Potential Health Applications Research Articles

Health Use Cases of AI Chatbots: Identification and Analysis of ChatGPT Prompts in Social Media Discourses

The popularity of ChatGPT has raised questions surrounding AI’s potential for health use cases. Since the release of ChatGPT in 2022, social media users have shared their prompts and ChatGPT responses on different topics such as health. Despite editorials and opinion articles discussing the potential uses of ChatGPT, there is a lack of a systematic approach to identify and analyze the use cases of ChatGPT in health. This study establishes a framework for gathering and identifying tweets (i.e., posts on social media site “X”, formerly known as Twitter) that discuss health use cases of ChatGPT, integrating topic modeling with constructivist grounded theory (CGT) to organize these topics into common categories. Using this framework, nine topics were identified, which were further grouped into four categories: (1) Clinical Workflow, (2) Wellness, (3), Diseases, and (4) Gender Identity. The Clinical Workflow category was the most popular category, and included four topics: (1) Seeking Advice, (2) Clinical Documentation, (3) Medical Diagnosis, and (4) Medical Treatment. Among the identified topics, “Diet and Workout Plans” was the most popular topic. This research highlights the potential of social media to identify the health use cases and potential health applications of an AI-based chatbot such as ChatGPT. The identified topics and categories can be beneficial for researchers, professionals, companies, and policymakers working on health use cases of AI chatbots.

Evaluation of Polyphenol Profile from Citrus Peel Obtained by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent/Ultrasound Extraction

Citrus fruits are widely consumed worldwide; however, one of their primary uses is juice production, resulting in over 40 million tons of agro-industrial waste. Citrus peel is the main agro-industrial by-product in citrus production. In recent years, secondary metabolites of interest, mainly polyphenols such as hesperidin, have been identified in citrus peels. Currently, green alternatives like natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) based on choline chloride and glucose (Glu), combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction, are studied to obtain polyphenol-rich extracts with potential health applications. This study aims to evaluate the effect of: (1) molar ratios (MR) of 1:0.5, 1:1 or 1:2 mol/mol of choline chloride (ChCl):glucose (Glu); (2) the percentage of added water (WA: 50, 60 or 70%) to NADES; and (3) different citrus peels of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange), Citrus sinensis (sweet orange), and Citrus limon (lemon) used for extraction, on polyphenol profiles, total polyphenol content (TPC), and antioxidant capacity (Ax) of the extracts. The extracts were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and evaluated using the Folin–Ciocalteu method for TPC and DPPH assay for quantifying AC. A factorial experimental design 33 was implemented. The extract obtained with an MR of 1:1 (ChCl:Glu) from Citrus aurantium peel exhibited the highest concentration of hesperidin (2003.37 ± 10.91 mg/100 g dry mass), whereas an MR of 1:2 (ChCl:Glu) exhibited the highest concentration of neohesperidin (1045.94 ± 1.27 mg/100 g dry mass), both using 60% WA. This extract also showed the highest antioxidant capacity, achieving 100% inhibition. On the other hand, the highest concentration of total phenolic content (TPC) (96.23 ± 0.83 mg GAE/100 g dry mass) was obtained using C. aurantium peel with an MR of 1:0.5 (ChCl:Glu) and 60% WA. The extracts also presented high concentrations of rutin and catechin. These findings highlight the potential of revalorizing citrus peels, particularly Citrus aurantium, and their extracts obtained with NADES for possible health applications.

Classification and detection of noise in IoT based MQ gas sensors using artificial neural network

Abstract IoT-based Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors have potential applications in health, industrial, and agriculture sectors. MQ gas sensors are easy to use, have a large detection range, high sensitivity, and efficiency, and can be interfaced with Arduino for effective use. However, like other any other sensors, the MQ gas sensors are also not able to escape the effect of noise that affects the sensitivity and selectivity causing the unwanted wrong classification and identification of gases, etc finally leading to a wrong justification of results and data. Hence, the study of noise and its removal is very crucial for greater accuracy in its analysis. The main aim of our work is to check whether one can classify different types of noises or noisy signals accurately using even simple ANNs so that after testing the different filtration techniques for the signals we can obtain an independent system specifically for the MQ gas sensors, that can classify as well as filter the noisy signals based on the category to which they are classified. The best and most effective noise filtration method is then obtained. During the study Narrow Neural Network model and Medium Neural Network demonstrated high accuracy in validation and testing, with ROC curves indicating their efficiency and effectiveness.

Investigating the Antioxidant Capacity of Newly Synthesized Flavonoids via DPPH Assay.

Numerous naturally occurring and artificially synthesized flavonoids have garnered attention for their impressive ability to combat oxidative stress and scavenge free radicals when evaluated in laboratory settings. The core aim of our investigation revolved around assessing the antioxidant potential of a diverse range of synthesized flavonoids through in vitro experiments. We crafted 29 distinct flavonoids using the aldol condensation mechanism via a chalcone intermediate to accomplish this. We meticulously characterized these newly formed compounds using a variety of spectroscopic techniques. We employed the widely recognized DPPH free radical method for the crucial antioxidant evaluation, a benchmark in such studies. The radical scavenging efficacy of our synthesized flavonoids was then meticulously compared to that of the positive control, ascorbic acid, renowned for its antioxidant prowess, and the IC50 values for each compound were calculated and examined. Surprisingly, our results showed that the flavonoids we tested had a wide range of antioxidant activity, with IC50 values that ranged from 75.8 ± 8.30 to 397 ± 25.10 μg/mL. Intriguingly, compounds US5, US13, US16, US17, US18, and US21 outshone even ascorbic acid in their antioxidant potential, displaying remarkable scavenging abilities against free radicals. This discovery holds promise for further exploration of these compounds as potential antioxidants with potential applications in health and wellness.

A Sustainable Approach to Valuable Polyphenol and Iridoid Antioxidants from Medicinal Plant By-Products.

Supply chain waste gives rise to significant challenges in terms of disposal, making upcycling a promising and sustainable alternative for the recovery of bioactive compounds from by-products. Lignocellulosic by-products like STF231, which are derived from the medicinal plant extract industry, offer valuable compounds such as polyphenols and iridoids that can be recovered through upcycling. In an unprecedented study, we explored and compared conventional hydroethanolic extraction, ultrasound hydroethanolic extraction, and natural deep eutectic solvents-ultrasound extraction methods on STF231 to obtain extracts with antioxidant activity. The extraction profile of total polyphenols (TPCs) was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu test and the antioxidant capacity of the extracts was tested with FRAP and DPPH assays. HPLC-UV was employed to quantify the phenolic and iridoid markers in the extracts. Additionally, the sustainability profile of the process was assessed using the green analytical procedure index (GAPI), AGREEprep, and analytical GREEnness metric approach (AGREE) frameworks. Our findings indicate that a choline chloride and lactic acid mixture at a 1:5 ratio, under optimal extraction conditions, resulted in extracts with higher TPC and similar antioxidant activity compared with conventional hydroethanolic extracts. The innovative aspect of this study lies in the potential application of sustainable upcycling protocols to a previously unexamined matrix, resulting in extracts with potential health applications.

RADAR-IoT: An Open-Source, Interoperable, and Extensible IoT Gateway Framework for Health Research.

IoT sensors offer a wide range of sensing capabilities, many of which have potential health applications. Existing solutions for IoT in healthcare have notable limitations, such as closed-source, limited I/O protocols, limited cloud platform support, and missing specific functionality for health use cases. Developing an open-source internet of things (IoT) gateway solution that addresses these limitations and provides reliability, broad applicability, and utility is highly desirable. Combining a wide range of sensor data streams from IoT devices with ambulatory mHealth data would open up the potential to provide a detailed 360-degree view of the relationship between patient physiology, behavior, and environment. We have developed RADAR-IoT as an open-source IoT gateway framework, to harness this potential. It aims to connect multiple IoT devices at the edge, perform limited on-device data processing and analysis, and integrate with cloud-based mobile health platforms, such as RADAR-base, enabling real-time data processing. We also present a proof-of-concept data collection from this framework, using prototype hardware in two locations. The RADAR-IoT framework, combined with the RADAR-base mHealth platform, provides a comprehensive view of a user's health and environment by integrating static IoT sensors and wearable devices. Despite its current limitations, it offers a promising open-source solution for health research, with potential applications in managing infection control, monitoring chronic pulmonary disorders, and assisting patients with impaired motor control or cognitive ability.

Development of Wound Gauze from Hylocereus undatus Dragon Fruit (Pigment) Peel Extract

The dragon fruit peels (Hylocereus undatus) are typically thrown away as agricultural waste. The disposal of bio-wastes, like peels from dragon fruit and microbiological contamination during their mass breakdown, all contribute to environmental degradation. Peel can be used to extract naturally occurring colour for pigments. The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of using the peel of Hylocereus undatus as a coating material for wound healing. The extraction method and potential uses of the pigments derived from the peel will be explored. The study aimed to determine the phytochemical components of Hylocereus undatus (peel) extract and the peel can be utilized as a raw material for pigment extraction due to the betalain content. With the use of a magnetic stirrer extraction, the peel of Hylocereus undatus was extracted with aqueous extraction. Thin layer chromatographic techniques are used to identify the pigment components. In the present study, we recorded both UV-VIS and FT-IR profile of peel extract to known the various phytoconstituents and determine the functional group present in Hylocereus undatus (white dragon fruit). The pigment needs to be applied to the wound gauze, and the stain resistance should be evaluated by determining how well the wound gauze can withstand contamination from the outside coating. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sectors are interested in Hylocereus undatus peel due to its components, which may have potential health applications such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-cancer characteristics

Fruit ripening and chitosan coating impacts on the expression profile of Banana Lectin (BanLec) genes

Banana Lectin (BanLec) was found in banana, is capable to identify and attach to carbohydrates without modified them. While the process for the synthesis of lectins remains unidentified, it is understood that certain inducing factors can trigger their expression. This research assessed the gene expression levels of lectins in Cavendish bananas throughout different stages of ripening by contrasting bananas with peels coated in 1.25 % chitosan solution to their uncoated counterparts. This experiment was performed using a transcriptomic approach and conducted in silico. The in silico analysis revealed the induction of 14 distinct lectin genes expression subsequent to the ripening stages in uncoated Cavendish bananas. Along with the ripening process, it was observed that lectins potentially contribute to protein phosphorylation and augment the carbohydrate-binding activity. Conversely, the application of a 1.25 % chitosan coating led to the heightened expression of 17 specific lectin genes. Post-coating, it is hypothesized that modifications to the primary cell wall were effected through the cleavage and recombination of xyloglucan molecules. The qPCR results substantiated the induction of BanLec genes, Ma09_g10350 and Ma11_g22300, by the application of chitosan coating. Findings from this transcriptomic investigation propose that the upregulation of lectin genes induced after chitosan treatment may be implicated in plant defense mechanisms. This study reveals that natural ripening and a 1.25 % chitosan coating influenced lectin gene expression in Cavendish bananas differently. Both ripening and chitosan treatments appear to be viable strategies for enhancing banana lectin expression, which has potential health applications.

Synthesis and application of gold nanoparticles as antioxidants

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and premature aging, caused by free radicals, have spurred a demand for extensive research into finding effective antioxidants. Currently, there is an abundance of both natural and synthetic antioxidants, including metal nanoparticles with high antioxidant activity. Among these, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) stand out as favoured antioxidants because of their minimal toxicity, simple synthesis, and detectability. The antioxidant properties of AuNPs enhance its wide-ranging potential for use in healthcare including applications as anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing agents, as well as treatment for various diseases. This review highlights recent progress in the synthesis of AuNPs as antioxidants and method for assessing their antioxidant capacity as well as delves into their mechanism of action and explores their potential health applications. In conclusion, considering the physicochemical and biological properties, along with the benefits and potential challenges for future development, AuNPs are deemed promising and effective antioxidants suitable for clinical applications.

Effect of Shape and Size on Synthesized Triple (Co/Ni/Zn)-Doped α-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles on their Photocatalytic and Scavenging Properties

Co/Ni/Zn triple doped [Formula: see text]-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized via polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/Azadirachta indica (A. Indica) leaf extract coating. XRD, UV–Vis, SEM, TEM, EDS, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, VSM were used to characterize the synthesized NPs. XRD pattern revealed that the crystallite size of NPs ranges from 14[Formula: see text]nm to 21[Formula: see text]nm. Spherical NPs were found by SEM/TEM examination ranging from 16[Formula: see text]nm to 26[Formula: see text]nm of doped [Formula: see text]-Fe2O3 NPs. Analysis of the magnetic properties of [Formula: see text]-Fe2O3 NPs revealed antiferromagnetic characteristics, convergence between magnetization curves (MS), and switching field distribution dM/dh below an irreversible temperature of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]K. Produced catalyst was used for the degradation of anionic azo dye Malachite green (MG) and Rhodamine blue (RhB) dyes under the influence of UV radiation. RhB and MG were reduced as a result of the doped [Formula: see text]-Fe2O3 catalyzing the conversion of dissolved O2 to hydroxyl radicals (OH) when exposed to visible light. This shows that the main active radical specifically engaged in the photo-catalytic breakdown of dyes is OH. The most effective photo-catalyst was determined by investigating the proposed doped [Formula: see text]-Fe2O3 NPs reusability over three cycles. The catalyst was retrieved and utilized three times after the reaction without suffering a substantial loss of catalytic activity. The plant-mediated [Formula: see text]-Fe2O3 NPs have significant antioxidant activity due to their higher phenolic content. These have a promising future with potential applications in health, aging, food preservation, cosmetics, agriculture and environmental protection.

Extraction and Quantification of Lipids from Plant or Algae.

In plants and algae, the glycerolipidome changes in response to environmental modifications. For instance, in phosphate starvation, phospholipids are degraded and replaced by non-phosphorus lipids, and in nitrogen starvation, storage lipids accumulate. In addition to the well-known applications of oil crops for food, algae lipids are becoming a model for potential applications in health, biofuel, and green chemistry and are used as a platform for genetic engineering. It is therefore important to measure accurately and quickly the glycerolipid content in plants and algae. Here we describe the methods to extract the lipid and quantify the fatty acid amount of the lipid extract and the different lipid classes that are present in these samples.

Polyphenols in health and food processing: antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant insights.

Polyphenols, as subordinate metabolites of plants, have demonstrated significant antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant action in scientific learn. These compounds exert their effects through various mechanisms, containing interference with microbial cell structures, rule of host immune responses, and neutralization of free radicals. This multifaceted activity positions polyphenols as promising candidates for maintaining human health and treating related diseases. Notably, in the context of escalating antibiotic resistance, the antibacterial properties of polyphenols offer innovative avenues for the development of new therapeutic agents. Additionally, their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects hold substantial potential for treating inflammatory diseases and mitigating the aging process. This review aims to summarize the latest findings on the biological activities of polyphenols, highlighting their mechanisms of action and potential applications in health and disease management. Furthermore, optimizing polyphenol extraction methods aligns with the goals of sustainable and green processing, reducing environmental impact while enhancing food safety and extending shelf life. Employing advanced analytical techniques, such as spectroscopy and chromatography, can ensure the accurate evaluation of polyphenol content and efficacy. These efforts collectively contribute to the ongoing improvement of food processing practices and product quality, promoting a healthier and more sustainable future in the food industry.

Temporal patterns of fucoxanthin in four species of European marine brown macroalgae

Brown seaweeds are a rich source of carotenoids, particularly fucoxanthin, which has a wide range of potential health applications. Fucoxanthin fluctuates within and among seaweeds over time, frustrating efforts to utilise this resource. Thus, we require comprehensive analyses of long- and short-term concentrations across species in field conditions. Here, we used High Performance Liquid Chromatography to compare fucoxanthin content in four brown macroalgae, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus serratus, Fucus vesiculosus and Saccharina latissima, monthly for 1 year. F. serratus and F. vesiculosus had significantly higher fucoxanthin content (mg/g), which was highest in Spring (0.39 ± 0.04) and Autumn (0.45 ± 0.04) [mean (± SE)]. Two species, A. nodosum and F. serratus, were collected monthly at the same location for a further two non-consecutive years. For both A. nodosum and F. serratus, a significant interaction effect of seasons and years was identified, highlighting that there is variation in fucoxanthin content among and within species over time. We also show that fucoxanthin content differs significantly among months even within seasons. Therefore, it is not sufficient to assess fucoxanthin in single months to represent seasonality. We discuss how weather, nutrients and reproduction may have driven the seasonal variation, and reveal patterns of fucoxanthin concentration that can provide information concerning its availability for many important medical functions.

EVALUATION OF THE FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING OF TECTOQUINONE COMPOUND ISOLATED FROM SYZYGIUM OBLANCEOLATUM (C.B.ROB.) MERR

Aim and objective: In this study, the free radical scavenging of tectoquinone compound isolated from leaf of Syzygium oblanceolatum (C.B. Rob.) Merr was investigated by assessing their capacity to scavenge free radicals using the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Methods: The quantitative assessment of antioxidant activity was conducted using a UV-Vis spectrophotometric approach, with measurements taken at a wavelength of 516 nm. Results: The IC50 value, representing the concentration required to inhibit 50% of the DPPH radicals, was determined to be 66.362 μg/mL, indicating a moderate free radical-scavenging activity. Conclusion: These findings suggest that tectoquinone compounds possess a discernible ability to against free radical, though further research may be necessary to optimize their potential applications in health and medicine. Peer Review History: Received: 21 August 2023; Revised: 18 September; Accepted: 9 October, Available online: 15 November 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, alyahawipharm@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, ahsndkyc@gmail.com Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, sangeetha@utar.edu.my

Acute effects of a chewable beetroot-based supplement on cognitive performance: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial

BackgroundDietary nitrate (NO3−) has been shown to be useful as an ergogenic aid with potential applications in health and disease (e.g., blood pressure control). However, there is no consensus about the effects of dietary NO3− or beetroot (BR) juice supplementation on cognitive function.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a single dose of a chewable BR-based supplement on cognitive performance.MethodsA double-blind randomized placebo-controlled two-period crossover clinical trial was carried out based on the extension of the CONSORT guidelines for randomized crossover trials. A total of 44 participants (24 F; 20 M; 32.7 [12.5] years; 66.3 [9.0] kg; 170 [9.2] cm; 22.8 [1.4] kg/m2) were randomly allocated to receive first either four BR-based chewable tablets (BR-CT) containing 3 g of a Beta vulgaris extract (RedNite®) or four tablets of a placebo (maltodextrin). A 4-day washout period was used before crossover. Ninety minutes after ingestion of the treatments, a neuropsychological testing battery was administered in each period. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov NCT05509075.ResultsSignificant improvements with moderate effect size were found on memory consolidation at the short and long term only after BR-CT supplementation via the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test immediate (+ 20.69%) and delayed (+ 12.34%) recalls. Likewise, enhancement on both frontal lobe functions (+ 2.57%) and cognitive flexibility (+ 11.16%) were detected after BR-CT. There was no significant change (p < 0.05) on verbal memory of short-term digits, working memory and information processing speed. Mixed results were found on mood and anxiety through the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y1 and STAI-Y2); however, sequence and period effects were seen on STAI-Y2.ConclusionsThe acute administration of a chewable BR-based supplement improves certain aspects of cognitive function in healthy females and males, particularly memory capacity and frontal skills.

A Perspective on the Glass Transition and the Dynamics of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers and Complexes.

Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) or polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs), formed by layer-by-layer assembly or the mixing of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes (PEs) in aqueous solution, respectively, have potential applications in health, energy, and the environment. PEMs and PECs are very tunable because their structure and properties are influenced by factors such as pH, ionic strength, salt type, humidity, and temperature. Therefore, it is increasingly important to understand how these factors affect PECs and PEMs on a molecular level. In this Feature Article, we summarize our contributions to the field in the development of approaches to quantify the swelling, thermal properties, and dynamic mechanical properties of PEMs and PECs. First, the role of water as a plasticizer and in the glass-transition temperature (Tg) in both strong poly(diallyldimethylammonium)/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PDADMA/PSS) and weak poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAH/PAA) systems is presented. Then, factors influencing the dynamics of PECs and PEMs are discussed. We also reflect on the swelling of PEMs in response to different salts and solvent additives. Last, the nature of water's microenvironment in PEMs/PECs is discussed. A special emphasis is placed on experimental techniques, along with molecular simulations. Taken together, this review presents an outlook and offers recommendations for future research directions, such as studying the additional effects of hydrogen-bonding hydrophobic interactions.

Ameliorated antioxidant and phytochemical profiling of Canscora decussata – An ayurvedic medicinal plant

C. decussata (Shankhpushpi) is the popular Ayurvedic drug called ‘Medhya Rasayana’ that helps for memory and cognition. Moreover, it also supports the improvement of human health and protection. This study investigated the antioxidant and phytochemical potential of aerial parts of Wild and in-vitro regenerated C. decussata plants. Both wild and in-vitro regenerated plants were extracted separately using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. The antioxidant and phytochemical profiling, including total phenol contents, total flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS+ radical cation assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, metal chelation assay, and phosphomolybdenum assay were investigated. Furthermore, the phytoconstituents presented in C. decussata were also determined by GC-MS analysis. In yield percentage, the wild variety of C. decussata gave more yield percentage of 9.2%. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts of wild and in-vitro regenerated plants showed the highest potential of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS•+ scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity, metal chelating activity and ferric reduces antioxidant activity with 342.85 ± 1.98 mg GAE/g, 383.77 ± 11.74 mg RE/g, 37.43 μg/ml of EC50, 14409.37 ± 34.45 μM TEAC/g, 265.41 ± 3.15 mg AAE/g, 184.61 ± 12.20 mg EDTA equivalents/g extract, 868.88 ± 23.41 mM Fe(II)/mg extract respectively. Several phenolic compounds were detected in GC-MS analysis, mainly 12-oleanen-3-yl acetate, Lupeol acetate, Lupeol, Lup-20 (29) -en-3-one, -Amyrin, Lup-20 (29) -en-3-one, Olean-12-en-3-one, and Taraxasterol, which are responsible for the higher activity of C. decussata. A wider influence on phytolining in C. decussata will be provided for this study. The above pieces of evidence are strongly indicates that natural source-based C. decussata is a potent candidate for pharmaceutical services and healthcare sustainability. It opens up new paths towards both economic and clinical sustainability. I hope this endeavour will ultimately create new opportunities for potential health applications.

Cold pressed Pinus halepensis Mill. seed oil for potential health applications: Analgesic, anti-inflammatory effects, and assessment of inflammatory mediators by RT-qPCR in skin wound healing

Ethnopharmacological relevancePinus halepensis Mill. seed (Pinaceae), commonly known as “Zgougou,” is widely consumed in the Mediterranean region and has long been used to treat diseases including bronchitis, rheumatism, infection, and inflammation. Aim of the studyThe present study was focused on the investigation of some pharmacological activities, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing effects, of cold-pressed oil of Pinus halepensis Mill. seed (COPHS). Materials and methodsThe fixed oil of Pinus halepensis seed was extracted by a cold pressing process. The analgesic activity of COPHS was examined by acetic acid and formalin-induced contortion and pain tests. The anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated in carrageenan and formalin induced paw and ear edema models. Wound healing potential was assessed on an experimental skin wound, and the expression levels of inflammation mediators were determined by RT-qPCR in skin wound healing. ResultsThe results showed analgesic efficacy through significant inhibition of abdominal cramps (59.15%) and pain (75.91%). In addition, this oil exerted an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting ear (62.25%) and paw (70.00%) edema. The COPHS stimulated wound contraction in experimental skin wound healing with a contraction rate of 89.23% with notable reduction of TNF-α and NF-kB expression levels in the treated groups. ConclusionsThis study provided for the first time the pharmacological profile, particularly the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and healing effects, of fixed oil extracted by cold pressing from the seed of Pinus halepensis Mill.

Surveying Public Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care in the United States: Systematic Review

This paper reviews nationally representative public opinion surveys on artificial intelligence (AI) in the United States, with a focus on areas related to health care. The potential health applications of AI continue to gain attention owing to their promise as well as challenges. For AI to fulfill its potential, it must not only be adopted by physicians and health providers but also by patients and other members of the public. This study reviews the existing survey research on the United States' public attitudes toward AI in health care and reveals the challenges and opportunities for more effective and inclusive engagement on the use of AI in health settings. We conducted a systematic review of public opinion surveys, reports, and peer-reviewed journal articles published on Web of Science, PubMed, and Roper iPoll between January 2010 and January 2022. We include studies that are nationally representative US public opinion surveys and include at least one or more questions about attitudes toward AI in health care contexts. Two members of the research team independently screened the included studies. The reviewers screened study titles, abstracts, and methods for Web of Science and PubMed search results. For the Roper iPoll search results, individual survey items were assessed for relevance to the AI health focus, and survey details were screened to determine a nationally representative US sample. We reported the descriptive statistics available for the relevant survey questions. In addition, we performed secondary analyses on 4 data sets to further explore the findings on attitudes across different demographic groups. This review includes 11 nationally representative surveys. The search identified 175 records, 39 of which were assessed for inclusion. Surveys include questions related to familiarity and experience with AI; applications, benefits, and risks of AI in health care settings; the use of AI in disease diagnosis, treatment, and robotic caregiving; and related issues of data privacy and surveillance. Although most Americans have heard of AI, they are less aware of its specific health applications. Americans anticipate that medicine is likely to benefit from advances in AI; however, the anticipated benefits vary depending on the type of application. Specific application goals, such as disease prediction, diagnosis, and treatment, matter for the attitudes toward AI in health care among Americans. Most Americans reported wanting control over their personal health data. The willingness to share personal health information largely depends on the institutional actor collecting the data and the intended use. Americans in general report seeing health care as an area in which AI applications could be particularly beneficial. However, they have substantial levels of concern regarding specific applications, especially those in which AI is involved in decision-making and regarding the privacy of health information.

Consumer Views on Privacy Protections and Sharing of Personal Digital Health Information

Digital health information has many potential health applications, but privacy is a growing concern among consumers and policy makers. Consent alone is increasingly seen as inadequate to safeguard privacy. To determine whether different privacy protections are associated with consumers' willingness to share their digital health information for research, marketing, or clinical uses. This 2020 national survey with an embedded conjoint experiment recruited US adults from a nationally representative sample with oversampling of Black and Hispanic individuals. Willingness to share digital information across 192 different scenarios reflecting the product of 4 possible privacy protections, 3 uses of information, 2 users of information, and 2 sources of digital information was evaluated. Each participant was randomly assigned 9 scenarios. The survey was administrated between July 10 and July 31, 2020, in Spanish and English. Analysis for this study was conducted between May 2021 and July 2022. Participants rated each conjoint profile on a 5-point Likert scale measuring their willingness to share their personal digital information (with 5 indicating the most willingness to share). Results are reported as adjusted mean differences. Of the 6284 potential participants, 3539 (56%) responded to the conjoint scenarios. A total of 1858 participants (53%) were female, 758 (21%) identified as Black, 833 (24%) identified as Hispanic, 1149 (33%) had an annual income less than $50 000, and 1274 (36%) were 60 years or older. Participants were more willing to share health information with the presence of each individual privacy protection, including consent (difference, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.29-0.35; P < .001), followed by data deletion (difference, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.13-0.18; P < .001), oversight (difference, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.10-0.15; P < .001), and transparency of data collected (difference, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.05-0.10; P < .001). The relative importance (importance weight on a 0%-100% scale) was greatest for the purpose of use (29.9%) but when considered collectively, the 4 privacy protections together were the most important (51.5%) factor in the conjoint experiment. When the 4 privacy protections were considered separately, consent was the most important (23.9%). In this survey study of a nationally representative sample of US adults, consumers' willingness to share personal digital health information for health purposes was associated with the presence of specific privacy protections beyond consent alone. Additional protections, including data transparency, oversight, and data deletion may strengthen consumer confidence in sharing their personal digital health information.