Potential Antidiabetic Activity Research Articles

Supercritical CO2 Extraction, Quantification and Pharmacological Screening of Steroidal Saponins from Fruits of Momordica charantia L

Momordica charantia L. (MC), a Cucurbitaceae family member, is the most recognized plant for its hypoglycemic activity. Charantin, a steroidal saponin, is the most studied potent phytochemical in MC for diabetes. This research paper aims at the extraction, quantification and pharmacological screening of charantin, from fruits of MC. Extraction was performed by using traditional soxhlet extraction and modified supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) techniques, and compared the results of both techniques in terms of percent extract yield, quantity of charantin and in-vitro antidiabetic activity of both extracts. (Soxhlet extract and SC-CO2 extract). Further, quantitative estimation of charantin in both extracts was done by HPLC-UV method and it was validated as per the ICH guidelines. When compared to soxhlet extract, the SC-CO2 extract displayed high antihyperglycemic activity by blocking α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Study also indicates that SC-CO2 extract had higher antioxidant activity (0.25 mg/mL) than soxhlet extract (0.33 mg/mL), signifying the SFE technique’s efficiency over the traditional soxhlet extraction method. In-vitro antidiabetic study indicated that the biomolecule charantin extracted from fruits of MC possess potent antidiabetic and high antioxidant activities and, therefore, hold potential for manufacturing innovative natural remedies to treat diabetes and its complications with no side effects.

Investigation of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory effects of phenoxy chalcones and molecular modeling studies.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most critical health problems affecting the quality of life of people worldwide, especially in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization reports, the number of patients with diabetes is approximately 420 million, and this number is estimated to be 642 million in 2040. There are 2 main types of diabetes: Type 1 (T1DM), where the body cannot produce enough insulin, and Type 2 (T2DM), where the body cannot use insulin properly. Patients with T1DM are treated with insulin injections while oral glucose-lowering drugs are used for patients with T2DM. Oral antihyperglycemic drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus have different mechanisms. Among these, α-Glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors are one of the most important inhibitors. The antidiabetic effect of the chalcones, which show rich activity, draws attention. This research aims to synthesize chalcone derivatives that could show potential antidiabetic activity. In this study, the inhibitory activity of the chalcone compounds (4a-4g, 5a-5g) was tested against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes. Besides, molecular modeling was utilized to predict potential interactions of the synthesized compounds that exhibit inhibitory effects. In both in vitro and in silico studies, the analyses revealed that compound 5e exhibits strong inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase enzymes (Binding energy: -7.75 kcal/mol, IC50 : 28.88 μM). Additionally, compound 4f demonstrates encouraging inhibitory effects against α-Amylase (Binding energy: -11.08 kcal/mol, IC50 : 46. 21 μM).

A comparative MS-based metabolomics study and in-vitro antidiabetic assay of galangals, turmeric and ginger aided by molecular networking and chemometrics

Ginger and turmeric and the less explored galangals, are economically important spices belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, widely used in traditional medicines and nutraceuticals. The present study provides the first comparative MS based metabolomics investigation of galangals compared to major ginger drugs and in relation to their in vitro antidiabetic effects. UPLC-MS/MS metabolomic profiles of galangals, turmeric, and ginger were analyzed using GNPS molecular networking leading to the annotation of 85 metabolites of which several are first time to be reported in galangals. Principle component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) of UPLC-MS/MS profiles revealed the enrichment of flavonoids, styrenes and oxylipids in the extracts of both galangals, whereas gingerols, aryl- and diarylheptanoids were characteristic to ginger and turmeric, respectively. Aroma profiling using SPME–GC–MS identified 96 volatiles belonging to sesqui- and monoterpene derivatives. Multivariate data analysis of GC-MS dataset revealed calamenene, guaia-1(10),11-diene and selina-3,7(11)-diene as characteristic to ginger and turmeric aroma profiles. In contrast, greater galangal was enriched in acetoxychavicol acetate, aristolene, α-farnesene versus abundance of γ-elemene in lesser galangal. Additionally, methanolic extracts of both galangals exerted potential in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory effect accentuating its potential antidiabetic activities.

Chemical compositions and different biological activity of leaf essential oil of Ocimum americanum L. grown in acidic soil conditions

s Ocimum americanum L. is a highly valued aromatic plant whose leaves are used not only in traditional cuisine but also in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to identify the chemical profile of essential oil extracted from the leaves of Ocimum americanum by GC-FID and GC/MS grown in acidic soil conditions in the NE region of India. Furthermore, the biological activities like antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tyrosinase activity were analyzed, as per standard methods. GC and GC/MS analysis identified 16 compounds in which citral-a (48.25%) was found as a major compound, followed by carveol (41.64%). The antioxidant activity was performed using DPPH and ABTS methods; and IC50 value obtained was 8.85 μL/mL and 28.82 μL/mL, respectively. The leaf essential oil of O. americanum exhibited strong anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities, whereas moderate anti-tyrosinase activities with IC50 values of 40.84, 12.81, and 182.74 μL/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the ant-microbial activity was evaluated for four bacterial and four fungal strains, revealing that O. americanum essential oil expresses antifungal activity against S. cereviaceae only with a MIC value of 5±0.47 μg/mL. These evidences clearly indicates that essential oil obtained from the leaf of O. americanum showed potential anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity that can be used as an alternative in pharmaceuticals and food industries as a natural source.

Combined Experimental and Computational Study of V-Substituted Lindqvist Polyoxotungstate: Screening by Docking for Potential Antidiabetic Activity.

In the current work, a novel vanadotungstate compound, (C6H9N2)4[V2W4O19]·2H2O (1), is isolated by a simple stepwise synthesis method and characterized by a combined experimental and computational study. Molecular docking is conducted for the first time for this kind of substituted Lindqvist polyoxometalates to elucidate for potential antidiabetic activity. Hence, the modeling results revealed a significant docking score of the reported compound to bind to the active sites of α-glucosidase with the lowest binding energy of -5.7 kcal/mol, where the standard drug acarbose (ACB) had -4.6 kcal/mol binding energy. The stability of binding was enhanced by strong H-bonding, van der Waals, and electrostatic interactions occurring in the three-dimensional (3D) supramolecular network of polyanionic vanadotungstate subunits templated with organic moieties as shown by X-ray diffraction and Hirshfeld analyses. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations supported with photophysical measurements are also discussed to predict the most chemical and biological reactivity. In this view, the complete description of electronic and biological features of (1) is enhanced by determination of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)/least unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy, electronic density, ionization potential, electron affinity, etc. These chemical descriptors, intermolecular interactions, docking score, and binding free energy estimation are essential in understanding the reactivity of this bioactive compound offering potential inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme.

Potential antioxidant, anticholinergic, antidiabetic and antiglaucoma activities and molecular docking of spiraeoside as a secondary metabolite of onion (Allium cepa)

Onion contains many dietary and bioactive components including phenolics and flavonoids. Spiraeoside (quercetin-4-O-β-D-glucoside) is one of the most putative flavonoids in onion. Several antioxidant techniques were used in this investigation to assess the antioxidant capabilities of spiraeoside, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) scavenging, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine radical (DMPD•+) scavenging, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS•+) scavenging activities, cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing and potassium ferric cyanide reduction abilities. In contrast, the water-soluble α-tocopherol analogue trolox and the conventional antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and α-tocopherol were utilized as the standards for evaluation. Spiraeoside scavenged the DPPH radicals an IC50 of 28.51 μg/mL (r2: 0.9705) meanwhile BHA, BHT, trolox, and α-tocopherol displayed IC50 of 10.10 μg/mL (r2: 0.9015), 25.95 μg/mL (r2: 0.9221), 7.059 μg/mL (r2: 0.9614) and 11.31 μg/mL (r2: 0.9642), accordingly. The results exhibited that spiraeoside had effects similar to BHT, but less potent than α-tocopherol, trolox and BHA. Also, inhibitory effects of spiraeoside were evaluated toward some metabolic enzymes including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) and α-glycosidase, which are related to a number of illnesses, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), diabetes mellitus and glaucoma disorder. Spiraeoside exhibited IC50 values of 4.44 nM (r2: 0.9610), 7.88 nM (r2: 0.9784), 19.42 nM (r2: 0.9673) and 29.17 mM (r2: 0.9209), respectively against these enzymes. Enzyme inhibition abilities were compared to clinical used inhibitors including acetazolamide (for CA II), tacrine (for AChE and BChE) and acarbose (for α-glycosidase). Spiraeoside demonstrated effective antioxidant, anticholinergic, antidiabetic and antiglaucoma activities. With these properties, it has shown that Spiraeoside has the potential to be a medicine for some metabolic diseases.

Synthesis and potential antidiabetic and lipid-lowering activities of putative asperidine B and its desmethyl analogue

Putative asperidine B is an unnatural 2,6-disubstituted piperidin-3-ol and a structural isomer of (+)-preussin, a well-known pyrrolidin-3-ol alkaloid. This work reports the first enantioselective synthesis of putative asperidine B and its desmethyl analogue via a chiron approach starting from d-isoascorbic acid as well as evaluation of their free-radical scavenging, antidiabetic, and anti-hyperlipidemic activities. Both putative asperidine B and its desmethyl analogue markedly reduced the total reactive oxygen species (ROS) without cytotoxicity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. The desmethyl analogue was a potent inducer for two antioxidant gene expression, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, whereas putative asperidine B only induced superoxide dismutase. In addition, putative asperidine B exerted potent antidiabetic activity via α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 0.143 ± 0.001 mg/mL) comparable to that of acarbose, an antidiabetic drug. Consistent with the parent asperidine B (preussin), both putative asperidine B and its desmethyl analogue inhibited cholesterol absorption in the intestinal Caco-2 cells. These novel and promising antioxidant, antidiabetic, and lipid-lowering effects of piperidin-3-ols could offer a starting point for this class of compounds for obesity and diabetic drug discovery.

Novel thiazolidinedione (TZD) scaffolds as aldose reductase inhibitors, synthesis and molecular docking studies

A series of Thiazolidinedione (TZD) scaffold libraries 6(a-o) and 7(a-o) were synthesized and confirmed their structures by interpretation of FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Mass spectroscopic investigations. They were screened for the inhibitory activity against aldose reductase enzyme. The intermediates 6(a-o) with ester moiety series showed potent antidiabetic activity. Further, conversion of ester 6(a-o) into acids 7(a-o) showed additional increase in the antidiabetic activity ranging from 0.24 ± 0.34 to 2.38 ± 0.76 µM with respect to the standard drug Sorbinil 2.01 ± 0.25 µM. The molecular docking studies performed against the crystal structure of aldose reductase (PDB ID: 1PWM) well defined the binding interactions compounds with notable docking scores, in which compounds 6g, 6h and 7h showed good hydrogen bonding interactions and 7h showed highest docking score.

Evaluation of α-Glucosidase Inhibition and Antihyperglycemic Activity of Extracts Obtained from Leaves and Flowers of Rumex crispus L.

Among antihyperglycemic drugs used for treating diabetes, α-glucosidase inhibitors generate the least adverse effects. This contribution aimed to evaluate the potential antidiabetic activity of Rumex crispus L. by testing its in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition and in vivo antihyperglycemic effects on rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Better inhibition of α-glucosidase was found with the methanol extract versus the n-hexane and dichloromethane extracts. The methanol extract of the flowers (RCFM) was more effective than that of the leaves (RCHM), with an IC50 of 7.3 ± 0.17 μg/mL for RCFM and 112.0 ± 1.23 μg/mL for RCHM. A bioactive fraction (F89s) also showed good α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 3.8 ± 0.11 μg/mL). In a preliminary study, RCHM and RCFM at 150 mg/kg and F89s at 75 mg/kg after 30 days showed a significant effect on hyperglycemia, reducing glucose levels (82.2, 80.1, and 84.1%, respectively), and improved the lipid, renal, and hepatic profiles of the rats, comparable with the effects of metformin and acarbose. According to the results, the activity of R. crispus L. may be mediated by a diminished rate of disaccharide hydrolysis, associated with the inhibition of α-glucosidase. Thus, R. crispus L. holds promise for the development of auxiliary drugs to treat diabetes mellitus.

Screening of Costus speciosus and Determination of Antioxidant Potential Using DPPH Method: A Review

Medicinal plants are garnering widespread interest in scientific circles due to their consistent pharmacological activities, which make them beneficial in the treatment of a variety of ailments. Costus speciosus, commonly known as crepe ginger, is an herbaceous plant native to Mexico that belongs to the family Costaceae (zingiberaceae). Creep Ginger is known to have many medicinal effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential antidiabetic activities. The aim of this review was to investigate the phytochemical compounds and potential antioxidant activity in Costus speciosus. The following information on the phytoconstituents of the species Costus speciosus was acquired from online scientific databases using NCBI, Pubmed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Molecules, Elsevier, and Research Gate searches. Phytochemical analysis from several studies showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, phenolic compounds, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins in the extract. The parts of Costus speciosus that are used as medicinal plants are usually the leaf, rhizome, and roots. The results suggest that the presence of a wide range of phytochemical compounds from extracts of Costus speciosus may be used to estimate potential antioxidant activity using the DPPH methods. Extracts with methanol as a solvent show that DPPH has considerable antiscavenging activity and the present study on alkaloids indicates that their contents are responsible for the high antioxidant activity. Antioxidant capacity is indicated by the values of EC50 and IC50. This review study may help future research activities on Costus speciosus by providing up-to-date information and relevant data.

Application of effect-directed analysis using TLC-bioautography for rapid isolation and identification of antidiabetic compounds from the leaves of Annona cherimola Mill.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a globally prevalent chronic disease characterised by hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress. The search for new natural bioactive compounds that contribute to controlling this condition and the application of analytical methodologies that facilitate rapid detection and identification are important challenges for science. Annona cherimola Mill. is an important source of aporphine alkaloids with many bioactivities. The aim of this study is to isolate and identify antidiabetic compounds from alkaloid extracts with α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activity from A. cherimola Mill. leaves using an effect-directed analysis by thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-bioautography. Guided fractionation for α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors in leaf extracts was done using TLC-bioassays. The micro-preparative TLC was used to isolate the active compounds, and the identification was performed by mass spectrometry associated with web-based molecular networks. Additionally, in vitro estimation of the inhibitory activity and antioxidant capacity was performed in the isolated compounds. Five alkaloids (liriodenine, dicentrinone, N-methylnuciferine, anonaine, and moupinamide) and two non-alkaloid compounds (3-methoxybenzenepropanoic acid and methylferulate) with inhibitory activity were isolated and identified using a combination of simple methodologies. Anonaine, moupinamide, and methylferulate showed promising results with an outstanding inhibitory activity against both enzymes and antioxidant capacity that could contribute to controlling redox imbalance. These high-throughput methodologies enabled a rapid isolation and identification of seven compounds with potential antidiabetic activity. To our knowledge, the estimated inhibitory activity of dicentrinone, N-methylnuciferine, and anonaine against α-glucosidase and α-amylase is reported here for the first time.

Response surface methodology based development of an optimized polyherbal formulation and evaluation of its anti-diabetic and anti-obesity potential in high-fat diet-induced obese mice

Background and aimThe seeds of Nelumbo nucifera, Chenopodium quinoa and Salvia hispanica are known as super foods due to their various therapeutic properties. The present study aimed to develop an optimized polyherbal formulation from edible seeds aqueous extract and to evaluate its anti-diabetic and lipase inhibitory effect on diet-induced obese diabetic mice. Experimental procedureResponse surface methodology based various formulations were evaluated for their potent anti-diabetic, lipase-inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Acute toxicity of the best optimized formulation was conducted. The mice were fed a high fat diet for 10 weeks resulting in hyperglycemia and obesity. Oral tolerance tests (sucrose, starch and lipid) of the formulation were performed. The mice were supplemented with different doses (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) of the formulation for 6 weeks. The body weight and blood glucose level were monitored on a weekly basis. Finally, histological alterations and lipid profiles were analysed. Results and conclusionThe formulation containing equal concentration (1.5 mg/ml) of each seed extract showed maximum bioactivities. The formulation was found to be safe during toxicity assay. The tolerance tests supported the anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effect. Higher dose (500 mg/kg) of the formulation significantly (p < 0.01) lowered elevated fasting blood glucose, lipid indices and ameliorated the histological alterations in liver, kidney and pancreas caused by high fat diet. We demonstrated for the first time that the developed aqueous extract optimized formulation possess anti-diabetic and anti-obesity potential and thus could be used as adjuvant therapy for holistic management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Purification of ursolic acid and β-sitosterol from endophytic Alternaria alternata for their alpha-amylase inhibitory activity

Fungal endophytes are a known warehouse of bioactive compounds with multifarious applications. In the present investigation two compounds, β-Sitosterol (1) and ursolic acid (2), were isolated from Alternaria alternata, an endophytic fungus associated with Morus alba Linn for the first time. The structure of the compounds was elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectral analysis (UV, IR, 1 H-, 13 C- and 2D-NMR, as well as HRESI–MS). In the in vitro alpha amylase inhibitory assay both compounds (1) and (2) show potent antidiabetic activity. In support, Docking studies indicate significant binding affinity of the isolated compounds. Hence from the present study, it can be concluded that endophytic fungi in Morus alba Linn can find use in antidiabetic drug development in the medicinal industry. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Synthesis, spectral characterization, SC-XRD, Hirshfeld, DFT and in silico antidiabetic activity of novel imine (E)-N-(2-nitro benzylidene) naphthalene-1-amine, a newly synthesized imine: A theoretical and experimental evaluation

A novel imine compound, (E)-N-(2-nitrobenzylidene) naphthalene-1-amine (NBNA), has been successfully synthesized through the reaction of o-nitrobenzaldehyde and 1-naphthylamine. The structural characterization of NBNA has been carried out using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) analysis. The XRD analysis reveals that NBNA crystallizes in a monoclinic crystal system with the space group P21/c. The unit cell parameters of NBNA are determined as follows: a = 7.549 (4) Å, b = 19.680 (11) Å, c = 9.598 (6) Å, β = 107.96(3)°, and Z = 4. Notably, the crystal structure of NBNA is stabilized by π-π stacking interactions between the naphthyl moiety and the nitrophenyl moiety, occurring at a perpendicular distance of 3.542 Å. Quantum mechanical calculations employing the B3LYP/6–311G(d,p) method in GAUSSIAN 09 software have been employed to determine the optimized geometry, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), Time-dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT), and chemical reactivity descriptors of NBNA. The vibrational spectroscopic data has been compared with the DFT/B3LYP/6–311G(d,p) method and scaled using MOLVIB for analysis. By examining the NBOs, the distribution of electron density and the interaction between orbitals can be analysed, shedding light on the stability and reactivity of the compound. Additionally, frontier molecular orbital analysis and molecular electrostatic potential mapping are discussed to gain further insights. First-order hyperpolarizability studies have been conducted to explore the nonlinear optical behaviour of the molecule. By calculating and comparing the first-order hyperpolarizability of the compound with a reference molecule (in this case, urea), the obtained results indicate that the crystal of the molecule possesses a significantly higher first-order hyperpolarizability value (19.124 times urea) suggesting its potential as a promising material for nonlinear optical applications. An in-depth examination of the Hirshfeld surface and two-dimensional fingerprint plot has been conducted to gain insights into the intermolecular interactions of the compound. Molecular docking studies are performed on the PPARγ target to assess the molecule's potential antidiabetic activity, revealing a binding energy of -6.71 kJ/mol for NBNA with the target. The comprehensive assessment of the compound's ADMET properties provides valuable insights into its pharmacological potential and aids in the selection of promising drug candidates.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Fruit Pulp Extracts of Cucurbita moschata Duchesne and Cucurbita maxima Duchesne.

To evaluate and compare the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of fruit pulp extracts from Cucurbita moschata (PCMOS) and Cucurbita maxima (PCMAX). The antidiabetic activity was carried out in vivo by orally and daily giving the extracts at a dose of 500 mg/kg·b.w. to the streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino Wistar rats for six weeks. After the period of administration, blood glucose levels, body weight, serum insulin, morphology of islets of Langerhans, biochemical parameters, and haematological values of the rats were determined. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity was carried out in vitro by determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power. PCMAX significantly (p < 0.05) reduced blood glucose levels but increased the body weight, serum insulin levels, size and number of islets of Langerhans, and β-cell number of the treated diabetic rats more than PCMOS did. However, they did not alter biochemical parameters and haematological values of the treated diabetic rats. PCMAX possessed total phenolic and flavonoid contents and showed DPPH scavenging and FRAP reducing antioxidant power more significantly (p < 0.05) than PCMOS. According to the obtained results, it is indicated that PCMOS and PCMAX possess antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. PCMAX possesses more potent antidiabetic and antioxidant activities than PCMOS. These are probably due to PCMAX providing polysaccharide and total phenolic and flavonoid contents more than PCMOS.

Chemical constituents from Acorus calamus with potent anti-diabetic and hepatoprotective activities

Three previously undescribed compounds, (+)-7S,8S-syringoylglycerol-7-O-3′,4′-dihydroxylphenylethanol (1), (+)-2S,3R-piscidic acid 1-methyl-5-ethyl ester (2), and 2′S-2-acetyl-3-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxyl)furan (3), together with one new natural product, 7S,8S-4,7,8-trihydroxyl-methyl phenylpropionate (4) and a known lignan (7S,8R)-methyl-4′,7-epoxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-4,9-dihydroxylignan-9′-oate (5), were isolated from the ethanol extract of Acorus calamus Linn. rhizomes. Their structures were determined based on extensive spectroscopic analyses and computational methods. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their in vitro GK activating and hepatoprotective activities, and compound 5 exhibited significant GK activating activity at 10−5 mol/L, compound 3 exhibited moderate protective effects to APAP-induced injuries of HepG2 cells at 10−5 mol/L. Furthermore, molecular docking of compound 5 bound with GK was carried out to investigate the possible structural insights into the potential binding patterns.

Potential Antidiabetic Activity and Lipid Profile Effects of Plant Extracts in diabetic induced Wistar rats

Potential Antidiabetic Activity and Lipid Profile Effects of Plant Extracts in diabetic induced Wistar rats

TiO2 nanoparticles: green synthesis, characterization, and investigation of antimicrobial properties, and developmental toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

The present study was designed to green synthesize titanium dioxide nanoparticles (G-TiO2 NPs) using Salacia reticulata leaf extract as a reducing and capping agent to assess antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects as well as toxicity evaluation in zebrafish. Besides, zebrafish embryos were employed to study the effect of G-TiO2 NPs on embryonic development. Zebrafish embryos were treated with TiO2 as well as G-TiO2 NPs at four different concentrations, i.e., 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/ml for 24–96-hour post-fertilization (hpf). The SEM analysis of G-TiO2 NPs confirmed that the size was in the range of 32–46 nm and characterized by EDX, X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, UV–vis spectra. During 24–96-hour post-fertilization (hpf), the results showed that 25–100 µg/ml of TiO2 and G-TiO2 NP instigated developmental acute toxicity in these embryos, causing mortality, hatching delay, and malformation. TiO2 and G-TiO2 NPs exposure induced axis bent, tail bent, spinal cord curvature, yolk-sac, and pericardial edema. Exposure of larvae to the highest concentrations of 200 μg/ml TiO2 and G-TiO2 NPs caused maximum mortality at all time points and reached 70% and 50%, respectively, at 96 hpf. Besides, both TiO2 and G-TiO2 NP revealed antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. In addition, G-TiO2 NPs exhibited antibacterial effects. Taken together, this study provided a valuable insight into the synthesis of TiO2 NPs using green methods and the synthesized G-TiO2 NPs possess moderate toxicity and potent antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities.

Antidiabetic and antioxidant effect of magnetic and noble metal nanoparticles of Clitoria ternatea

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic endocrine disorder associated with diabetic complications that result in microvascular and macrovascular complications due to oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and peripheral cell damage. Oxidative stress is characterized by the development of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which progresses by hampering antioxidant enzyme activities. Phytomolecules from different plant sources like leaves, flowers, fruits, etc are reported to possess super-antioxidant properties. Hence these phytomolecules can be good leads in the treatment and management of diabetes. Metal nanoparticles have evolved to increase the potency, efficacy, and safety of different drug delivery systems owing to their superior physicochemical properties. This research work is designed for the synthesis of magnetic and noble metal nanoparticles by green synthesis of fresh flower aqueous extract of Clitoria ternatea. A mechanistic evaluation of the magnetic (cobalt oxide) and noble metal (gold) nanoparticles has been designed by in-vitro and in-vivo models of a streptozotocin-induced diabetes model. The cobalt oxide and gold nanoparticles showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the diabetic enzyme levels (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and xanthine oxidase). In vitro and in vivo studies of the antioxidant activity of both nanoparticles also revealed the increased potential of antioxidant activity. In-vivo studies of both nanoparticles exhibited anti-diabetic properties by significantly enhancing the level of insulin. The cholesterol profiling of both nanoparticles proved the reduction of levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, VLDL, LDL, and creatinine content signifying the decreasing risk of macrovascular complications associated with diabetes. However, gold nanoparticles produced a more protective effect as compared to cobalt oxide nanoparticles. The study concludes that the magnetic and gold nanoparticles conjugated with Clitoria ternatea exhibited potential anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model.

Antidiabetic Effect of Star Anise (Illicium verum) in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats.

The current study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of Illicium verum fruits. Illicium verum fruits are frequently used by the Moroccan population in the treatment of diabetes. The antihyperglycemic effect of the aqueous extract of Illicium verum fruits (AEIVF) in rats was assessed. The effects of AEIVF (20 mg/kg) on glycemia and lipid profile as well as its phytochemical and antioxidant properties were evaluated. In normal and diabetic rats, AEIVF reduced blood glucose levels 6 hours after administration. Furthermore, after 7 days of treatment, glycemia was lowered in diabetic rats, and this extract exhibited an antioxidant activity. The study shows that Illicium verum possesses a potent antidiabetic activity. In addition, the toxicity of AEIVF was evaluated and the LD50 value was found to be greater than the 2 g/kg dose.