Potential Degradation Research Articles

Characteristics of biofilms on polylactic acid microplastics and their inhibitory effects on the growth of rice seedlings: A comparative study of petroleum-based microplastics

Increasing evidence highlights the negative effects of microplastics (MPs) on crops and bio-based plastics offer an alternative to conventional plastics. However, there is limited knowledge on the impacts and mechanisms of bio-based MPs on crop physiology. In this study, bio-based polylactic acid (PLA) and petroleum-based MPs [polyamide (PA) and polypropylene (PP)] were added to hydroponic cultures planted with rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings to assess their toxicity. Compared to PA and PP MPs, PLA MPs experienced greater aging after 28 days of exposure, and their surfaces were loaded with more rod-shaped microorganisms with potential plastic degradation ability, such as Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota, which competed with rice seedlings for carbon and nitrogen sources for self-multiplication, thus altering the carbon fixation and nitrogen cycling processes during rice seedling growth. Down-regulation of amino acid and lipid metabolisms in the PLA treatment inhibited the normal synthesis of chlorophyll in rice seedling leaves. Consequently, decreases in the biomass and height of rice seedling roots and shoots were observed in the PLA MP treatment. This study provides evidence that bio-based MPs may have a more severe impact on crop growth than petroleum-based MPs.

Pulsed corona discharge: an advanced treatment method for antibiotic-contaminated water

Water pollution is one of the most significant problems of the current century. With the increase in medicine availability and use, pharmaceutical pollutants such as antibiotics become more prevalent in natural environments with potentially negative impact. In this study, a pulsed corona discharge was investigated as a possible treatment method of water contaminated with amoxicillin (AMX). Two system configurations were used: plasma and plasma-ozonation. In order to better grasp the effect of system and water matrix on degradation, different pulse widths, solutions pH and conductivity values, as well as the nature of the dissolved salts were investigated. Decreasing the pulse width from 300 ns to 106 ns (full width at half maximum) led to almost a two-fold increase in energy yield at 50% pollutant removal, and the addition of the ozonation reactor resulted six times enhancement in efficiency. While the water matrix had little impact on AMX degradation, the buffering capacity of carbonates has proven beneficial by preventing pH decrease during treatment. Under optimum conditions, the energy yield was 57 g kWh−1 at 93% removal of AMX in tap water. A number of 26 potential degradation products have been identified, resulting from hydroxylation of the benzene ring, oxidation of the thioester and amine groups, hydrolysis, and cleavage of the benzene, β-lactam and thiazole rings, along with fragmentation of the resulting compounds. All but seven degradation intermediates are completely removed by extending treatment duration to 60 min and the persistent ones are less toxic than the parent compound.

Uninheritable but Widespread Bacterial Symbiont Enterococcus casseliflavus Mediates Detoxification of the Insecticide Chlorantraniliprole in the Agricultural Invasive Pest Spodoptera frugiperda.

Host-symbiont interaction plays a crucial role in determining the host's fitness under toxic stress, as observed in numerous insect species. However, the mechanism of the symbionts involved in the detoxification of insecticides remains poorly known. In this study, through microbiome, proteomic, and genomic analysis, we identified a prevalent symbiont, Enterococcus casseliflavus EMBL-3, in a major invasive insect pest,Spodoptera frugiperda. This symbiont enhances the host's insecticide resistance to chlorantraniliprole by breaking amide bonds and dehalogenating insecticides. Complying with the increase in exposure risk of chlorantraniliprole, the E. casseliflavus isolates of insects' symbionts but not those from mammals or environmental strains showed a significant enrichment of potential chlorantraniliprole degradation genes. EMBL-3 is popular in field population insects with efficient horizontal transmission ability through cross-diet and cannibalism. This study provides a new therapeutic target for agricultural pests based on symbiont-targeted insect control for global crop protection.

Distribution of microplastics and phthalic acid esters during dry anaerobic digestion of food waste and potential microbial degradation analysis

Food waste (FW) and its biogas residue were considered as sources of terrestrial microplastics (MPs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) contamination. However, there was a lack of research and understanding of the MPs and PAEs pollution problem in FW dry anaerobic digestion process (DADP). The MPs and PAEs in three stages of the DADP with the largest monomer disposal scale in China were identified. At the biogas residue extrusion stage, MPs abundance and PAEs concentration reached the highest values, which were 3.63 ± 0.45 × 103 N·kg-1 and 3.62 ± 0.72 mg·kg-1, respectively. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between MPs and PAEs throughout the process (p < 0.05). Although bacteria and fungi with plastic degradation potential were present in all stages, the contamination problem of MPs and PAEs cannot be completely solved through DADP. This study provides a scientific basis for preventing and controlling the pollution of MPs and PAEs.

Highly-separated Co anchored on S, O-doped carbon nitride for enhanced peroxymonosulfate activation: Insights into radical and non-radical pathways

Understanding the various catalytic mechanisms of activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is crucial for designing high-efficiency metal-supported catalysts. Herein, Co, S, O co-doped carbon nitride (CoCN-x) was constructed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations for CN doped with different elements revealed that CoCN-x exhibited improved PMS activation capabilities. Optimized CoCN-0.5 achieved a 95% removal rate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) within 30 s, with a degradation rate constant of 2.92 min−1, which is 845.34 times higher than that of the original CN. Additionally, the activation mechanism of PMS was thoroughly investigated, revealing the presence of classical radicals such as OH, SO4− and O2− and non-radicals involving 1O2, CoO2+, and electron transfer. Potential SMX degradation pathways were also elucidated using DFT calculations, HPLC-MS, and 3D EEMs. This work provides new insights into the development of catalysts that effectively activate PMS through both radical and non-radical mechanisms.

Process–Property Correlation in Sustainable Printing Extrusion of Bio-Based Filaments

This study investigated the effect of two critical variables for environmental process sustainability, i.e., extruder temperature and printing rate, on thermomechanical performance and accuracy in overall sample sizes, when printing bio-based materials. In this context, 3D specimens produced from basic polylactide (n-PLA) and wood-filled PLA polymer (f-PLA) were realized using extrusion-based additive manufacturing technology (MEX) by varying the nozzle temperatures (200 °C, 210 °C, and 220 °C) and speed (from 70 mm/s to 130 mm/s). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was carried out on the produced specimens, providing information on changes in storage modulus at testing temperature of 30 °C (E′30) and glass transition temperature (Tg) for each printing condition. Measurements of sample sizes allowed for printing precision considerations as a function of processing temperature and speed. The results revealed similar trends in E′30 changes in printed specimens at a fixed extruder temperature as a function of printing speed for n-PLA and f-PLA. Infrared spectroscopy was performed on printed samples and unextruded material to attest potential material degradation under various operating conditions. Finally, images of sample surface allowed to verify the homogeneity of the diameter of the extruded material, and the layer–layer contact at the interface.

Mechanistic insights into the reaction pathway for efficient cationic dye photocatalytic degradation and the importance of the enhanced charge isolation over dual Z-scheme CeO2/BiOCl/Ag2WO4 photocatalyst

Fabricating a multi-component heterojunction system with enhanced charge isolation efficacy remains challenging. A photoactive CeO2/BiOCl/Ag2WO4 heterojunction was successfully constructed using a co-precipitation technique to degrade crystal violet and methylene blue dyes. It was found through a combination of characterization and experiments that the dual Z-scheme system not only augmented the charge isolation and migration efficiency but also maintained superior redox ability with extended visible light absorption capacity. In the CeO2/BiOCl/Ag2WO4 system, 97 % of methylene blue and 98 % of crystal violet were degraded in 75 min using 50 mg/L of ternary photocatalyst. The rate of reaction of CeO2/BiOCl/Ag2WO4 for methylene blue (0.0445 min−1) and crystal violet (0.05053 min−1) exhibited a multi-fold increase in comparison to the bare photocatalysts. The electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis has remarkably identified hydroxyl and superoxide radicals (•OH, •O2−) as the primary reactive species in the photodegradation process. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was utilized to obtain potential degradation pathways for methylene blue and crystal violet, respectively. The dual charge transferal mechanism by the ternary photocatalyst resulted in a significant increase in photocatalytic activity. It provided new perspectives on the principles guiding the rational development of a multicomponent system for environmental remediation.

Comprehensive analysis of chemical and enantiomeric stability of terpenes in Cannabis sativa L. flowers.

Cannabis sativa L. is renowned for its medicinal and recreational uses. With the increasing global legalization of C.sativa L.-based products for medicinal purposes, there is a growing need for well-characterized products. While the stability of cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol is well understood, information on the chemical and enantiomeric stability of terpenes remains scarce. This is despite the fact that terpenes are also thought to have pharmacological activity and may contribute to the overall effect of C.sativa L. To address these challenges, four analytical methods based on chiral, polar, and apolar gas chromatographic separation combined with either MS or FID detection were developed and validated. These methods successfully separated and quantified a total of 29 terpenes, including 13 enantiomers and 5 diastereomers specific to C.sativa L. Furthermore, terpenes and authentic C.sativa L. flowers and extracts were subjected to UV and heat treatments to observe potential degradation reactions over time. Each terpene generates a unique pattern of degradation products resulting in a diverse array of oxidation and cyclization products. P-cymene was identified as a major product of terpene aging. Notably, no enantiomeric conversion was detected, suggesting that the formation of (-)-α-pinene in cannabis extracts, for example, originates from other terpenes. Terpenes have different degradation rates, even though they are structurally similar. In addition, cultivar- and growth-condition-specific enantiomeric ratios were observed in C.sativa L., confirming that enantiomer production is species-specific and has to be considered for therapeutical applications.

Eco-Friendly Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Selective Determination of Lesinurad in Its Pharmaceutical Formulation and in the Presence of Its Degradation Products

The objective of the present study was to create solid contact ion selective electrodes (SC-ISEs) for the purpose of selectively determining lesinurad (LES) in both its pure form and pharmaceutical dosage form where potential degradation products and impurities may be present. To achieve that goal, an electrochemical sensor with graphene nanomaterial as an ion-to-electron transducer was constructed using the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as a substrate. A number of plasticizers were tested to find the best plasticizer for creating the potentiometric sensors, where 2-nitrophenyloctyl ether (o-NPOE) revealed the optimum response and nearly Nernstian slope. Sensor was characterized and the linear range was 5.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−3 M, and the calculated LOD was found to be 4.9 × 10−7 M. The developed sensor’s performance was evaluated as per the IUPAC requirements. Lesinurad was successfully determined in its pharmaceutical tablets using the proposed sensor. Additionally, statistical comparison of the developed method with the reported HPLC results has been carried out using student’s t-test and F-value, where no significant difference was found. Using the AGREE tool, the suggested method’s greenness was assessed and contrasted with the published HPLC one.

Synthesis of n-isomers: Native and deuterium-labelled short-chain perfluoroalkane sulfonamide derivatives

Perfluorooctane sulfonamide derivatives have been extensively used by industry for their surfactant properties and as building blocks for other perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Due to their environmental impact and their potential degradation to other harmful PFAS, short-chain sulfonamide derivatives alternatives were introduced. However, these are now also suspected to be present in different environmental matrices and there is a lack of labelled and unlabelled reference standards to perform analyses. To address this gap, 40 native and deuterium labelled short-chain perfluoroalkane sulfonamide derivatives were synthesized, utilizing commercial perfluoroalkane sulfonyl fluoride as starting materials. All products were synthesized and then purified to obtain linear n-isomer reference standards. NMR, GC-FID-MS and LC-MS techniques were used for product identification and purity assessment. Recrystallization method was developed to selectively isolate the n-isomer from the isomer mixtures, thereby providing valuable reference and internal standards for environmental and toxicological investigations.

Efficient and stability electrochemical degradation of Bisphenol A on Ti/TiO2-NTA/PbO2-Nd anode: Mechanistic analysis

The Ti/TiO2-NTA/PbO2-Nd electrodes were fabricated using anodic oxidation and electrodeposition techniques for the electrocatalytic treatment of bisphenol A (BPA) pollutants in coking wastewater. Characterization revealed well-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiO2-NTA) with a hollow structure, featuring a wall thickness of 36 nm and an inner diameter of approximately 83 nm. The TiO2-NTA interlayer restricted PbO2 growth, leading to a compact crystal structure and increased electrode surface area. Electrochemical tests showed that the Ti/TiO2-NTA/PbO2-Nd electrode outperformed Ti/TiO2-NTA/PbO2 and Ti/PbO2 electrodes, exhibiting the highest oxygen evolution potential, lowest charge transfer resistance, optimal hydroxyl radical generation, and longest service lifetime. The removal efficiencies for BPA were 95.4 % for Ti/TiO2-NTA/PbO2-Nd, 90.8 % for Ti/TiO2-NTA/PbO2, and 80.6 % for Ti/PbO2. The Ti/TiO2-NTA/PbO2-Nd electrode also achieved the lowest energy consumption at 0.157 kWh/(g·COD), a 40 % reduction compared to Ti/PbO2. The introduction of TiO2-NTA enhanced electrode stability, electron transfer, and surface area, while neodymium (Nd) doping improved oxygen evolution potential and hydroxyl radical production. Under optimized conditions, the Ti/TiO2-NTA/PbO2-Nd electrode achieved BPA removal efficiencies of 99.24 %, COD removal efficiencies of 82.77 %, and TOC removal efficiencies of 78.92 %. UV–Vis spectrophotometry, three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectra (3D EEM), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses revealed potential BPA degradation pathways.

Fabrication of ZnO[sbnd]Cu3SnS4 NCs for enhanced visible light-induced photocatalytic degradation of carvedilol

The widespread use of pharmaceutical drugs like carvedilol (CAR) has raised concerns regarding antibiotic resistance, environmental pollution, and potential human health risks. This study addresses these issues by employing advanced pristine nanomaterials, including ZnO and Cu3SnS4 to intricately engineer ZnOCu3SnS4 nanocomposite (NCs). These NCs are designed for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of CAR. Detailed characterization through SEM, and elemental mapping reveals the nanocluster morphology, amorphous nature, proper deposition distribution, and heterojunction formation. XRD studies confirm the purity of the synthesized materials, while XPS validate their chemical states and bonding nature. BET and BHJ analyses demonstrate the enhanced surface area and mesoporous nature of the NCs respectively. UV–visible DRS illustrates successful visible-light sensitization of the ZnOCu3SnS4 NCs with a bandgap of 2.96 eV. Photoluminescence studies indicate reduced charge carrier recombination in the NCs. .OH being the dominant radical involved in photodegradation. The photocatalytic degradation of CAR by ZnOCu3SnS4 NCs achieves a remarkable degradation efficiency of 98 % under optimal condition. These NCs also show outstanding stability across several cycles and remain to function in the presence of ions. Finally, GC–MS analysis suggests the potential CAR degradation routes that result in less hazardous end products. In conclusion, the present research highlights the potential of ZnOCu3SnS4 NCs for efficient wastewater treatment and highlights their capacity to tackle issues related to pharmaceutical drug contamination.

Enhanced ofloxacin degradation in water by a novel integrated photocatalysis and rotating magnetic field system

In this work, a novel integrated Fe3O4/g-C3N4 (FC) composite and rotating magnetic field (RMF) system was developed to enhance the photodegradation of ofloxacin (OFX) in water. The RMF was excited by three-phase alternating current, providing great flexibility on the magnetic field and avoiding mechanical transmission. By integrating RMF, the OFX degradation by FC photocatalysis was greatly enhanced. With the optimal FC composition of 20 % (wt) Fe3O4 (FC20), >87 % OFX degradation could be achieved with 1 g/L FC20, an RMF-excited current of 2 A, and a reaction time of 300 min, compared to OFX decomposition of ∼65 % by FC20 photocatalysis alone. The magnetic induction intensity, solution pH, and water matrices all affected OFX degradation by the integrated FC-RMF system. The FC20 was reliable for OFX degradation in water with minimal efficacy reduction after four consecutive reuses. In the integrated FC-RMF system, reactive species' contribution to OFX degradation was in the order of holes > superoxide anions > hydroxyl radicals. The electron transfer mechanisms during OFX degradation and five potential degradation pathways were proposed. In summary, the integrated FC-RMF system demonstrated a potential route for enhancing the removal of OFX and possibly other antibiotic contaminants from water.

Co-MoS2@BC catalyzed ultrafast degradation of tetracycline by peroxymonosulfate: Domination of non-radical pathway based on 1O2

Co-MoS2@BC catalysts were prepared using pine cones as biochar source, and the surface morphology and microstructure of the catalysts were analyzed and the successful preparation of the materials was verified by adopting the characterization means such as BET, SEM, XRD, FTIR, TEM, XPS, Raman. At the concentration of tetracycline (TC) in water of 20 mg/L, the reaction system with catalyst participation resulted in 98.88 % pollutant removal and efficient degradation, and the effects of TC concentration, coexisting chemicals, initial pH, catalyst dosage, PMS dosage, and other factors on the catalytic performance of Co-MoS2@BC were investigated. The results of quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) examinations were combined, the reactive substances whose main roles in the reaction process were identified as single linear oxygen (1O2), and the simultaneous presence of electron transfer-mediated non-radical pathways in the Co-MoS2@BC/PMS/TC system was confirmed using Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The reaction process's intermediates were examined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), which also offered potential degradation routes.

New stability indicating RP-HPLC methods for the determination of related substances and assay of trametinib acetic acid: a mass balance approach.

New stability indicating related substances and assay methods for trametinib acetic acid by RP-HPLC have been developed and validated through forced degradation and mass balance studies for the first time. In related substances (RS) method, trametinib acetic acid was successfully separated from its six related substances namely, cyclopropanamide impurity, desiodo trametinib, desacetyl trametinib, trione acetamide intermediate, trione intermediate, and trione PTSA intermediate using YMC-Triart C18 (150 × 4.6mm, 3µm) column. Orthophosphoric acid (0.15%) in water was used as buffer. Gradient elution was programmed using mobile phase-A (buffer and acetonitrile mixture in 80:20 v/v ratio) and mobile phase-B (buffer and acetonitrile mixture in 20:80 v/v ratio). Acetonitrile and methanol mixture (1:1 v/v) was used as diluent. Flow rate, injection volume, column temperature, and wavelengths were kept as 0.8mL/min, 10µL, 55°C, and 240nm, respectively. Desacetyl trametinib and cyclopropanamide impurity were identified as potential degradation impurities in acid and base degradation conditions, respectively. Assay method specific to above six related substances was also developed. Assay of forced degradation samples was also determined, and the mass balance was established by adding total impurities formed in RS method to assay of trametinib acetic acid.

Constructing a stable photocatalytic functional layer through cross-linking of chitosan and l-mannose for efficient removal of doxycycline hydrochloride in single-pass flow mode

The development of technologies for effectively eliminating antibiotic pollutants from aquatic environments is crucial for preserving environmental quality. In this study, the 0D/3D Ag/AgI/MOF-808 photocatalysts were immobilized on the surface of polyethersulfone membrane using the Schiff-base reaction between chitosan and l-mannose to form a photocatalytic membrane (PES-CSLM-1) with a unique “sandwich” structure, which consists of a cross-linked layer, a functional layer, and a supporting layer. Under 240 min of visible light irradiation, the removal rate of doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX) (10 mg/L) by PES-CSLM-1 membrane was more than 90 %, which was 26.2 % higher than that of PES-CS membrane. The flux recovery rate of the membrane after photocatalytic self-cleaning reached 92.2 %, notably surpassing that achieved through physical cleaning (73.75 %), indicating that the photocatalysis effectively converted irreversible pollutants into reversible pollutants. After four cycles, the DOX removal efficiency of PES-CSLM-1 remained near 80 %, and the membrane structure and crystal structure did not change significantly. ·OH and ·O2− play important roles in the degradation process of DOX, and three potential degradation pathways for DOX were proposed. Toxicity analysis revealed that the environmental risk was significantly reduced during the DOX degradation process.

Cobalt-Modified Biochar from Rape Straw as Persulfate Activator for Degradation of Antibiotic Metronidazole

A cobalt-loaded magnetic biochar (Co-MBC) catalyst was synthesized to enhance the removal of metronidazole (MNZ). Study explored the performance and mechanism of MNZ degradation by Co-MBC activated permonosulfate (PMS). Results showed that cobalt oxides were effectively deposited onto the biochar surface, new oxygen functional groups were added to the modified biochar, and the presence of the metallic element Co enhanced the efficiency of PMS activation in the composite. More than 90% of MNZ was removed after 60 min with a catalyst dosage of 0.2 g/L and a PS concentration of 1 mM. After four reuses, Co-MBC still showed excellent catalytic performance to degrade over 75% of MNZ. The reaction system performed well even in the presence of inorganic anions and organic macromolecules. However, the degradation rate was inhibited under alkaline conditions. The quenching experiment indicated that •SO4−, •OH, 1O2, and •O2− synergistically degraded MNZ, and that•SO4− played a dominant role. LC-MS was applied to assess intermediate degradation products, in which CO2, H2O, and NO3− were the final degradation products, and potential degradation pathways were suggested. In conclusion, Co-MBC was an efficient and stable catalytic material, and its ability to activate PMS was improved to effectively degrade antibiotics, a typical priority pollutant.

Overview of Radar Alignment Methods and Analysis of Radar Misalignment's Impact on Active Safety and Autonomous Systems.

The rapid development of active safety systems in the automotive industry and research in autonomous driving requires reliable, high-precision sensors that provide rich information about the surrounding environment and the behaviour of other road users. In practice, there is always some non-zero mounting misalignment, i.e., angular inaccuracy in a sensor's mounting on a vehicle. It is essential to accurately estimate and compensate for this misalignment further programmatically (in software). In the case of radars, imprecise mounting may result in incorrect/inaccurate target information, problems with the tracking algorithm, or a decrease in the power reflected from the target. Sensor misalignment should be mitigated in two ways: through the correction of an inaccurate alignment angle via the estimated value of the misalignment angle or alerting other components of the system of potential sensor degradation if the misalignment is beyond the operational range. This work analyses misalignment's influences on radar sensors and other system components. In the mathematically proven example of a vertically misaligned radar, pedestrian detectability dropped to one-third of the maximum range. In addition, mathematically derived heading estimation errors demonstrate the impact on data association in data fusion. The simulation results presented show that the angle of misalignment exponentially increases the risk of false track splitting. Additionally, the paper presents a comprehensive review of radar alignment techniques, mostly found in the patent literature, and implements a baseline algorithm, along with suggested key performance indicators (KPIs) to facilitate comparisons for other researchers.

Enhanced degradation of tetracycline by gas-liquid discharge plasma coupled with g-C3N4/TiO2

Plasma-catalysis is considered as one of the most promising technologies for antibiotic degradation in water. In the plasma-catalytic system, one of the factors affecting the degradation effect is the performance of the photocatalyst, which is usually restricted by the rapid recombination of electrons and holes as well as narrow light absorption range. In this research, a photocatalyst g-C3N4/TiO2 was prepared and coupled with gas-liquid discharge (GLD) to degrade tetracycline (TC). The performance was examined, and the degradation pathways and mechanisms were studied. Results show that a 90% degradation rate is achieved in the GLD with g-C3N4/TiO2 over a 10 min treatment. Increasing the pulse voltage is conducive to increasing the degradation rate, whereas the addition of excessive g-C3N4/TiO2 tends to precipitate agglomerates, resulting in a poor degradation efficiency. The redox properties of the g-C3N4/TiO2 surface promote the generation of oxidizing active species (H2O2, O3) in solution. Radical quenching experiments showed that ·OH, hole (h +), play important roles in the TC degradation by the discharge with g-C3N4/TiO2. Two potential degradation pathways were proposed based on the intermediates. The toxicity of tetracycline was reduced by treatment in the system. Furthermore, the g-C3N4/TiO2 composites exhibited excellent recoverability and stability.

Lysineless HiBiT and NanoLuc Tagging Systems as Alternative Tools for Monitoring Targeted Protein Degradation.

Target protein degradation (TPD) has emerged as a revolutionary approach in drug discovery, leveraging the cell's intrinsic machinery to selectively degrade disease-associated proteins. Nanoluciferase (nLuc) fusion proteins and the NanoBiT technology offer two robust and sensitive screening platforms to monitor the subtle changes in protein abundance induced by TPD molecules. Despite these advantages, concerns have arisen regarding potential degradation artifacts introduced by tagging systems due to the presence of lysine residues on them, prompting the development of alternative tools. In this study, we introduce HiBiT-RR and nLucK0, variants devoid of lysine residues, to mitigate such artifacts. Our findings demonstrate that HiBiT-RR maintains a similar sensitivity and binding affinity with the original HiBiT. Moreover, the comparison between nLucWT and nLucK0 constructs reveals variations in degradation patterns induced by certain TPD molecules, emphasizing the importance of choosing appropriate tagging systems to ensure the reliability of experimental outcomes in studying protein degradation processes.