Potential Boundary Conditions Research Articles

A Meta-Analysis Integrating 25 Years of Diversity Climate Research

Extant diversity climate research has been based primarily upon the Interactional Model of Cultural Diversity (IMCD). While prior research has supported the beneficial effects of prodiversity climates (i.e., work environments that employees view as fair and socially integrative of all personnel) on worker attitudes and behaviors, less is known about the potential boundary conditions of diversity climate-outcome relationships. To address this concern, we conducted a meta-analysis of diversity climate using 109 independent samples from 94 studies. Meta-analytic results indicate that diversity climate–outcome relationships are moderated by climate measure type, outcome type, demographic diversity, climate strength, and measurement source. These findings show that diversity climate is more strongly related to outcomes when measured as inclusion climate (vs. diversity climate), for attitudinal outcomes compared to performance and withdrawal criteria, when work contexts are more racially and ethnically diverse, when personnel exhibit stronger versus weaker agreement in their diversity climate perceptions, and when diversity climate and outcome data are collected from the same source versus different sources. The theoretical and practical implications of our findings are noted and discussed.

Fracture toughness and crack propagation behavior of nanoscale beryllium oxide graphene-like structures: A molecular dynamics simulation analysis

Defects present in the structure of nanostructures strongly affect and determine their performance, especially at high loadings and temperatures. Herein, molecular dynamics simulation (MD) was employed to theoretically pattern the fracture toughness, mechanical properties and crack propagation behavior of the defective monolayers of beryllium oxide graphene-like nanostructures (BeOGLNSs) subjected to some shape defects. The significance of this work lies in the ability to analyzing the mechanical behavior of BeOGLNSs as a key semiconductive structure with high bandgap, possessing great potential for the usage in electronics industry. Using Tersoff potential and periodic boundary conditions, samples of various kinds of defects were modeled to examine their mechanical properties as well as toughness varying the temperature. The results revealed that the mechanical properties of both pristine and defective BeOGLNSs were decreased by increasing the temperature as well as the dimensions of the defects. The Young’s modulus of the nanosheets with the crack length of 150 Å, circular and square notches of diameters 150 Å decreased at room temperature by about 66%, 77%, and 64%, respectively. A similar behavior was observed for the failure stress and failure strain. Moreover, higher stress concentration in the corners was the reason why the samples with square defects revealed the weakest properties. Furthermore, stress intensity factor of BeGLONSs was increased by enlargement of the crack dimension. Eventually, the defects were propagated along a direction perpendicular to the stress loading, while the detrimental effect of temperature on the failure stress was lowered once the dimension of the defect increased.

Leaders can facilitate creativity: the moderating roles of leader dialectical thinking and LMX on employee creative self-efficacy and creativity

PurposeResearch has shown that creative self-efficacy is an important antecedent of workplace creativity, but recent research indicates that this relationship may be moderated by contextual factors. The current study investigates whether leader dialectical thinking and leader member exchange moderate the relationship between employee creative self-efficacy and employee creativity.Design/methodology/approachA survey sample of 222 employees in 43 teams from Chinese high-tech companies was collected and HLM was used to test our research model.FindingsThe positive association between employee creative self-efficacy and employee creativity was strengthened when a leader displayed a dialectical thinking style. Additional analyses failed to find support for the moderating role of leader-member exchange (LMX).Research limitations/implicationsThese findings establish leadership cognitive style as a potential boundary condition of the relationship between creative self-efficacy and employee creativity.Practical implicationsCompanies can make an active effort in recruiting and training leaders who have a dialectical mindset as they can play significant roles in facilitating employee creativity.Social implicationsTechnological advancement and innovation is important for social welfare. This paper helps to improve the efficiency of creativity processes and finally benefits the whole society.Originality/valueThis is the first introduction of the leader's dialectical thinking as a moderator of the relationship between creative self-efficacy and creativity.

The oxygen reduction reaction on palladium with low metal loadings: The effects of chlorides on the stability and activity towards hydrogen peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide is considered one of the most important commodity chemicals worldwide but its main production method, the anthraquinone process, poses serious logistical, environmental and safety challenges. Electrocatalytic synthesis through the reduction of molecular oxygen is a promising H2O2 production route. However, the reduction of molecular oxygen is kinetically hindered and stable electrocatalysts with a high activity and selectivity towards the 2-electron transfer reaction are needed. In this work, we evaluated the influence of chloride on catalysts with low palladium loadings on the ORR selectivity towards H2O2. We report the factors and dynamics that influence H2O2 production and highlight synthesis strategies to obtain close to 100% selectivity. By probing the electrode surface after various degradation cycles, we evaluate the role of adsorbing species and the catalysts oxidation states on the hydrogen peroxide selectivity. We systematically modified the catalyst synthesis using different Pd-precursors that were reduced and supported on high surface area graphene nanoribbons. Identical location transmission electron microscopy was used to probe catalyst dynamics during reaction and the activities and selectivities were measured by a rotating ring disk electrode. We probe the potential boundary conditions that lead to catalyst degradation during accelerated stress tests and potentiostatic polarisation and demonstrate how the catalytically active surface can be revived after degradation. The obtained insights can be used as guideline for the development of active, selective and stable catalysts with low noble metal loadings.

Meta-analytic evidence on personal shopping value

Value remains a prominently studied concept in marketing with the personal shopping value (PSV) scale by Babin et al., being one of the most applied tools to assess the value in any form. While the concept of perceived value continues to evolve, questions still prevail. This research note implements a meta-analytical approach to provide further insights into the interplay between utilitarian and hedonic value. Results confirm a positive effect between utilitarian and hedonic value, questioning the common assumption that the dimensions are at opposing ends of a value spectrum. Meta-regression results explore potential boundary conditions in an effort to explain heterogeneity. Survey-type emerges as a moderator with larger relationships for online surveys than for surveys taken through non-electronic surveys. Furthermore, findings support positive connections between utilitarian value as well as hedonic value and customer satisfaction. The findings also suggest significant substantial heterogeneity helping to further the motivation to continue research into perceived value in an effort to further normative guidelines for managerial application.

Understanding the heterogeneous kinetics of Al nanoparticles by simulations method

This paper investigates the heterogeneous kinetics of Al nanoparticles (NPal) under the influence of atomic numbers, heating rates, temperature and different annealing times by simulations method Molecular dynamics (MD) combined with embedded interaction potential Sutton-Chen (SC) and free boundary conditions. The results heterogeneous kinetics of NPal have been examined through Radial Distribution Function (RDF), total energy of the system (Etot), size (D), Common Neighborhood Analysis (CNA) method. The results show, the crystallization process takes place at the crystallization temperature Tg = 600 K lead to structure unit number Face-Centred Cubic (FCC), Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP), Amorphous (Amor) change. Our finding indicates that the D and Etot of NPal nanoparticle are proportional to the atomic number (N) as D ∼ N−1/3, Etot ∼ N−1. The formation of FCC and HCP, Amor structure units are affected by the number of atoms (N), heating rate, temperature (T) and annealing time (t).

Childhood adversity is linked to adult health among African Americans via adolescent weight gain and effects are genetically moderated.

Identifying the mechanisms linking early experiences, genetic risk factors, and their interaction with later health consequences is central to the development of preventive interventions and identifying potential boundary conditions for their efficacy. In the current investigation of 412 African American adolescents followed across a 20-year period, we examined change in body mass index (BMI) across adolescence as one possible mechanism linking childhood adversity and adult health. We found associations of childhood adversity with objective indicators of young adult health, including a cardiometabolic risk index, a methylomic aging index, and a count of chronic health conditions. Childhood adversities were associated with objective indicators indirectly through their association with gains in BMI across adolescence and early adulthood. We also found evidence of an association of genetic risk with weight gain across adolescence and young adult health, as well as genetic moderation of childhood adversity's effect on gains in BMI, resulting in moderated mediation. These patterns indicated that genetic risk moderated the indirect pathways from childhood adversity to young adult health outcomes and childhood adversity moderated the indirect pathways from genetic risk to young adult health outcomes through effects on weight gain during adolescence and early adulthood.

Understanding the influence of test specimen boundary conditions on material failure resulting from artificial lightning strike

This paper examines the influence of test specimen boundary conditions on material failure during an artificial lightning strike. A finite element simulation approach is employed which in contrast to an experimental investigation enables the study of material damage during the event.Specimen boundaries, representing the range of conditions found in published experimental works, are examined. Unprotected carbon fibre / epoxy composite material and Society of AutomotiveEngineers (SAE) lightning test Waveform A are studied. Damage predictions with two simulation types (coupled thermal-electric; dynamic, coupled temperature-displacement, explicit) are reported and comparisons made with experimental measurements. The results demonstrate that delamination area is sensitive to specimen boundaries, varying by over 300% for the studied conditions.Thermal damage demonstrates noteworthy interactions between the base and side surface grounding conditions, illustrating the variation of local material thermal loading with boundary condition variation. Both delamination and critical damage depth appear to be independent of mechanical boundaries, whereas the prediction of thermal damage appears highly sensitive to the selection of the specimen electrical potential boundary conditions. This paper, for the first time, establishes the effect of test specimen boundary conditions on material failure, representing a common specimen, with a single material data set and subjected to a single consistent artificial lightning component waveform.

All Good Things Must Come to an End: a Potential Boundary Condition on the Potency of Successive Relearning

Successive relearning involves practicing to-be-learned content until a designated level of mastery is achieved in each of multiple practice sessions. As compared with practicing the content to the same criterion in a single session, successive relearning has been shown to dramatically boost students’ retention of simple verbal materials. Does the documented potency of successive relearning extend to the learning of mathematical procedures? Across three experiments, 431 college students read instructions about how to solve four types of probability problems and were then presented with isomorphic practice problems until they correctly solved three problems of each type. In the successive relearning group, students engaged in practice until one problem of each type was correctly solved in each of three different practice sessions. In the single-session group, students engaged in practice until three problems of each type were correctly solved in a single practice session. Both groups completed a final test involving novel problems 1 week after the end of practice. When an effect size was estimated across all experiments, final test performance showed a significant but only small advantage of successive relearning over single-session learning (pooled d = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.08, 0.49). Secondary analyses revealed that correctly solving a problem did not significantly boost the likelihood of subsequent success, which also could explain the relatively low level of test performance for both groups. These outcomes identify a potential boundary condition for the benefits of using successive relearning to enhance student achievement when learning mathematical procedures.

Molecular dynamic study on factors influencing the structure, phase transition and crystallization process of NiCu6912 nanoparticle

This article reports effects of temperature (T), T = 300 K, 400 K, 500 K, 600 K, 700 K, 900 K at different heating rates 4 × 1012 K/s, 4 × 1012 K/s, 4 × 1013 K/s and 4 × 1014 K/s at T = 300 K and 550 K; annealing time(t), t = 500 ps at T = 550 K on the structure, phase transition and crystallization process of NiCu6912 nanoparticles by molecular dynamics method (MD) with Sutton Chen embedded interaction potential (SC) and liberal boundary condition. The structural characteristics were analyzed through radial distribution function (RDF), total energy (Etot), size (D) and Common Neighborhood Analysis method (CNA); phase transition and crystallization process through relationship between Etot, T. The results showed that Ni-Ni, Ni-Cu, Cu-Cu of NiCu6912 nanoparticles exhibit 04 types of structures: Face Centred Cubic (FCC), Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP), Icosahedral (ICO), Amorphous (Amor). When temperatures increase, NiCu6912 nanoparticles move from crystalline state to liquid state. The phase transition from crystalline state to amorphous state occurs more slowly at crystallization temperature (Tg), Tg = 550 K. When increasing the annealing time, the structure unit number FCC, HCP, ICO increases and Amor decreases leading to an increment of crystallization process at Tg = 550 K. Our finding shows that the effect of temperature, heating rates at T = 300 K, 550 K and heating time at T = 550 K on structure, phase process and the crystallization process is very large.

Experimental boundary conditions of reinstatement-induced return of fear in humans: Is reinstatement in humans what we think it is?

Experimental paradigms used to study reinstatement of fear in humans are characterized by procedural heterogeneity. Reinstatement protocols involve unexpected (re)-presentations of the unconditioned stimulus (USs) after fear extinction training. Here, we address the number of reinstatement USs administered as a potential boundary condition that may explain divergent findings in the field. A sample of 171 participants is exposed to a fear acquisition training, immediate extinction training, and reinstatement test experiment. Three groups differing in the number of reinstatement US are employed: one (n=57) or four (n=55) in experimental groups and zero (n=59) in the control group. We adopt Bayesian statistical approaches beyond classical null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) to qualify evidence for or against this potential methodological boundary condition in reinstatement-induced return of fear. Startle potentiation to the reinstatement administration context was increased for the RI-USone compared to the RI-USzero group, supporting the role of context conditioning in reinstatement. This effect was weaker in the RI-USfour group. This, however, did not transfer to responding to conditioned stimuli during the return of fear-test: no evidence for an effect of the number of reinstatement USs (zero, one, four) was observed in behavioral or physiological measures. In sum, our results speak against the number of reinstatement USs as a potential boundary condition in experimentally induced return of fear in humans. This may challenge what we think we know about the reinstatement phenomenon in humans and call for critical reconsideration of paradigms as well as mechanisms that may underlie some reinstatement effects in the literature.

We're not alone: Understanding the social consequences of intrinsic emotion regulation.

Recently, there has been a push for taking a more interpersonal approach to emotion regulation. However, most work continues to look at regulators in isolation and focus on strategies that do not involve others. Our objective is to highlight the interpersonal nature of emotion regulation by providing a targeted review of its social consequences, including effects on the regulator and their interaction partners. For illustrative purposes, we focus on one commonly used strategy that has received particular attention in this area, namely, expressive suppression. We briefly review existing research on social consequences of suppression and then delineate underlying mechanisms and potential boundary conditions. Finally, we provide recommendations for expanding this area of research, including (a) incorporating a more diverse set of strategies, especially interpersonal ones; (b) examining a wider range of relationship contexts and levels of analysis; and (c) evaluating emotion regulation as a dynamic, shared phenomenon. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Method of Images for a Charge inside a Three-Layer Medium and Implementation of a Dirichlet Border Condition

A process to apply the method of images for a charge located in a three-layer medium is presented. The images are found according to the boundary conditions between the layers for the electric field. The characteristics of the electric potential are also considered, thus the number of unknown variables becomesa guide to set the image charges needed to solve the problem. The results are compared with finite element simulations through the use of the software FEMM 4.2, showing good agreement. The found limitations of the process are also noted, mainly in regards to the dependence of the images on the coordinates where the field is to be calculated. The model obtained was applied to different cases, where it was seen that it was not limited to three material media only. Finally, the null potential boundary condition was applied, showing how the method of images could be applied to this type of problems.

Measuring slow heteroaggregation rates in the presence of fast homoaggregation

Homoaggregation and heteroaggregation involving amidine and sulfate latex particles in the presence of the anionic surfactant octyl sulfate (OS) is studied by light scattering. This surfactant causes a charge reversal of the amidine particles. This reversal induces a rapid homoaggregation near the charge reversal point. In the presence of the same surfactant, the sulfate particles remain negatively charged and stable. The heteroaggregation process is probed in mixed suspensions of amidine and sulfate latex particles with multi-angle time-resolved dynamic light scattering. This technique allows differentiating between the contributions of homoaggregation and heteroaggregation, and permits to measure the heteroaggregation rate. By optimally choosing the sizes of the particles, one can optimize the contrast and extract heteroaggregation stability ratio over a wide range. The heteroaggregation rate is fast at low OS concentrations, where the two particles are oppositely charged. This rate slows down at higher OS concentrations due to double layer repulsion between the negatively charged particles. However, the onset of this slow heteroaggregation occurs at lower OS concentrations than for homoaggregation. The reason for this shift is that the double layer repulsion between two OS-decorated amidine particles is weaker than between one sulfate particle and one OS-decorated amidine particle. These measurements compare favorably with calculations with the theory by Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO). These calculations suggest that constant potential boundary conditions are more appropriate than the ones of constant charge. In the system studied, the present light scattering technique permits to extract heteroaggregation stability ratios over almost three orders of magnitude. This study is the first of its kind, where such a large range is being probed.

Смешанная задача для однородного волнового уравнения с ненулевой начальной скоростью с суммируемым потенциалом

For a mixed problem defined by a wave equation with a summable potential equal-order boundary conditions with a derivative and a zero initial position, the properties of the formal solution by the Fourier method are investigated depending on the smoothness of the initial velocity u′t(x, 0) = ψ(x). The research is based on the idea of A. N. Krylov on accelerating the convergence of Fourier series and on the method of contour integrating the resolvent of the operator of the corresponding spectral problem. The classical solution is obtained for ψ(x) ∈ W1p (1 < p ≤ 2), and it is also shown that if ψ(x) ∈ Lp[0, 1] (1 ≤ p ≤ 2), the formal solution is a generalized solution of the mixed problem.

Nonlinear resonant problems with an indefinite potential and concave boundary condition

Nonlinear resonant problems with an indefinite potential and concave boundary condition

Training and testing for a transformation of fear and avoidance functions via combinatorial entailment using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP): Further exploratory analyses

Experiment 1 of the current research attempted to establish fear and avoidance functions for arbitrary stimuli via combinatorial entailment using training and testing versions of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). The critical tests for the transformation of functions involved exposure to two separate Test-IRAPs (one for fear and one for avoidance), but both failed to yield any evidence for the transformation of functions. The findings of Experiment 1 contrast with the clear evidence of a transformation of functions via mutually entailed relations that was reported by Leech et al. (2018), thus suggesting a potential boundary condition for the IRAP as a training and testing context (i.e., derived transformation occurs for mutual but not combinatorial entailing). In Experiment 2, we sought to manipulate two of the dimensions of the multi-dimensional multi-level (MDML) framework to determine if they would alter the apparent boundary condition suggested by the results of Experiment 1. Results indicate that levels of derivation and an opportunity to respond to the derived relations play an important role in the transformation of fear and avoidance functions via combinatorial entailment within the IRAP context.

Extraversion advantages at work: A quantitative review and synthesis of the meta-analytic evidence.

How and to what extent does extraversion relate to work relevant variables across the lifespan? In the most extensive quantitative review to date, we summarize results from 97 published meta-analyses reporting relations of extraversion to 165 distinct work relevant variables, as well as relations of extraversion's lower order traits to 58 variables. We first update all effects using a common set of statistical corrections and, when possible, combine independent estimates using second-order meta-analysis (Schmidt & Oh, 2013). We then organize effects within a framework of four career domains-education, job application, on the job, and career/lifespan-and five conceptual categories: motivations, values, and interests; attitudes and well-being; interpersonal; performance; and counterproductivity. Overall, extraversion shows effects in a desirable direction for 90% of variables (grand mean ρ̄ = .14), indicative of a small, persistent advantage at work. Findings also show areas with more substantial effects (ρ̄ ≥ .20), which we synthesize into four extraversion advantages. These motivational, emotional, interpersonal, and performance advantages offer a concise account of extraversion's relations and a new lens for understanding its effects at work. Our review of the lower order trait evidence reveals diverse relations (e.g., the positive emotions facet has consistently advantageous effects, the sociability facet confers few benefits, the sensation-seeking facet is largely disadvantageous), and extends knowledge about the functioning of extraversion and its advantages. We conclude by discussing potential boundary conditions of findings, contributions and limitations of our review, and new research directions for extraversion at work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Heat transfer investigation of combined electroosmotic/pressure driven nanofluid flow in a microchannel: Effect of heterogeneous surface potential and slip boundary condition

Abstract In the present study, electroosmotic and pressure driven Newtonian nanofluid flow in a microchannel with constant temperature boundary condition is studied via Lattice Poisson–Boltzmann method. In order to validate the numerical solution, the computed results are compared with some existing analytical solutions. Then, effects of different parameters such as ratio of pressure velocity to Helmholtz–Smolochowski velocity, slip coefficient, nanoparticles volume fraction and diameter on flow field and heat transfer is examined. The results show that by fixing the electric field and increasing the pressure force, Nusselt number decreases, and it increases by fixing the pressure force and increasing the electric field. Also, increasing the slip coefficient causes the velocity enhancement in the electroosmotic flow. Furthermore, increasing the nanoparticles volume fraction decreases the velocity and increases Nusselt number. Finally heterogeneous surface potential moves the vortices toward the walls and enables controlling the quantity and direction of velocity field.

Are organizational buyers rational? Using price heuristics in functional risk judgment

Although recent studies on B2B marketing suggest that organizational buyers may not be as rational as the prevailing perspective would assume, empirical evidence is still scarce. We argue that managers infer a product's functional risk from its price level, which is a behavioral response to price stimuli similar to what happens in the B2C context. We conducted an experiment manipulating the price, importance of the decision, and type of product (intense in search and credence attributes). Our findings narrow a research gap previously identified by various authors regarding the lack of empirical studies on behavioral aspects of B2B pricing, specifically related to the price-quality effect (a common heuristic used by shoppers in the B2C market, in which buyers perceive price to be a signal of the inherent qualities of a product). We identify potential boundary conditions that explain the relationship between price and perception of a product's functional risk.