in increasing family income. Key words: Angola, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, Ximenia americana, mumpeke,mumpeke oil, medicinal uses, cosmetic uses, quantitative analyses.

Evidence of Gas Hydrates in Block 26—Offshore Trinidad

Natural gas hydrates are increasingly viewed as a potential economic resource as energy demands rise. In this study, three-dimensional seismic data for Block 26 in the Atlantic Continental Margin offshore Trinidad were evaluated to determine if there is the potential for oceanic hydrate-bearing sediments. The seismic dataset covered an area of approximately 1210 km2 of the continental slope. A bottom simulating reflector which generally ran parallel to the sea floor and cut the dominant stratigraphy was observed and mapped over approximately 43% of the study area.

Geophysical and Geological Exploration of Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts: An Attempt of Small-Scale Mapping on a Micronesian Seamount

Ferromanganese crusts in the Pacific Ocean are potential economic resources of cobalt, nickel and platinum. Previous shipboard geological and geophysical exploration has been directed towards innovation in effective methods of mapping the abundance and grade of manganese nodules on the seafloor for evaluation and mine site selection. However, any simple techniques have not been valid for complicated and variable nature of the crusts and topography. This study attempts to establish a distribution pattern of ferromanganese deposits on a Micronesian seamount using conventional narrow-beam and SSS mapping, dredge sampling Cand TV/camera monitoring with a geological interpretation. We tried to correlate acoustic remote sensing data with the surface geology, and decipher the regional-scale distribution of crusts in relation to large-scale mass wasting that took place in the early Miocene or before. The general distribution pattern of crusts over the surface of the seamount indicates that only about 40% of the apparent “acoustic outcrop” represents actual ferromanganese crust coverage. The combined method outlined here is the most useful in evaluating ferromanganese deposits, prior to possible hi-tech fine-scale mapping using submersibles, ROV and AUV.

INNOVATION DIFFUSION AND ARCHITECTURE AND DYNAMICS OF LOCAL TERRITORIAL NETWORKS

1. Introduction Local rural development is assumed to consist of complex transformation and adjustment processes based on the utilization and management of endogenous/ exogenous actual and potential human, economic and environmental resources occurring on a given territory. The combined action of these variables creates, often going beyond consolidated administrative borders, area-specific issues whose management requires a cross-area collective action (that can engage neighbouring territories also from different administrative regions) for the presence of cross-area problems and cross-area externalities (Reese 1997, Beer and Maude 2002, Beer et al. 2003). These variables can be encompassed in some analytical dimensions: * economic factors--firms' structure and productivity, composition of the economic activities, firms' competitiveness degree at local, regional, national and international level, etc.; * technological factors--technology penetration in local products and production processes and management, etc.; * geographical factors--physical and environmental conditions, geoeconomical advantages and disadvantages, etc.; * infrastructural factors--infrastructural quality and quantity (roads, railways, transportation and storage facilities, energy, IT, etc.); * cultural factors--educational levels, mentalities, local history, social relations, social exclusion and cohesion, etc.; * institutional factors--quality and quantity of local administration and public services, presence or proximity to knowledge generators (universities, research centres, etc.) and extension agencies. The dynamics and characteristics of these territorial patterns are often caused by some specificities of local development itself whose efficiency/inefficiency may be generated by adequacies/inadequacies in one or more of these dimensions: deficiencies in one of these dimensions usually imply appropriate compensation interventions in the other spheres as in the case of marginal areas with particularly adverse geophysical conditions whose development may be fostered for example through infrastructural and/or technological actions. Severe development crises may result from simultaneous collapses in all these dimensions. These inadequacies may operatively act as 'frictions' whose parallel actions may contribute to determine differences in sensibility and in reaction to innovation, change and development processes among neighbouring areas as well: in particular differences in performances in the institutional sphere may also explain why, in certain conditions, some static rural areas remain static even in the presence of a high potential innovation supply, consistent investments and subsidies, geophysical and geo-economic advantages or adequate infrastructure. These conditions highlight the critical role played by the institutional setting, and the related concepts of institutional strength/thickness, which may act as anchor and dynamo within development processes thus influencing the well-being of local communities through the production and provision of both private goods (which are expected to be obtained through the market) and public goods (health, security, education, environment, etc.). The importance of this role is also emphasized by the fact that public administrations have the primary responsibility in the provision of public goods and the eventual presence, quality and dimension of intentionally/ unintentionally executed forms of institutional inertia may be translated into the public agents' capability to avoid and correct development discrepancies linked to public goods, for example created by market failures. Local institutions also play a relevant role in stimulating collaborations and synergies among endogenous/ exogenous agents to attain common goals to solve development inadequacies: 'acting together' is in fact a critical precondition to support concrete and realistic development processes and to make all the investments conveyed into development actions and initiatives more effective and efficient. …

182 Experimental Harvests of Five Species of Macroalgae Along the Oregon Coast

Macroalgae are the basis of a major global industry. Their nutritional and chemical values have brought strong economic pressure for commercial harvest permits to the State of Oregon, USA. Historically, Oregon has denied these requests because of a lack of understanding of harvest effects on the resource. Three species of phaeophytes (Laminaria setchellii, Alaria marginata, Fucus gardneri) and two rhodophytes (Mastocarpus papillatus, Mazzaella splendens) were subjected to various treatments to determine their ability to recover from harvest. Three year experiments were designed to compare the effects of harvesting during different seasons, different amounts, and different methods. Permanent transects and plots were placed in three study sites along the Oregon coast. Here we present the results from the first growing season. Only A. marginata was found to regain pre‐harvest biomass within one growing season; all species will be monitored for regrowth and resettlement for the next two growing seasons to provide a basis for the management of the potential economic resource.

Kangaroos and feral goats as economic resources for graziers: some views from south-west Queensland

Fifteen years ago it was proposed that the conversion of kangaroos from a pest to an economically valuable resource would allow graziers to reduce the numbers of domestic stock and thereby lower total grazing pressure. Since then, little progress towards this goal has been achieved. This is believed to be due mainly to the low prices obtained for kangaroo products. A survey of graziers in south-west Queensland was carried out to discover their opinions on kangaroos as a potential economic resource. Questions on the harvesting of feral goats were also included in the survey because of the contrast this industry provides to kangaroo harvesting in terms of grazier involvement. The results of the survey are discussed in relation to resource ownership rights; kangaroo product prices and marketing; and competition within the kangaroo harvesting industry. They show that while low kangaroo product prices do act as a disincentive to graziers, other administrative, legal and institutional factors are also important impediments to their entry to the industry. It is concluded that until the focus of attention widens to include consideration of these as well as just market factors, little progress will be made towards integrating graziers into the kangaroo harvesting industry.

Terrain systems mapping

Description The term ‘terrain systems mapping’ originated in the 1930s and early 1940s when the requirement was identified to classify large areas of terrain for the purposes of locating potential agricultural and economic resources, and identifying suitable sites for development in mainly undeveloped rural areas (Mitchell 1973). The view is adopted in this paper that ‘terrain’ and ‘land’ are synonymous, which follows both Christian & Stewart (1968) and Townshend (1981). In many respects the methodology behind terrain systems mapping has not altered since one of its first significant applications came to prominence in Australia, with the publication of a series of reports summarizing terrain systems mapping of the Australian Territories (Christian & Stewart 1952). Areas up to hundreds of square kilometres were delineated in which characteristic assemblages of topography, soils and vegetation could be identified. This association is described in Cooke & Doornkamp (1990) after Stewart & Perry (1953). These authors established that the topography and soils are dependent on the nature of the underlying rocks (geology), the erosional and depositional processes that have produced the present topography (geomorphology) and the climate under which these processes have operated. Thus the land system is a scientific classification of country or landscape based on topography, soils and vegetation correlated with geology, geomorphology and climate. The basic good practice for developing a suite of terrain systems maps has been succinctly covered in the 1982 Engineering Group Working Party Report. The three main landform units of terrain

Interannual variation of the abundance of Mazzaella cornucopiae (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) from Pacific Canada in relation to changes in abiotic variables

The seaweed Mazzaella cornucopiae (Postels & Ruprecht)Hommersand is common in rocky intertidal areas from Pacific Canada andis a potential economic resource. In both 1993 and 1994, the abundanceof M. cornucopiae from Prasiola Point, southern Barkley Sound, washigh in spring and summer and low in fall and winter. In 1995, however,the abundance in summer was unexpectedly low, and this trend deepenedin 1996. Correlations between the temporal changes of abundance and ofsome abiotic variables were done as a first approach to explaining thesechanges of abundance. The abiotic variables used were air temperature,sea surface temperature, wave height, all three measured on an oceanicbuoy close to Prasiola Point, and seawater salinity, determined for coastalwaters from northern Barkley Sound. These were the closest sites toPrasiola Point for which reliable abiotic data existed. None of thecorrelations were significant. Field observations done at Prasiola Pointsuggest that air temperatures reached higher values there than at theoceanic buoy. Together with irradiance, in situ air temperature may havehad an important role in the interannual differences of abundance througha higher physical stress on thalli, resulting in the high proportion ofbleached tissues observed in summer 1996. Future studies on thepopulation dynamics of M. cornucopiae should benefit fromquantifying these variables in situ.

By-products from the food and dairy industries

For the purpose of this paper I intend to include within the term ‘by-products’ all those materials that arise from the food industries which are not consumed by the human population of the United Kingdom. Some of these materials are not acceptable as part of the human diet, or, if acceptable, find no ready market. Other materials are inedible, perhaps by humans and other animals, but can be converted into acceptable food or feed whilst yet others which are edible and acceptable are wasted in processing, storage, transport, distribution and in the kitchen and dining room. It is impossible to give a figure for the annual amount of by-products and waste available but statistical evidence points to approximately 6 million tonnes of food, all of which is edible but not consumed. This figure does not include by-products which are not intended for human consumption such as abattoir wastes, whey and brewery wastes and cereal offals. The total figure is therefore larger and represents a considerable potential economic resource. (It must be observed however, that only a small fraction of these wastes and by-products can be economically utilized. Other speakers are dealing with animal slaughter, fish and cereal wastes and I will therefore give only passing attention to these materials.)About 40 million gallons of cheese whey are produced in the UK each year on the farm. Of this, about 12 million gallons are fed directly to pigs. Although it appears that heavy hog production and cheese making are often associated, disposal of whey on farm remains a problem, since the price fetched by whey may be only a quarter or less than the cost of transport. Disposal on land, where it can be useful as a fertilizer, can lead to pollution problems. Trials carried out by ADAS (Wolverhampton) on both beef and dairy cattle are promising. It has been shown that every kg of barley previously fed to dairy cattle can be replaced by 10 litres of whey at half the cost, making barley feed unnecessary. In diets for steers, calculations have shown that a litre of whey at 6% solids can replace 90g of compound for energy (Peacock, 1977).

The Marine Plant Biomass of the Pacific Northwest Coast. A Potential Economic Resource

The Marine Plant Biomass of the Pacific Northwest Coast. A Potential Economic Resource

The Marine Plant Biomass of the Pacific Northwest Coast: A Potential Economic Resource.Robert W. Krauss

Previous articleNext article No AccessNew Biological BooksThe Marine Plant Biomass of the Pacific Northwest Coast: A Potential Economic Resource. Robert W. Krauss Joel W. HedgpethJoel W. Hedgpeth Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 54, Number 1Mar., 1979 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/411095 Copyright 1979 Stony Brook Foundation, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.