Potential Anode Material Research Articles

Pseudocapacitive Lithium Storage of Cauliflower-Like CoFe2 O4 for Low-Temperature Battery Operation.

Binary transition-metal oxides (BTMOs) with hierarchical micro-nano-structures have attracted great interest as potential anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we report the fabrication of hierarchical cauliflower-like CoFe2 O4 (cl-CoFe2 O4 ) via a facile room-temperature co-precipitation method followed by post-synthetic annealing. The obtained cauliflower structure is constructed by the assembly of microrods, which themselves are composed of small nanoparticles. Such hierarchical micro-nano-structure can promote fast ion transport and stable electrode-electrolyte interfaces. As a result, the cl-CoFe2 O4 can deliver a high specific capacity (1019.9 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 ), excellent rate capability (626.0 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1 ), and good cyclability (675.4 mAh g-1 at 4 A g-1 for over 400 cycles) as an anode material for LIBs. Even at low temperatures of 0 °C and -25 °C, the cl-CoFe2 O4 anode can deliver high capacities of 907.5 and 664.5 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 , respectively, indicating its wide operating temperature. More importantly, the full-cell assembled with a commercial LiFePO4 cathode exhibits a high rate performance (214.2 mAh g-1 at 5000 mA g-1 ) and an impressive cycling performance (612.7 mAh g-1 over 140 cycles at 300 mA g-1 ) in the voltage range of 0.5-3.6 V. Kinetic analysis reveals that the electrochemical performance of cl-CoFe2 O4 is dominated by pseudocapacitive behavior, leading to fast Li+ insertion/extraction and good cycling life.

Freestanding polypyrrole nanotube/reduced graphene oxide hybrid film as flexible scaffold for dendrite-free lithium metal anodes

Lithium metal anode is the most potential anode material for the next generation high-energy rechargeable batteries owing to its highest specific capacity and lowest redox potential. Unfortunately, the uneven deposition of Li during plating/stripping and the formation of uncontrolled Li dendrites, which might cause poor battery performance and serious safety problems, are demonstrating to be a huge challenge for its practical application. Here, we show that a flexible and free-standing film hybriding with polypyrrole (PPy) nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) can significantly regulate the Li nucleation and deposition, and further prohibit the formation of Li dendrites, owing to the large specific surface area, rich of nitrogen functional groups and porous structures. Finally, the high Coulombic efficiency and stable Li plating/stripping cycling performance with 98% for 230 cycles at 0.5 mA cm−2 and more than 900 hours stable lifespan are achieved. No Li dendrites form even at a Li deposition capacity as high as 4.0 mA h cm−2. Besides, the designed PPy/rGO hybrid anode scaffold can also drive a superior battery performance in the lithium-metal full cell applications.

A lightweight 3D Zn@Cu nanosheets@activated carbon cloth as long-life anode with large capacity for flexible zinc ion batteries

Zinc metal is actively developed as the most potential next generation anode material for aqueous rechargeable batteries. However, Zn deposition and uncontrollable dendrite growth of metallic Zn anodes during cycles lead to poor cycle performance and coulombic efficiency, hindering their practical application. Constructing a three-dimensional (3D) current collector has been demonstrated to significantly inhibit the formation of zinc dendrites. Herein, a lightweight 3D flexible Zn plating/stripping scaffold, Cu nanosheets grown on activated carbon cloth (Cu nanosheets@ACC), is prepared by an electrochemical deposition technology. Compared with activated carbon cloth (ACC), Cu nanosheets@ACC current collector delivers higher special surface area and conductivity. Besides, Cu nanosheets layer not only can provide numerous, uniformly distributed Zn deposition sites but also can significantly decrease Zn nucleation overpotential. As a consequence, Zn@Cu nanosheets@ACC (Zn grown on Cu nanosheets@ACC) anode delivers a highly reversible Zn plating/stripping behavior with satisfactory cyclic stability rather than uncontrollable Zn dendrites growth. Moreover, a zinc ion battery based on the Zn@Cu nanosheets@ACC anode and MnO2@ACC (MnO2 grown on ACC) cathode presents high average coulombic efficiency (97.9%) and excellent cycling stability (94.8%) over 1000 cycles at 1 A/g as well as satisfactory mechanical properties, displaying great potential for long-life flexible zinc ion batteries.

Synergetic effect of localized and delocalized π electron on Li storage properties of Si/C heterostructures

The composition of two different categories of anode materials, i.e. layered and alloy type is the future of anode material in Li-ion batteries. In our work, using First-principles approach, we proposed multilayer heterostructure of graphene/graphite (layered type) with silicon monolayer (Si-ML) (origin is alloy type), as a potential anode material for LiB’s. The synergetic effect of the delocalized π electron of carbon and localized π electron of Si-ML plays a crucial role in maintaining the electron and ion conductivity increases the stability and specific capacity with moderate open circuit voltage. The model structures proposed in this work shows high specific capacities in the range of 748 to 438 mAh-gm−1. This indicates that we can tune the specific capacity using the different ratio of carbon and silicon layers. The localized π electron helps to restrict the volume expansion within 15% for a fully lithiated model structure. The low interlayer diffusion energy of Li-ion makes all the heterostructure as a potential anode material. The proposed study will help to understand the Li storage properties of the carbon/silicon based composite to develop the anode materials with a certain approach.

Scalable coral‐like silicon powders with three‐dimensional interconnected structures for lithium ion battery anodes

AbstractSilicon has attracted a lot of attention as a potential anode material for next‐generation lithium ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high energy density, high theoretical capacity, and abundance. Herein, we introduce an effortless synthesis of coral‐like silicon powders with a three‐dimensional (3D) interlinked network using a scalable method that consist of magnesiothermic reduction and chemical vapor deposition. The porous structure achieved by silicon nanospheres can create room for the volume expansion and alleviate the built strain that would occur upon lithiation. In addition, intertwined coral‐like framework provides a shortened path for lithium ion diffusion, which can improve the ionic conductivity of the cells. At a high current rate of C/2, a reversible capacity of 3172 mAh g−1 was delivered by the silicon‐carbon nanocomposite electrode, and the capacity still remains as high as 1018 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles, while the Columbic efficiency is higher than 99%. The inexpensive, effective, and scalable fabrication of porous silicon‐carbon nanocomposite spheres possessing a 3D interlinked network could establish a basis for developing high energy density anode materials to be used in next‐generation LIBs.

Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity of Methanol and Ethanol Oxidation in Alkaline Medium at Bimetallic Nanoparticles Electrochemically Decorated Fullerene‐C60 Nanocomposite Electrocatalyst: An Efficient Anode Material for Alcohol Fuel Cell Applications

AbstractDirect alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs) have been recently playing a pivotal role in electrochemical energy sources and portable electronics. Research in DAFCs has proceeded to engage major attention due to their high catalytic activity, long‐term stability, portability, and low cost. Herein, we present a facile surfactant‐free route to anchor bimetallic Pd−W nanoparticles supported fullerene‐C60 catalyst (Pd‐W@Fullerene‐C60) for high‐performance electrooxidation of alcohols (methanol & ethanol) for DAFCs applications. Structural, elemental composition, and morphological analysis of the proposed catalyst were carried out using UV‐Vis spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). Electrochemical properties such as electrochemical activity, electrochemical active surface area (ECSA), and long‐term stability of the Pd‐W@Fullerene‐C60 catalyst for ethanol and methanol oxidation in the alkaline medium were explored by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and chronoamperometry (CA). Results revealed that the proposed catalyst showed enlarged ECSA, tremendous electrocatalytic activity, high poison tolerance limit, good reproducibility, and enhanced long‐term stability as compared to the monometallic catalyst and commercially available catalyst (Pt/C) towards ethanol and methanol oxidation reaction. This enhanced potentiality of the Pd‐W@Fullerene‐C60 catalyst is due to the synergistic effect of W−Pd nanoparticles and excellent electron kinetic from fullerene support material. These findings strongly suggest the Pd‐W@Fullerene‐C60 catalyst as potential anode material for the alcohol oxidation reaction.

Guided dendrite-free lithium deposition through titanium nitride additive in Li metal batteries

Metallic lithium (Li) is one of the most potential anode materials in the near future, because of its high theoretical specific capacity (3865 mAh/g), low potential (−3.045 V vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)) and low density (0.534 g/cm3). However, fatal dendritic Li growth is the bottleneck of the development of Li anode. In this contribution, we reported a titanium nitride (TiN) nanoparticle additive to guide Li deposition uniformly, hence dead Li and dendritic Li are effectively reduced. There are more nucleation sites on the surface of the electrode due to the stronger adsorption of Li ions on each facet of TiN, and TiN nanoparticles play the role of seeds of Li deposition. The half cells cycling in additive electrolyte exhibit an average Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 97.19% for 270 cycles on plane copper (Cu) electrode and an excellent high average CE of 99.01% for 300 cycles on three-dimensional (3D) carbon paper (CP) electrode at 1 mA/cm2 and 1 mAh/cm2. Li–S full cells equipped with such TiN nanoparticles additive electrolyte deliver great enhanced cycling and rate performance. This work provides a new insight to suppress Li dendrite and realizing high performance of Li metal batteries.

Efficient TiC-C hybrid conductive matrix for ZnTe anode in Lithium-ion storage

ZnTe alloy is simply prepared by the primary annealing step, along with the formation of TiC-C hybrid conductive matrix in the secondary ball-milling process. As-prepared ZnTe@TiC-C nanocomposite consists of active ZnTe nanocrystallites embedded in a TiC-C buffering material, which is adopted as a potential anode material for Lithium-ion storage. In comparison with stand-alone carbon matrix as a buffering material, the presence of the TiC-C hybrid matrix improves the electrochemical performances of ZnTe active material in terms of capacity, stability, reversibility, and rate capability performances. Also, the optimum content of TiC in the ZnTe@TiC-C composites is evaluated based on the electrochemical performances, in that the ZnTe@TiC(20%)-C composite exhibits the highest reversible capacities of ~547 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 0.1 A g−1, the good rate capability (84% capacity retention at 10 A g−1 when compared with the capacity at 0.1 A g−1), and the cycle life at 1 A g−1 (~700 mAh cm−3 after 500 cycles). The enhanced electrochemical performance of the ZnTe active material with the presence of the TiC-C hybrid matrix can be attributed to the effective mitigation against the large volume change in the ZnTe and the high conductivity, thereby facilitating electron transport during prolonged cycling.

In Operando X-ray Studies of High-Performance Lithium-Ion Storage in Keplerate-Type Polyoxometalate Anodes.

Polyoxometalates (POMs) have emerged as potential anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their ability to transfer multiple electrons. Although POM anode materials exhibit notable results in LIBs, their energy-storage mechanisms have not been well-investigated. Here, we utilize various in operando and ex situ techniques to verify the charge-storage mechanisms of a Keplerate-type POM Na2K23{[(MoVI)MoVI5O21(H2O)3(KSO4)]12 [(VIVO)30(H2O)20(SO4)0.5]}·ca200H2O ({Mo72V30}) anode in LIBs. The {Mo72V30} anode provides a high reversible capacity of up to ∼1300 mA h g-1 without capacity fading for up to 100 cycles. The lithium-ion storage mechanism was studied systematically through in operando synchrotron X-ray absorption near-edge structure, ex situ X-ray diffraction, ex situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure, ex situ transmission electron microscopy, in operando synchrotron transmission X-ray microscopy, and in operando Raman spectroscopy. Based on the abovementioned results, we propose that the open hollow-ball structure of the {Mo72V30} molecular cluster serves as an electron/ion sponge that can store a large number of lithium ions and electrons reversibly via multiple and reversible redox reactions (Mo6+ ↔ Mo1+ and V5+/V4+↔ V1+) with fast lithium diffusion kinetics (DLi+: 10-9-10-10 cm2 s-1). No obvious volumetric expansion of the microsized {Mo72V30} particle is observed during the lithiation/delithiation process, which leads to high cycling stability. This study provides comprehensive analytical methods for understanding the lithium-ion storage mechanism of such complicated POMs, which is important for further studies of POM electrodes in energy-storage applications.

N, S co-doped modified graphene/Fe2O3 composites synthesized via microwave-assisted method for Na-ion batteries

To buffer the volume change and facilitate the ion/electron transportation of Fe2O3 during cycling, Fe2O3 nanoparticles with the size of 30–80 nm uniformly anchored on a large-area N, S co-doped graphene (SNRGO) nanosheets have been designed by microwave-assisted method. The doping of N and S heteroatoms on the graphene enhances the connection between graphene nanosheets and Fe2O3 nanoparticles and affects the size and specific surface area of Fe2O3 nanoparticles, resulting in superior sodium storage properties. The as-prepared Fe2O3/SNRGO composites delivered a high reversible discharge capacity of 467 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles at 0.1 A g−1 and retained 200.2 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1. Therefore, the good rate capability and excellent cycle performance of Fe2O3/SNRGO composites should be an attractive and potential anode material for NIBs.

Large Interlayer Spacing of Few-Layered Cobalt-Tin-Based Sulfide Providing Superior Sodium Storage.

Mixed transition metal sulfides (MTMSs) have been regarded as a potential anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high reversible specific capacity. Herein, nanoflower-like few-layered cobalt-tin-based sulfide (F-CoSnS) with a large interlayer spacing is synthesized via a facile route for superior sodium storage. The growth mechanism of this unique F-CoSnS is systematically studied. Such distinctive nanostructured engineering synergistically combines a broad interlayer spacing (∼ 0.85 nm), the functionalities of few (2-3) layers, and the introduction of heterogeneous metal atoms, reducing the ion diffusion energy barrier for high-efficiency intercalation/deintercalation of Na+ ions, as revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. With further incorporation of a three-dimensional (3D) conductive network, the F-CoSnS@C electrode shows a large sodium storage capacity (493.4 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1), remarkable rate capability (316.1 mAh g-1 at 1600 mA g-1), and superior cycling stability (450 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 with 91.2% capacity retention, 0.044% fading rate per cycle, and approximately 100% Coulombic efficiency after 200 cycles). This work demonstrates that the few-layered ternary MTMSs are highly applicable for the development of advanced SIB anode materials with high performance.

Sodium Adsorption and Intercalation in Bilayer Graphene Doped with B, N, Si and P: A First-Principles Study

Heteroatom-doped graphene is a potential anode material in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, understanding the mechanisms of Na adsorption on the surface and intercalation in the interlayer remains a critical challenge to develop a suitable heteroatom-doped graphene anode. In this work, the structural and electronic influences in B-, N-, Si- and P-doped bilayer graphene (BLG) have been investigated by first-principles calculations. Pyridinic N, graphitic B and Si-doped BLG have preferential adsorption for Na with stronger surface binding than intercalation. The undoped carbon layer of B-doped BLG can be converted into n-type doping state by inserting Na, and the doped layer remains p-type mainly caused by the different electrons transfer to carbon layers from Na. Additionally, the electronic conductivity and Na diffusions on surfaces and in interlayers during sodiation are improved by doping heteroatoms. However, pyridinic N, graphitic Si and P doping promote the Na storage on surfaces and in interlayers of BLG due to the structural influence of carbon vacancy, which leads to high activation barriers during desodiation. The graphitic N-doped BLG is unsuitable and reduces the numbers of storage sites for Na in/on it. Therefore, B-doped and pyridinic N-doped BLG are promising anodes for SIBs because of stronger attraction and better kinetics of the electronic and cationic transport.

Si-on-Graphite fabricated by fluidized bed process for high-capacity anodes of Li-ion batteries

Composites consisting of graphite and silicon have been considered as potential high-capacity anode materials for the next-generation Li-ion batteries (LIBs). The synthesis method is critical for determining the microstructure, which is directly related to the material performance and the cost-efficiency for making commercial electrode materials. Herein, we report the fabrication of silicon-on-graphite (Si@Gr) composites by fluidized bed granulation (FBG) for the first time. The FBG process is shown to produce composite powders comprising a uniform layer of nano-sized Si particles lodged onto the surface of micron-sized graphite particles to possess a core-shell microstructure. Adopting a suitable binder during the FBG process enables a firm adhesion of the Si nanoparticles on graphite surface during subsequent carbon-coating, where the composite particles are coated with pitch and then carbonised to form a highly electronically conductive and mechanical stabilizing layer of amorphous carbon. These carbon-coated composites exhibit a high capacity reaching over 600 mAh g−1, high rate capability and illustrates the potential of long-cycle stability in Si@Gr || Li metal cells, showing more than 70% capacity retention after 400 charge-discharge cycles even without electrolyte optimization. Furthermore, a significantly improved cycling stability is found for the carbon-coated Si@Gr materials in LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM-622) || Si@Gr full-cells.

Synthesis of α-Fe2O3 double-layer hollow spheres with carbon coating using carbonaceous sphere templates for lithium ion battery anodes

In this work, α-Fe2O3 double-layer hollow spheres with carbon coating (DLHS@C) are synthesized by a general “penetration-heterogeneous nucleation” approach using carbonaceous sphere templates combined with subsequent annealing. This hierarchy hollow sphere structure with carbon coating rationally combines three advantage aspects: shorten transport length for lithium ions and charges, sufficient void space to buffer the volume expansion, and enhanced electric conductivity. When tested for lithium storage, α-Fe2O3 DLHS@C composite electrode exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 1735 mAh g-1 and the reversible capacity of 823 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at the current density of 100 mA g-1 in the voltage range of 0.01–2.5 V (vs. Li+/Li) and retains a capacity of 470 mAh g-1 even at a large current density of 500 mA g-1 after 500 cycles. The α-Fe2O3 DLHS@C electrode demonstrates excellent electrochemical properties with high capacity, good cycling stability, and excellent rate capability as potential anode material for lithium ion batteries.

An elaborate insight of lithiation behavior of V2O5 anode

Abstract Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) has been a promising insert-type cathode material and/or a potential high energy anode material for rechargeable lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, the lithiation behavior of V2O5 anode has been a long-standing challenge. In this study, we design nanoflake-assembled three-dimensional hollow porous V2O5 microspheres via a one-step template-free solvothermal-based method to enhance its structural stability as well as electrochemical activity. Commendably, this original product evaluated as anode electrodes for LIBs exhibits outstanding cycling stability and rate capability. It delivers a high reversible capacity of 527 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g-1, and a stable capacity of 318 mAh g-1 at 3.0 A g-1 in the potential range of 0.01 V and 3.0 V (vs. Li/Li+). Furthermore, electrode kinetics and performance evolution was studied by use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Following these efforts, a definite and tenable lithiation mechanism of V2O5 anode is presented based on redox behaviors, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) results, and other convincing proofs, providing valuable revelation for the understanding of conversion reaction and reaction mechanism toward other vanadium oxide anode materials in lithium/sodium ions storage. Meanwhile, the research perspective and strategy presented herein can be extended to other active materials in LIBs and/or sodium ion batteries.

A combination of hierarchical pore and buffering layer construction for ultrastable nanocluster Si/SiOx anode

Porous Si can be synthesized from diverse silica (SiO2) via magnesiothermic reduction technology and widely employed as potential anode material in lithium ion batteries. However, concerns regarding the influence of residual silicon oxide (SiOx) component on resulted Si anode after reduction are still lacked. In this work, we intentionally fabricate a cauliflower-like silicon/silicon oxide (CF-Si/SiOx) particles from highly porous SiO2 spheres through insufficient magnesiothermic reduction, where residual SiOx component and internal space play an important role in preventing the structural deformation of secondary bulk and restraining the expansion of Si phase. Moreover, the hierarchically structured CF-Si/SiOx exhibits uniformly-dispersed channels, which can improve ion transport and accommodate large volume expansion, simultaneously. As a result, the CF-Si/SiOx-700 anode shows excellent electrochemical performance with a specific capacity of ~1,400 mA·h·g−1 and a capacity retention of 98% after 100 cycles at the current of 0.2 A·g−1.

Rational design of N-doped carbon coated NiNb2O6 hollow nanoparticles as anode for Li-ion capacitor

Searching for anode materials with fast Li+ intercalation kinetics to mitigate the dynamic imbalance with the rapid capacitive cathode is the fundamental strategy to achieve high energy-power density of Li-ion capacitors (LICs). Hence, NiNb2O6 hollow nanoparticles are first synthesized by hydrothermal method and then sealed with a protective N-doped carbon shell to achieve the target NiNb2O6@NC composite. As the anode of LICs, the NiNb2O6@NC sample exhibits a high capacity of 435.8 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1 and excellent rate performance of 47.8% capacity retention with the current density increased to 2 A g−1. The lithium storage mechanism of NiNb2O6 is proposed as a combined conversion reaction and an intercalation reaction, which the NiNb2O6 decomposes into Ni metal and LixNb2O5 during the 1st discharge/charge process. The irreversible Ni would not contribute to the reversible capacity and will improve the electric conductivity for fast transport of electrons and the LixNb2O5 will act as the host for lithium ions by means of the intercalation mechanism. Furthermore, the assembled NiNb2O6@NC//activated carbon LICs exhibit a maximum energy density of 123.9 Wh kg−1 and the capacity retention reaches 86.1% after 5000 cycles. The superior electrochemical performances indicate that the rationally-designed NiNb2O6@NC is expected to be a potential anode material for LICs.

Electrospun MnCo2O4 Nanotubes as High-Performance Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Transition metal oxides with spinel AB2O4 phases are deemed as potential anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), attributing to high specific capacities, low cost, and environmental frien...

A Novel α‐MoO3/Single‐Walled Carbon Nanohorns Composite as High‐Performance Anode Material for Fast‐Charging Lithium‐Ion Battery

AbstractOrthorhombic α‐MoO3is a potential anode material for lithium‐ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity of 1100 mAh g−1and excellent structural stability. However, its intrinsic poor electronic conductivity and high volume expansion during the charge–discharge process impede it from achieving a high practical capacity. A novel composite of α‐MoO3nanobelts and single‐walled carbon nanohorns (SWCNHs) is synthesized by a facile microwave hydrothermal technique and demonstrated as a high‐performance anode material for lithium‐ion batteries. The α‐MoO3/SWCNH composite displays superior electrochemical properties (654 mAh g−1at 1 C), excellent rate capability (275 mAh g−1at 5 C), and outstanding cycle life (capacity retention of >99% after 3000 cycles at 1 C) without any cracking of the electrode. The presence of SWCNHs in the composite enhances the electrochemical properties of α‐MoO3by acting as a lithium storage material, electronic conductive medium, and buffer against pulverization.

In-situ Ni exsolution from NiTiO3 as potential anode for solid oxide fuel cells

Sample NiTiO3 (NTO) is prepared by the molten salts synthesis route as a potential anode material for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications. An additional sample impregnated with 5 mol%Ni (N-NTO) is also presented. Structural characterization reveal a pure NiTiO3 phase upon calcination at 850 °C and 1000 °C. Redox characterization by temperature programmed reduction tests indicate the transition from NiTiO3 to Ni/TiO2 at ca. 700 °C. Ni nanoparticles (ca. 26 nm) are exsolved in-situ from the structure after a reducing treatment at 850 °C. Catalytic activity tests for partial oxidation of methane performed in a fixed bed reactor reveal excellent values of activity and selectivity due to the highly dispersed Ni nanoparticles in the support surface. Time-on-stream behavior during 100 h operation in reaction conditions for sample N-NTO yield a stable CH4 conversion. Electrolyte supported symmetrical cells are prepared with both materials achieving excellent polarization resistance of 0.023 Ω cm2 in 7%H2/N2 atmosphere at 750 °C with sample N-NTO. The maximum power density achieved is of 273 mW cm−2 at 800 °C with a commercial Pt ink used as a reference cathode, indicating further improvement of the system can be achieved and positioning the N-NTO material as a promising SOFC anode material.