Phthorimaea Operculella Research Articles

Potato Pests In Uzbekistan

More than 10 kinds of the basic pests have been revealed in the territory of various soil-climatic zones of the Republic. Among them are adventive kinds –the Colorado potato beetle, the whitefly and the potato moth. Biological features of kinds and seasonal dynamics of their development are established; the general tactic of protective methods with application of progressive means and receptions is developed. Precautionary receptions of potato tubers’ protection against potato moth are established and recommended.

Different Performance of Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) among Four Potato Tuber Varieties under Laboratory Condition.

Simple SummaryPhthorimaea operculella is considered one of the most damaging potato pests in both field and storage. Learning the developmental performance of P. operculella on different potato varieties is necessary before developing management practices.The potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Zeller is one of the most damaging potato pests in the world and is difficult to control as the larvae feed only inside potatoes. Evaluating the effects of performance of P. operculella on different potato varieties may help to facilitate the development of effective pest management practices. In our study, P. operculella reared on potato variety Lishu6 showed strong performance and on Qingshu 9 exhibited the poorest performance, while P. operculella fed on Hezuo 88 and Yunshu 304 performed moderately. Firstly, larval performance of P. operculella fed on Lishu 6 with that on Hezuo 88, Yunshu 304, and Qingshu 9 was compared by using an age-stage two-sex life table. Compared with larvae fed on Lishu 6, those fed on Qingshu 9 exhibited significantly lower survival, with only 5.56% developing to the adult stage. Secondly, the pupal weight experiment showed that the pupae weight of P. operculella feeding on Lishu 6 tubers (0.0123 g) was significantly heavier than that those feeding on Qingshu 9 (0.0102 g) (p < 0.001). Thirdly, female oviposition and larvae feeding preference indicated that females oviposited on Lishu 6 in preference to Qingshu 9 (p < 0.05, p < 0.001). Overall, this study demonstrated that Qingshu 9 is the least suitable host, and planting this variety over a large scale can provide a basis for the next step of P. operculella control.

Complete mitogenome of Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea: Gelechiidae)

In this research, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Phthorimaea operculella was sequenced and annotated. The mitogenome of P. operculella is 15,269 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 2 ribosome RNA (12s and 16srRNA) genes and 1 control region. In addition, we used Endoclita signifier as the outgroup to analyze phylogenetic relationship, and the phylogenetic tree showed the sister relationship between P. operculella and Tuta absoluta.

X-ray Irradiation-Induced Abnormal Development and DNA Damage in Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is a destructive pest of Solanaceous crops. This study investigated the effects of X-ray irradiation on development, DNA damage and recovery in P. operculella. Eggs, larvae (*3rd and 5th), pupae, and adults were irradiated with various doses of X-ray irradiation. Egg hatching was inhibited at 70 Gy, and the pupation and adult emergence of 3rd-instar larvae were inhibited at 150 Gy and 70 Gy, respectively. Some 5th-instar larvae pupated at 150 Gy but failed to emerge as adults at 150 Gy. The adult emergence of pupae that spawned at 150 Gy, but egg hatching of F1 generation was completely inhibited. In addition, the adult emergence of irradiated-pupae was completely inhibited at 200 Gy. Adults spawned at 150 Gy, but the hatching of the F1 generation was completely suppressed. The levels of DNA damage and repair in P. operculella adults were investigated using the alkaline comet assay. The results indicated that X-ray irradiation increased DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner and showed that DNA damage was repaired in a time-dependent manner. However, damage from a high radiation doses was not completely repaired. This result suggests that at least 150 Gy radiation should be used for the control P. operculella.

POST-HARVEST LOSSES OF POTATO GENOTYPES AT FARMERS’ STORAGE CONDITIONS

Potato is one of the major crops of Nepal and postharvest loss is one of the major problems in the potato value chain system. Therefore, this study was conducted with the objective of assessing post-harvest losses of potato under farmers’ storage conditions. Potato tubers of six potato genotypes (three released varieties viz. ‘Jankdev’, ‘Khumal Upahar’ and ‘Khumal Vikash’ and three pipeline genotypes viz. ‘CIP 393073.179’, ‘CIP 395112.32’ and ‘Techno 304351.109’) were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications under four different farmers’ storage conditions at Panauti-8, Kavrepalanchok district of Nepal from May to August 2019. The tubers were cured after harvesting for two weeks in a shade, thereafter they were stored for 80 days. Data were recorded on 20, 40, 60, and 80 days of storage. The results showed that at 80 days of storage, the lowest weight loss (5.51%) was found in Techno 304151.109 followed by CIP 393073.179 (6.68%). Potato tuber moth infestation was minimum in CIP 393073.179 (1.15) followed by Techno 304151.109 (1.25). The days to sprouting was the highest in CIP 393073.179 (69.25) followed by Techno 304151.109 (68.75). No shrinkage was observed in CIP 393073.179 and Techno 304151.109 till 60 days of storage. Loss due to rotting was not observed in these genotypes. Therefore potato genotypes CIP 393073.179 and Techno 304351.109 were promising for their storability in farm conditions; which can be recommended for commercial production in the mid-hill environment of Nepal.

Fumigant toxicity of essential oils from three lamiaceous plants and methyl iodide against Phthorimaea operculella (zeller) (Lep.: Gelechiidae)

The potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is a major pest that courses economic losses of potato Solanum tuberosum L. in both the field and the stores. In this research, the fumigant toxicity of essential oils of three Lamiaceous plants including Thymus caucasicus L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Satureja hortensis L. and methyl iodide (a chemical fumigant) were evaluated on P. operculella and on its demographic parameters under the laboratory conditions. Essential oils were extracted through hydro-distillation method using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis indicated that thymol (29.76 %) in T. caucasicus, carvacrol (36.67 %) in S. hortensis and 1, 8-cineole (26.94 %) in R. officinalis essential oils were the major secondary constituents. The 50 % Lethal Concentration (LC50) values for T. caucasicus, R. officinalis, and S. hortensis essential oils as well as methyl iodide towards P. operculella eggs were 5.99, 4.58, 3.55 and 0.29 µL L− 1 air, respectively. On the other hand, methyl iodide showed the highest acute toxicity on the egg stage of P. operculella compared to the essential oils. The 30 % Lethal Concentration (LC30) values of T. caucasicus, R. officinalis, and S. hortensis essential oils and methyl iodide (4.12, 3.53, 1.96, and 0.23 µL L− 1 air, respectively) were affected the life history and demographical parameters of P. operculella. The longest development time was observed on methyl iodide and the shortest was on T. caucasicus and S. hortensis essential oils. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) values obtained in the control group and treated insects were: 0.19, 0.16, 0.14, 0.13, and 0.01 female progenies per female per day for T. caucasicus, S. hortensis, R. officinalis essential oils and methyl iodide, respectively. These results suggested that methyl iodide was significantly more toxic to the P. operculella compared to the essential oils of all the three mentioned plants. Meanwhile, it was concluded that the application of these plant essential oils can be useful as an alternative method for potato tuberworm control in storage facilities.

The efficacy of three different plant extracts on some biological features of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) by different application methods

ABSTRACT This study tries to apply three plant extracts to protect potato tubers during storage periods, against attacks of the potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella). Bioassays were used to determine the effect of the three selected plants extracts, Ammoides verticillata, Phlomis crinita and Reseda alba, at different concentrations: 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%. The different biological features and the damage index of potato tubers have been evaluated. In the tuber dipping method, the highest mortality (100%) occurred at the concentration of 2% for the aqueous extract of Ammoides verticillata with (zero) damage index. On the other hand, in the larva dipping method, by the extracts Ammoides verticillata and Reseda alba, the results showed total larval mortality at the highest concentrations, whereas they caused total inhibition of egg hatching at 1% concentration.

Toxic effect of chlorantraniliprole on new‐born larvae of the potato tuber moth Tecia solanivora (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

AbstractThe potato tuber moth Tecia solanivora is an invasive species threatening potato crops and stored tubers. Previous studies have shown that South American populations of this species have evolved insecticide resistance to major classes of insecticides (i.e., pyrethroids, carbamates and organophosphates). Therefore, testing for other methods of pest control is of increasing importance. In this study, we evaluated the toxic effect of chlorantraniliprole against early immature stages of T. solanivora. We carried out a concentration–mortality bioassay using eggs. Subsequently, we subjected eggs to several insecticide application scenarios and evaluated hatching success, larvae activity and overall mortality of immature stages. Additionally, we analysed the hatching behaviour of larvae when the eggs were treated with chlorantraniliprole. After the concentration–mortality bioassay, we calculated an LC50 of 298.6 ppm, yet the mortality did not occur during the egg‐phase, but rather the neonate larvae experienced the toxic effects of chlorantraniliprole. In the subsequent exposure‐mode bioassay, the hatching success was overall high in all treatments, and larvae mortality reached 100% regardless of exposure mode. Consequently, larvae activity was severely reduced when in contact with the insecticide. Furthermore, when eggs are subjected to such LC50 dose, larvae manage to break through the chorion, but after releasing the legs, each hatching stages takes longer than the previous. Our results highlight the potential use of chlorantraniliprole for the control of T. solanivora in stored potato tubers. Additionally, chlorantraniliprole appears to be a promising alternative for the control of T. solanivora populations resistant to neurotoxic insecticides.

Plasticity in life features, parasitism and super-parasitism behavior of Bracon hebetor, an important natural enemy of Galleria mellonella and other lepidopteran host species.

The wasp, Bracon hebetor Say, is an important potential biocontrol agent of a wide range of lepidopteran insect species. The current study was subjected to compare these ectoparasitoid fitness traits on different host species belonging to the order Lepidoptera. Moreover, we determine the population dynamic with different host densities, sex ratio patterns, super-parasitism, longevity, paralysis success, and reproductive potential under laboratory conditions. Our results revealed that oviposition increased with an increase in host density, while the adult emergence and egg hatching were decreased due to the super-parasitism on host larvae. A higher male and female-biased population were observed when virgin and mated females offered fresh hosts. Adults' longevity was recorded more in females than males when kept only with bee honey + royal jelly + host larvae. The mean duration of egg-adult development was recorded higher on Galleria mellonella and lowest on Busseola fusca. The parasitization rate, super-parasitism, and cumulative fecundity of mated and virgin female wasps with different host species were observed higher on specific host Galleria mellonella while it was lower on Phthorimaea operculella. Furthermore, the parasitoids having mating experience preferred fresh, while the parasitoids' lack of mating experiences preferred paralyzed host under olfactometer test. Besides, this research has produced novel facts on the biology of parasitic wasp, B. hebetor that may guide the advancement of sustainable biological control programs to control lepidopteran pests.

Yerli Diyatom Toprağının Patates Güvesi [Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)] Pupasına Karşı Böcek Öldürücü Etkisi

In this study, the insecticidal activity of native diatomaceous earth (DE) Turco004 was tested against pupae of the Potato tuber moth, [Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)] in laboratory conditions. In the bioassays were used dust formulation and applied four concentrations (2.5, 5, 10 and 20g/m2) of DE. Pupa weights and the number of adults emerging from the pupae were recorded after 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hours of diatomaceous earth exposure. It was concluded that the weights of the pupae are significantly affected depending on exposure time. In addition, pupal eclosion was prevented, and no adult emergency was observed at all concentration applied. The data obtained revealed that the native diatom soil Turco004 may have a potential in the control of P. operculella at all applied doses.

Potential for the Postharvest Biological Control of Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) by Blattisocius tarsalis (Mesostigmata, Blattisociidae)

Phthorimaea operculella is one of the most important pests causing damage to stored potatoes. In this work, the effect of temperature (at 10, 20 and 30 °C) on the predation of pest eggs by Blattisocius tarsalis was studied in the laboratory. In addition, the effect of three predatory release rates on two pest densities was studied under microcosm conditions. The results showed that B. tarsalis maintains its predatory capacity at low temperatures (10 °C), obtaining an efficiency of 49.66 ± 5.06% compared to the control. In turn, at 20 °C, a maximum efficacy of 78.17 ± 4.77% was achieved, very similar to that presented at 30 °C (75.57 ± 4.34%). Under microcosm conditions and at low pest density (10 eggs/container), the mortality due to the mite was 96.97 ± 3.03%, 81.82 ± 8.84%, and 84.85 ± 8.30%, respectively, for the three predatory release rates (5, 10 or 20 mites/container). At the high infestation level, the pest control ranged from 61.54 ± 9.21% to 92.31 ± 2.74%, depending on the predatory release rate. The results obtained show that B. tarsalis could be a relevant control agent against P. operculella under non-refrigerated potato storage conditions, as well as in the first stages of their storage under refrigerated conditions.

Potato moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) regulation methods and reducing phytosanitary risks of its spread

Potato moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) causes significant damage both during the growing season and during storage of potatoes. The most effective and reliable method for detecting potato moths is the use of pheromone traps for the purpose of timely spraying with insecticides during the summer. It was found that an insecticide based on chloranthraniliprol, as an active ingredient of a new generation when applied at the rate of 0.2 l/ha, had a prolonged protective effect for 14 to 21 days. The biological efficiency reached to 95.5 to 96.6%. Studies on the use of the biological product Lepidocid, P based on Bacillus thuringiensis (working solution at a concentration of 1.0%) for the treatment of potato tubers before laying for storage, showed that potato moth did not develop on the treated tubers, while in the control the damage reached to 3 to 4 points. Therefore, the implementation of the “Program for the localization of outbreaks of a quarantine object and the elimination of its population” developed by the Office of the Rosselkhoznadzor in the Stavropol Territory and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, which, inter alia, establishes a restriction on the export of regulated products (potato tubers and fruits of vegetable nightshade crops) outside the region and in the zones of the Stavropol Territory free from the quarantine object, the developed system of measures to combat potato moth in the field and during storage will reduce the quarantine phytosanitary zones and limit the reproduction of the pest in the future.

Classification of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae: Gelechiinae: Gnorimoschemini) Based on Cladistic Analysis of Morphology

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) is one of the most notorious pests of solanaceous plants in the World (Biondi et al. 2018), however, its supra-specific classification has been an historical point of contention. Its original genus, PhthorimaeaMeyrick, 1902, was a catch-all within the family and the generic limits among its contained tribe, Gnorimoschemini Povolný, 1964, are unstable. This study represents the first attempt to classify T. absoluta among taxa of Gnorimoschemini using cladistic methodology. We constructed a tree hypothesis based on 22 morphological characters using the nominal taxa for the genera Phthorimaea, ScrobipalpuloidesPovolný, 1987, and TutaKieffer and Jorgensen, 1910 among the ingroup; and the nominal taxon for the tribe Gnorimoschemini, Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis (Riley, 1869), as the outgroup. The parsimony analysis resulted in a single shortest tree with T. absoluta in a monophyletic clade that included Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873), the type species of Phthorimaea. The genera Tuta and Scrobipalpuloides were also resolved in the tree hypothesis. We propose the reinstated combination Phthorimaea absoluta Meyrick, 1917 and the new combination Phthorimaea chiquitella (Busck, 1910). The genera Tuta (with the single species Tuta atriplicellaKieffer and Jorgensen, 1910) and Scrobipalpuloides remain valid in Gnorimoschemini. We provide a history of the taxonomy of Tuta absoluta and a detailed character list and matrix used in our analysis.

Identification and Functional Characterization of Two Putative Pheromone Receptors in the Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea operculella.

Pheromones are a kind of signal produced by an animal that evoke innate responses in conspecifics. In moth, pheromone components can be detected by specialized olfactory receptor neurons (OSNs) housed in long sensilla trichoids on the male antennae. The pheromone receptors (PRs) located in the dendrite membrane of OSNs are responsible for pheromone sensing in most Lepidopteran insects. The potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella is a destructive pest of Solanaceae crops. Although sex attractant is widely used in fields to monitor the population of P. operculella, no study has been reported on the mechanism the male moth of P. operculella uses to recognize sex pheromone components. In the present study, we cloned two pheromone receptor genes PopeOR1 and PopeOR3 in P. operculella. The transcripts of them were highly accumulated in the antennae of male adults. Functional analysis using the heterologous expression system of Xenopus oocyte demonstrated that these two PR proteins both responded to (E, Z)-4,7–13: OAc and (E, Z, Z)-4,7,10–13: OAc, the key sex pheromone components of P. operculella, whilst they responded differentially to these two ligands. Our findings for the first time characterized the function of pheromone receptors in gelechiid moth and could promote the olfactory based pest management of P. operculella in the field.

Combination effects of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae, with Abamectin on developmental stages of Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae)

The potato tuber moth (PTM) Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873) is a major pest of Solanaceae crops globally. PTM is mainly controlled using chemical pesticides. The objectives of this study were to compare the efficacy of two species of entomopathogenic nematode (EPNs), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1976) and Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev, 1934) Wouts et al. (1982), against PTM pre-pupa and pupa, while also assessing their interaction in combination with abamectin in a series of laboratory and greenhouse assays. The results showed that S. feltiae was considerably more virulent than H. bacteriophora against both PTM life stages tested. PTM pupae were less susceptible to EPN than pre-pupae: LC50 values for pupae were 721 and 570 IJs/insect for H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae, respectively; corresponding values for pre-pupae were 98 and 6 IJs/insect, respectively. While both species of EPN were negatively affected by abamectin, the effect on H. bacteriophora was less pronounced. This present study shows that the extent to which the nematodes interact with chemical pesticides is dependent on a number of factors, including nematode species, concentration of combined agents, developmental stage of the targeted pest, exposure method and the complexity of the environment in which the interaction takes place. In the glasshouse study, for S. feltiae, synergistic effects were observed only in the combinations which included lower rates of abamectin and higher S. feltiae concentrations. In the case of H. bacteriophora, other than at the lower concentrations of both the insecticide and the nematode (where the interaction was additive), all other combinations were synergistic. That there were more synergistic interactions in the H. bacteriophora + insecticide combinations is most likely attributable to the lower susceptibility of H. bacteriophora to abamectin compared to S. feltiae. This study demonstrates that combined applications of chemical insecticides and entomopathogenic nematodes allow for a reduction of both inputs. For end users, reducing nematode and abamectin inputs make their combined use an extremely attractive proposition, in both economic terms and as a resistance management strategy.

Sequential sampling method for monitoring potato tuber moths (Phthorimaea operculella) in potato fields

Sequential sampling method for monitoring potato tuber moths (Phthorimaea operculella) in potato fields

Studies on impact of storage materials and methods on potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on potato

Potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella Zeller originated in Latin America and co-evolved with its host plant potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). It has become one of the most serious insect pests around the world, including in India. Laboratory studies were conducted against PTM for the pest build-up; % tuber dried and rot and extent of tuber tunneling. The mean% infestation of PTM using different storage materials after 90 days of storage was witnessed highest (56.92%) in wooden bins and it was least in cartoon box stored tubers (48.59%), while among different storage methods, it was recorded highest with 61.88% in plastic bin stored tubers and was lowest in low temperature stored tubers (5.45%).% tubers dried after 90 days of storage period was maximum in tubers inserted with agave leaf bits (40%) and it was minimum in nylon mesh bags (5%) among different storage materials. The same was resulted with no tubers dried in both low temperature and pit stored tubers among different storage methods and it was highest in heap method with paddy straw cover (10%). A maximum of 85.00% tuber rot was recorded in tubers inserted with agave leaf bits and a minimum of 10.00% in tubers stored in wooden bins among the storage materials. Among different storage methods, percent tuber rot ranged from 10.00 to 75.00% in tubers storage in low temperature and heap method, respectively. Extent of tuber tunneling among storage materials ranged from 22.22% (40 mesh nylon bags stored tubers) to cent percent (tubers stored in wooden bins and bamboo bins). The same was witnessed with a minimum of 0.33% in low temperature storage method in polythene bags and a maximum of 73.33% in plastic bin stored tubers. Therefore, the development of control technologies and intensive monitoring is necessary in future days to come, for stable potato production as well as potato post-harvest.

Constitutive expression of a synthetic cry1Ab gene confers resistance to potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) larva

The potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) (PTM) is a destructive potato pest. Bacillus thuringiensis cry genes encode crystal proteins that have toxic characteristics against PTM. The aim of the present study was to develop a PTM resistant potato cv. Agria using the synthetic Bt cry1Ab gene. The transformation vector was constructed by inserting the cry1Ab gene into the pBI121 binary expression vector. The Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL1 harboring the pBI35SCry1Ab construct was used for potato transformation. The results indicated that out of 97 putative transformed lines, 30 lines were PCR positive. Southern blot analysis revealed that one to three copies of transgenes were inserted into transgenic lines. The immunoassay test revealed the expression of the Cry protein. Furthermore, the results of bioassays confirmed the high mortality level of neonate larvae. The results of this study suggested that the transgenic lines have significant potential in pest control.

Effect of Potato Varieties on the Biology and Life Table Parameters of Potato Tuber Moth Phthorimaea operculella under Laboratory Conditions

Effects of different verities of potato tubers as a food Cara, Spunta and Rosetta on food ability, developing, fecundity and life table parameters of Phthorimaea operculellawere studiedunder laboratory conditions.Egg incubation period was longest in time when Ph. operculella reared as larvae on Rosetta variety and spent 5.5 day. The natural mortality data for larvae reared on Cara variety were 23.14, 19.67 and 2.4%, respectively. Pupal duration which reared on the potato varieties Cara, Spunta and Rosetta were 9.22, 10.68and 12.23 days, respectively. Duration of the generation was 40.90 and 35.9 days, on Cara and Spunta varieties, respectively. The obtained results indicate that potato variety Cara demonstrated the highest net reproductive rate (37.7 eggs/female) followed by Spunta variety (22.7 eggs/female) and Rosetta variety (16 eggs/female)

Bazı entomopatojen nematodların etkinliğinin Patates güvesi Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)’nin mücadelesinde değerlendirilmesi

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’den izole edilen entomopatojen nematodların (EPN) patates güvesi Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) son dönem larvalarına karşı etkinlikleri laboratuvarda araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada Steinernema affine Bovien, S. carpocapsae Weiser, S. feltiae Filipjev ve Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar EPN türleri kullanılmıştır. Patates güveleri, Derinkuyu’daki (Nevşehir) bulaşık patates tarlalarından 2019 haziran ayında toplanmıştır. Etkinlik denemeleri 9 cm çapındaki plastik Petrilerde 25 oC’de 50 infektif larva (IJ)/larva olacak şekilde yürütülmüştür. Denemenin kontrolleri 24, 48, 72 ve 96 saat aralıklar ile yapılmıştır. EPN türlerinin, P. operculella larvalarında meydana getirdiği ölüm oranları süreye bağlı olarak artış göstermiştir. EPN uygulamaları sonrası ölüm oranları 1. günden 4. güne kadar sırası ile %40-66.6, %83.3-100, %93.3-100 ve %96.6-100 arasında değişmiştir. Steinernema feltiae uygulamalarından sonraki 2. günde zararlı larvalarında %100 ölüm meydana gelmiştir. Denemede kullanılan tüm EPN türleri süreye bağlı olarak P. operculella larvalarında yüksek oranda ölüme neden olmuştur. Bu sonuçlar zararlı ile mücadelede EPN’lerin kullanım potansiyellerinin detaylı araştırılmasını gerektirmektedir.