Growth Of Potato Plants Research Articles

Integrating Spectral, Textural, and Morphological Data for Potato LAI Estimation from UAV Images

The Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a crucial indicator of crop photosynthetic potential, which is of great significance in farmland monitoring and precision management. This study aimed to predict potato plant LAI for potato plant growth monitoring, integrating spectral, textural, and morphological data through UAV images and machine learning. A new texture index named VITs was established by fusing multi-channel information. Vegetation growth features (Vis and plant height Hdsm) and texture features (TIs and VITs) were obtained from drone digital images. Various feature combinations (VIs, VIs + TIs, VIs + VITs, VIs + VITs + Hdsm) in three growth stages were adopted to monitor potato plant LAI using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), random forest (RF), and eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), so as to find the best feature combinations and machine learning method. The performance of the newly built VITs was tested. Compared with traditional TIs, the estimation accuracy was obviously improved for all the growth stages and methods, especially in the tuber-growth stage using the RF method with 13.6% of R2 increase. The performance of Hdsm was verified by including it either as one input feature or not. Results showed that Hdsm could raise LAI estimation accuracy in every growth stage, whichever method is used. The most significant improvement appeared in the tuber-formation stage using SVR, with an 11.3% increase of R2. Considering both the feature combinations and the monitoring methods, the combination of VIs + VITs + Hdsm achieved the best results for all the growth stages and simulation methods. The best fitting of LAI in tuber-formation, tuber-growth, and starch-accumulation stages had an R2 of 0.92, 0.83, and 0.93, respectively, using the XGBoost method. This study showed that the combination of different features enhanced the simulation of LAI for multiple growth stages of potato plants by improving the monitoring accuracy. The method presented in this study can provide important references for potato plant growth monitoring.

PEMANFAATAN TEKNOLOGI AEROPONIK BERBASIS PRECISION AGRICULTURE DALAM OPTIMALISASI RANTAI PASOK BENIH KENTANG G-0 PADA KELOMPOK TANI DI KABUPATEN AGAM

Potato production in West Sumatra has decreased from 2015-2018. One of the factors causing the decline in potato production is because local farmers have not been optimal in producing G0 potato tuber seeds, still using conventional methods, so to meet the need for G0 potato tuber seeds, farmers buy them from outside the region. Efforts that can be made to increase seed production are by utilizing technology in the agricultural sector such as aeroponic systems. Aeroponics is a farming activity carried out by hanging plant roots in a container where the plant roots then receive water and nutrients through spraying in the form of mist droplets. The aim of the research is to design and create an aeroponics system that can work automatically to maintain the concentration of the solution and the availability of water in the box container so that it can meet the nutritional needs for potato plant growth. This research starts from functional design, structural design, control system design, calibration, technical testing and analysis. The performance of the total dissolved solid (TDS) sensor during the 10 week study obtained an error value of 7.398% and an accuracy level of 92.602% with an average range of TDS sensor reading values of 1,142,000 ppm – 1,358,333 ppm. Meanwhile, the performance of the HC-SR04 sensor obtained an error value of 1.300% and an accuracy level of 98.700% with a range of reading values for the HC-SR04 sensor, namely 12 cm – 26 cm. The results of observations of plant growth in the form of plant height showed that the average plant height at week 13 was 42.175 cm/stem, the average number of leaf stalks was 14.8 stalks. The number of tubers produced by the aeroponic system is 14,850 tubers/stem, which is more than the conventional method, namely 5-7 tubers/stem. The aeroponic system can work well because the aeroponic system is able to maintain the concentration of the solution according to plant growth needs (1,050 ppm - 1,400 ppm) and the system can maintain the availability of water in the box container.

The Effect of Biofertilizers, Phosphorus Sources and Vermicompost on the Preparation of Bacterial and Fungal Cells for the Two Phases of Vegetative Growth and Flowering of Potato Plants

A field experiment was conducted for potato plants in the field of Agricultural Research and Experiment Station in Al-Muradiyya of the Directorate of Agriculture of Babylon - Babylon Governorate for the agricultural season 2022 to study the effect of adding bacterial fertilizer, phosphorus sources (triple superphosphate and phosphate rock) and vermicompost and the interaction between them in cell preparation Bacterial and fungal phases of potato plant vegetative growth and blooming according to RCBD design. The experiment included three factors: the addition of the bacterial biofertilizer Bacillus megaterium (with or without addition), phosphorus sources at three levels (0, triple superphosphate at 100 kg ha-1, phosphate rock at 200 kg ha-1), and vermicompost at three levels. Levels (0, 8, 12) ton ha-1, with three replications, yielded 54 experimental units. Burin cultivar potato tubers were planted, and the results were: The addition of bacterial bio fertilizer to treatment B1 produced the highest numbers of bacterial cells for the two stages of vegetative growth and flowering of potato plants: 4.73×106 and 6.73×106 (colony forming unit g-1 dry soil × 106) in sequence, and 5.93 × 103 and 12.15 × 103 for fungal cells. g-1 dry soil × 103, sequentially. During potato plant vegetative growth and flowering, the P22 treatment had the most bacterial and fungal cells, at 5.31 × 106 and 7.56 × 106 (colony forming unit g-1 dry soil 106), respectively. sequentially (g-1 dry soil) 103. Treatment F2 with vermicompost added had the largest counts of bacterial and fungal cells during the vegetative growth and blooming phases of potato plants at 6.22 × 106 (colony forming unit g-1 dry soil 106) and 10.08 × 106 (colony forming unit g-1 dry soil 103), respectively. B1P2F3 had the greatest bacterial cell counts at 8.25 and 13.55 × 106 (colony forming unit g-1 dry soil 106).

Peculiarities of the influence of fertilizer and foliar feeding systems on the growth and development of potato plants

The research involved the studying the impact of different fertilization systems, which were balanced among themselves in terms of nutrients with foliar application of liquid organic-mineral fertilizers, on the growth processes of potato plants. The research methodology included the study of the following indicators: the number of stems, plants height, leaf surface formation. The research was carried out during 2014–2017 on the basis of the experimental plot of the Polissia National University. The experimental design involved the study of four fertilization options with the application of liquid organic-mineral fertilizers «Mochevyn K №1», «Mochevyn K No 2», «Organic D2M» and «Humate potassium» in the form of foliar application. As a result of the research it was found that plant development improves in variants with fertilizers application the number of stems increased from 61 to 84 stems on average over the years of the study, in particular under the organic fertilization system compared to the biological control. The use of liquid organic-mineral fertilizers (LOMF) contributed to an increase in the number of stems in the ranged from 66 to 89 compared to the biological control. Plant height analysis by development phases: mass budding, mass flowering and the end of flowering showed that fertilizers application had a positive effect on the increase in plant height, in particular under different fertilization systems plants height in the phase of the end of flowering increased from 6.2 to 8 cm. LOMF application contributed to an increase in plant height by 6.9–10.2 cm compared to the biological control. The highest indicators of the potato leaf surface area on average over the years of the study were formed in the phase of full emergence under the organic-mineral fertilization system – 5.01 thousand m2/ha and mineral fertilization systems, where this indicator was 4.98 thousand m2/ha. Foliar application of LOMF had a positive effect on the formation of the leaf surface area under the organic-mineral system of fertilization and the combined application of «Humate potassium» and «Organic D2M» and provided variability within 5.07 thousand m2/ha and 5.04 thousand m2/ha respectively. During the flowering phase the leaf surface area of potato plants under different fertilization systems increased by 7.1–10.3 thousand m2 /ha compared to the absolute control variant. The joint combination of fertilization systems and LOMF during the flowering phase increased the leaf surface area by 9.08–12 thousand m2 /ha. Key words: fertilization system, liquid organic-mineral fertilizers, potatoes, leaf surface area.

IbINV Positively Regulates Resistance to Black Rot Disease Caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata in Sweet Potato.

Black rot disease, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halsted, severely affects both plant growth and post-harvest storage of sweet potatoes. Invertase (INV) enzymes play essential roles in hydrolyzing sucrose into glucose and fructose and participate in the regulation of plant defense responses. However, little is known about the functions of INV in the growth and responses to black rot disease in sweet potato. In this study, we identified and characterized an INV-like gene, named IbINV, from sweet potato. IbINV contained a pectin methylesterase-conserved domain. IbINV transcripts were most abundant in the stem and were significantly induced in response to C. fimbriata, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid treatments. Overexpressing IbINV in sweet potato (OEV plants) led to vigorous growth and high resistance to black rot disease, while the down-regulation of IbINV by RNA interference (RiV plants) resulted in reduced plant growth and high sensitivity to black rot disease. Furthermore, OEV plants contained a decreased sucrose content and increased hexoses content, which might be responsible for the increased INV activities; not surprisingly, RiV plants showed the opposite effects. Taken together, these results indicate that IbINV positively regulates plant growth and black rot disease resistance in sweet potato, mainly by modulating sugar metabolism.

Toxicity effects of zinc supply on growth revealed by physiological and transcriptomic evidences in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam)

Zinc toxicity affects crop productivity and threatens food security and human health worldwide. Unfortunately, the accumulation patterns of zinc and the harmful effects of excessive zinc on sweet potato have not been well explored. In the present research, two genotypes of sweet potato varieties with different accumulation patterns of zinc were selected to analyze the effects of excessive zinc on sweet potato via hydroponic and field cultivation experiments. The results indicated that the transfer coefficient was closely related to the zinc concentration in the storage roots of sweet potato. Excessive zinc inhibited the growth of sweet potato plants by causing imbalanced mineral concentrations, destroying the cellular structure and reducing photosynthesis. Furthermore, a total of 17,945 differentially expressed genes were identified in the two genotypes under zinc stress by transcriptomic analysis. Differentially expressed genes involved in the absorption and transport of zinc, defense networks and transcription factors played important roles in the response to zinc stress. In conclusion, this study provides a reference for the selection of sweet potato varieties in zinc contaminated soil and lays a foundation for investigating the tolerance of sweet potato to excessive zinc, which is meaningful for environmental safety and human health.

Water Deficit Duration Affects Potato Plant Growth, Yield and Tuber Quality

In humid climate regions, a short period of water deficit, especially during the vegetative growth and tuberization stages, has been found to affect potato plant growth, yield and tuber quality. However, there is still a lack of information on the impact of the water deficit duration. In this study, we examined potato plant growth, yield and tuber quality parameters with plants under 0 to 25 days of water deficit initiated at the beginnings of the vegetative growth stage and the tuberization stage, respectively. We found that for both the vegetative growth and tuberization stages, a longer water deficit duration resulted in no significant change in final plant height but significantly delayed flowering and reduced total biomass, yield, tuber dry matter content and share of large tubers. We estimate that per day of prolonged water deficit, there will be a yield loss of 3.1% and 3.4% for the vegetative growth and tuberization stages, respectively. Similarly, for per liter of irrigation water, there will be a yield increase of 16.3 g and 19.1 g for the vegetative growth and tuberization stages, respectively. Further studies are suggested to examine how supplemental irrigation can be used most effectively to mitigate the impact of water deficit on potato production in humid climate regions.

Zaxinone mimics (MiZax) efficiently promote growth and production of potato and strawberry plants under desert climate conditions

Climate changes and the rapid expanding human population have become critical concerns for global food security. One of the promising solutions is the employment of plant growth regulators (PGRs) for increasing crop yield and overcoming adverse growth conditions, such as desert climate. Recently, the apocarotenoid zaxinone and its two mimics (MiZax3 and MiZax5) have shown a promising growth-promoting activity in cereals and vegetable crops under greenhouse and field conditions. Herein, we further investigated the effect of MiZax3 and MiZax5, at different concentrations (5 and 10 µM in 2021; 2.5 and 5 µM in 2022), on the growth and yield of the two valuable vegetable crops, potato and strawberry, in the Kingdom of Saudi of Arabia. Application of both MiZax significantly increased plant agronomic traits, yield components and total yield, in five independent field trials from 2021 to 2022. Remarkably, the amount of applied MiZax was far less than humic acid, a widely applied commercial compound used here for comparison. Hence, our results indicate that MiZax are very promising PGRs that can be applied to promote the growth and yield of vegetable crops even under desert conditions and at relatively low concentrations.

Efektivitas Pupuk Hayati Bactoplus dalam Meningkatkan Efisiensi Pemupukan NPK pada Tanaman Kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) Varietas Chitra

This study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of Bactoplus biofertilizer in increasing the efficiency of NPK fertilization on potato of Chitra variety. The experiment used a two-factor factorial randomized block design, namely: doses of NPK fertilizer (N1= 650 kg ha-1 /100% of the recommendation; N2= 487.5 kg ha-1/75% of the recommendation; and N3= 325 kg ha-1/50% of the recommendation) and Bactoplus biofertilizer (H0 = without Bactoplus biofertilizer and H1 = with Bactoplus biofertilizer). The results showed that the biofertilizer Bactoplus was effective in increasing the efficiency of NPK fertilizer, particularly to plant height at 3 weeks after planting (MST) and number of leaves at 7 MST. At the same dosages of NPK fertilizer, application of biofertilizer increased the plant height at 3 MST and the number of leaves at 7 MST, The best growth was achieved when the plants was treated with 75% of NPK in combination with Bactoplus application. The effect of each factor showed that application of Bactoplus biofertilizer increased growth, yield and quality of potato tubers. In adition, the dose of NPK fertilizer affected the growth of potato plants but did not affect the yield and quality of potato tubers.

A new alternative for assessing ridging information of potato plants based on an improved benchmark structure from motion

Ridging based on crop height is essential for promoting potato plant growth and increasing potato yield. However, existing crop height estimation methods are greatly affected by the flatness of the digital terrain model (DTM), and estimation results with low leaf area are often unsatisfactory. To quickly and accurately estimate potato plant height in the early growing stage and guide ridge operation, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) visible light system was used to collect RGB images of potato plants shortly after sowing and on the 50th day after planting. A red–green fit index (RGFI) was constructed using a digital orthophoto map (DOM) on the 50th day after planting potato plants and the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) threshold method to classify the experimental plots. The mean value of soil digital surface models (DSM) after classification was taken as DTM, and the benchmark structure from motion (BSfM) was proposed in combination with the structure from motion (SfM) method. The results showed that the BSfM had a higher correlation with the measured plant height than the SfM method, with an R2 value of 0.7807 and RMSE value of 1.8272 under second-order polynomial function fitting, indicating that BSfM could effectively minimise the effect of DTM flatness on plant height estimation. BSfM relies only on DSM distribution with soil and potato plants and can be easily calculated, with great potential as a rapid and cost-effective tool to estimate crop height.

Caffeic Acid in Various Formulations as a Growth and Resistance Regulator of Potato Microclones in <i>in vitro</i> Culture

The article discusses the influence of caffeic acid (CA), its mix with chitosan (CHT + CA) and chitosan-based conjugate (CHT-CA) on growth and proline content of microclone potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) in in vitro culture under optimal conditions and under prolonged osmotic stress caused by polyethylene glycol. Under optimal conditions CHT-CA and CA, acting as moderate strength stressors, accelerate the growth and development of potato microclones and increase the proline accumulation in the stems. Under osmotic stress CA and CHT-CA promote the resistance of potato microclones and maintain their active growth. And such effect persists during the reparation period. The mechanical mix CHT + CA causes inhibition of microclonal plants’ growth and development accompanied by a significant accumulation of proline which is aggravated under stress.

Morphological and Biochemical Response of Potatoes to Exogenous Application of ZnO and SiO2 Nanoparticles in a Water Deficit Environment

A field study was conducted to understand the effectiveness of foliar applications of ZnO-NPs (0, 50, 100 mg L−1) and SiO2-NPs (0, 25, 50 mg L−1) on potato plant growth, morphology, nutrient uptake, oxidative stress, and antioxidative response under drought conditions (i.e., 100% crop evapotranspiration ETc, 75% ETc, and 50% ETc). Results revealed that water deficiency significantly hampered plant growth and biomass production and stimulated oxidative stress in potatoes. However, the exogenous application of ZnO-NPs and SiO2-NPs significantly improved plant growth attributes such as the number of branches, plant height, fresh and dry biomass, leaf area, and leaf area index as compared with untreated plants. The foliar application of ZnO-NPs (i.e., 100 and 50 mg L−1) and SiO2-NPs (50 mg L−1) promoted the mineral ion accumulation in plants grown under water deficiency and thus resulted in higher NPK, Zn2+, Fe2+, and Mn2+ contents. A significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was found in plants treated with 100 mg L−1 ZnO followed by 50 mg L−1 SiO2 and 50 mg L−1 ZnO nanoparticles as compared with untreated plants, respectively. Furthermore, the aforesaid treatments resulted in the maximum activity of antioxidant enzymes (i.e., superoxide dismutase SOD, catalase CAT, polyphenol oxidase PPO, and ascorbate peroxidase APX) under water deficit stress. Similarly, the foliar application of ZnO and SiO2 nanoparticles improved nonenzymatic antioxidants such as total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic compounds (TPC) as compared with untreated plants (control). Moreover, plant growth traits were significantly and positively correlated with mineral contents, while they were negatively correlated with MDA and H2O2. ZnO-NPs and SiO2-NPs applications improved biochemical traits, which might lead to enhancements in plant tolerance and improvements in potato growth, productivity, and quality traits under water shortage conditions.

Potato cyst nematodes: A persistent and fearsome foe

AbstractNematodes, commonly called roundworms, represent one of the largest phyla of animals. Plant‐parasitic nematodes cause significant economic losses in major crops worldwide, and cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp. and Globodera spp.) are among the most damaging species. This review focuses on three main species, Globodera pallida, Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera ellingtonae, collectively known as potato cyst nematodes (PCNs). G. rostochiensis and G. pallida are the most commonly occurring species in potato‐growing areas and are considered to have originated from the Andes region in South America and introduced then to Europe in the 1850s and now occur globally in more than 75 countries. PCNs feed entirely inside the root and produce distinctive cysts containing eggs. PCNs reduce root development, stunt the growth of potato plants and ultimately lead to the production of fewer and smaller tubers. PCNs are feared because of their ability to survive for up to 40 years in the soil in the absence of potatoes, and once established they are incredibly difficult to eradicate. Five case studies in this review provide an historical overview of how scientists and potato experts have responded to PCN pandemics and the effectiveness of management strategies.

Bacillus velezensis Strain HN-Q-8 Induced Resistance to Alternaria solani and Stimulated Growth of Potato Plant.

Bacillus velezensis HN-Q-8, isolated in our previous study, has an antagonistic effect on Alternaria solani. After being pretreated with a fermentation liquid with HN-Q-8 bacterial cell suspensions, the potato leaves inoculated with A. solani displayed smaller lesion areas and less yellowing than the controls. Interestingly, the activity levels of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase in potato seedlings were enhanced by the addition of the fermentation liquid with bacterial cells. Additionally, the overexpression of key genes related to induced resistance in the Jasmonate/Ethylene pathway was activated by the addition of the fermentation liquid, suggesting that the HN-Q-8 strain induced resistance to potato early blight. In addition, our laboratory and field experiments showed that the HN-Q-8 strain can promote potato seedling growth and significantly increase tuber yield. The root activity and chlorophyll content of potato seedlings were significantly increased along with the levels of indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid 3, and abscisic acid upon addition of the HN-Q-8 strain. The fermentation liquid with bacterial cells was more efficient in inducing disease resistance and promoting growth than bacterial cell suspensions alone or the fermentation liquid without bacterial cells. Thus, the B. velezensis HN-Q-8 strain is an effective bacterial biocontrol agent, augmenting the options available for potato cultivation.

Potato growth, yield and quality affected by calcium and nitrogen (CaN) compound fertilizers on andisol soil type in Lembang

The use of artificial chemical fertilizers that are very intensive and not in accordance with the availability of soil nutrients, has a negative impact on decreasing agricultural soil fertility and vegetable productivity. The aim of this experiment was to obtain an effective and efficient dose of compound fertilizer (Ca and N) for potato plants in Andisol soil type, Lembang. The experiment was carried out at Margahayu Experimental Field of Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute (IVEGRI) (1250 m asl), from June to November 2021. A randomized block design was used with 8 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments consisted of without N fertilizer, standard N single fertilizer, and 6 doses of compound fertilizer (33% Ca and 17% N). The results showed that, in general, CaN compound fertilizers increase the growth of potato plants. The application of compound fertilizer at 75% of N standard (300 kg/ha of CaN fertilizer) was the most effective dose for fertilizing potato plants on Andisol soil type in Lembang. This dose can save the use of N by 25% with a Relative Agronomic Effectiveness (RAE) value of 140%. This study showed that the use of CaN compound fertilizers at a dose of 300 kg/ha can not only reduce fertilizer input into the soil, but also increase potato yields.

Response of Growth and Yield of True Potato Seed Plants to Foliar Application with Organic Nutrients

The experiment was carried out in the spring season of 2017 in the open fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/University of Baghdad/Al-Jadriya camps in order to improve the growth and yield of potato plants resulting from the cultivation of true potato seeds of the hybrid BSS-295 by spraying with two organic nutrients. The experiment included two factors: First one was spraying with Megafol nutrient at concentrations 0, 1, 2 and 4 ml l-1 and the second was spraying with Algazone nutrient at concentrations 0, 1.5 and 3 ml l-1, the experiment was applied according to the complete randomized block design with three replications and the averages were compared according to the LSD test 5%. The results indicate that spraying Megafol at a concentration of 4 ml L-1 led to a significant increase in plant height (64.60 cm), and plant yield (214 g plant-1). Spraying Algazone at a concentration of 3 ml L-1 led to a significant increase in plant height (56.47 cm), number of total stems (7.07 stem plant-1), leaf area (0.822 m2 plant-1), number of tubers (9.56 tuber plant-1), and the yield of the plant (144.90 g of plant-1). The interaction between Megafol 4 ml L-1 with Algazone 3 ml L-1 gave the highest value of plant height, number of total branches, chlorophyll content of leaves, tuber weight and plant yield (67.17 cm, 9.15 stem, 374.90 mg 100 g-1, 18.77 g. tuber-1, 235.00 g.plant-1 Respectively).

Effect of Presowing Gamma Irradiation on the Germination of Tubers and the Growth of Potato Plants of the Meteor Variety

Effect of Presowing Gamma Irradiation on the Germination of Tubers and the Growth of Potato Plants of the Meteor Variety

Cell-Free Supernatant (CFS) from Bacillus subtilis EB2004S and Lactobacillus helveticus EL2006H Cultured at a Range of pH Levels Modulates Potato Plant Growth under Greenhouse Conditions.

Agriculture involving industrial fertilizers is another major human made contributing factor to soil pH variation after natural factors such as soil parent rock, weathering time span, climate, and vegetation. The current study assessed the potential effect of cell-free supernatant (CFS) obtained from Bacillus subtilis EB2004S and Lactobacillus helveticus EL2006H cultured at three pH levels (5, 7, and 8) on potato (var Goldrush) growth enhancement in a greenhouse pot experiment. The results showed that CFSs obtained from B. subtilis EB2004S and L. helveticus EL2006H cultured at pH 5 significantly improved photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, root fresh weight, and whole plant fresh weight. interactive effects of pot pH and that of CFSs obtained from pH 5 influenced chlorophyll, plant height, and shoot and whole plant fresh weight. Moreover, treatment 52EB2004S~0.4% initiated early tuberization for potato grown at pH 7 and 8. Potato grown at pH 5, which received a 72EB2004S~0.4% CFS treatment, had greater whole plant fresh and dry weight than that treated with L. helveticus EL2006H CFS and a positive control. Taken together, the findings of this study are unique in that it probed the effect of CFS produced under differing pH conditions which revealed a new possibility to mitigate stresses in plants.

Sucrose Transporter StSUT2 Affects Potato Plants Growth, Flowering Time, and Tuber Yield.

Sucrose transporters (SUTs) mediate sucrose phloem loading in source tissue and sucrose unloading into sink tissue in potatoes and higher plants, thus playing a crucial role in plant growth and development. In potatoes, the physiological function of the sucrose transporters StSUT1 and StSUT4 has been clarified, whereas the physiological role of StSUT2 is not yet fully understood. This study analyzed the relative expression of StSUT2 compared to that of StSUT1 and StSUT4 in different tissues from potatoes and its impact on different physiological characteristics by using StSUT2-RNA interference lines. Here, we report a negative effect of StSUT2-RNA interference on plant height, fresh weight, internodes number, leaf area, flowering time, and tuber yield. However, our data indicate that StSUT2 is not involved in carbohydrate accumulation in potato leaves and tubers. In addition, the data of the RNA-seq between the StSUT2-RNA interference line and WT showed that 152 genes were differentially expressed, of which 128 genes were upregulated and 24 genes were downregulated, and the GO and KEGG analyses revealed that differentially expressed genes were mainly related to cell wall composition metabolism. Thus, StSUT2 functions in potato plant growth, flowering time, and tuber yield without affecting carbohydrate accumulation in the leaves and tubers but may be involved in cell wall composition metabolism.

THE GROWTH AND ANATOMICAL RESPONSE OF BLACK POTATO (PLECTRANTHUS ROTUNDIFOLIUS) TO FERMENTED COW, GOAT AND CHICKEN MANURE IN THE LOWLANDS

Introduction. Food independence in Indonesia continues to be developed with other food crops to substitute the rice, one of it is by black potato. The productivity of lowland potato plants can be supported by the provision of nutrients. This research aims to determine the provision of fermented cow, goat and chicken manure on the growth, yield and anatomy of Black Potato Tubers (Plectranthus rotundifolius). Method. The method used was experimental with 12 treatments and repeated 3 times for each treatment, including control, 0 kg/plot, 5 kg/plot, 10 kg/plot, 15 kg/plot, and NPK. The parameters observed in this research were growth (plant height, number of leaves, number of branches) and anatomy (diameter of stems and stomatal density). Results and Analysis. The data were analyzed using Anova test with a significance of α = 0.05, and the difference test is conducted using Duncan when there is a difference in the test result. Discussion. The results showed that chicken manure had a better effect on the growth and anatomy of black potato plants compared to goat manure and cow manure.