Potato Minitubers Research Articles

Magnification of the productivity of potato minituber seeds in tissue culture program using stem cutting

Magnification of the productivity of potato minituber seeds in tissue culture program using stem cutting

Effects of plant growth regulators on growth and yield of pre-basic seed potato production under glasshouse condition

A glasshouse experiment was carried out to study the effect of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) on the production of pre-basic seed (PBS) potatoes, cv. Janakdev at Khumaltar, (1360 masl) Lalitpur, Nepal during autumn and spring seasons of 2014 and 2015 respectively. Four - week old virus free in vitro plantlets grown in tissue culture laboratory were planted with 20 cm distance between rows and 10 cm between plantlets under glasshouse in completely randomized design. Three growth regulators, paclobutrazol (50 ppm), daminozide (100 ppm), chlormequat chloride (Cycocel) (200 ppm) and simple water as control were used for single foliar spray 6 weeks after transplanting with four replications. Analysis showed that there were significant differences on growth parameters; plant survival, plant uniformity, plant height and yield components; number of minitubers per plant and per square meter in both the seasons. Significantly maximum number of potato minitubers was recorded in growth retardants treated plants as compared to control. Experimental results showed that maximum number of minituber (22.9/plant and 668.2/m2) in autumn and (23.7/plant and 1185.0/m2) in spring season were gained from paclobutrazole spray, which were statistically differed from those of other growth regulators and control. Plants without PGR and treated with daminozide produced the least amount of minituber per unit area. Plant height decreased in all growth regulators over control due to their inhibiting effect on growth of the plants. paclobutrazol significantly reduced plant height but produced larger and heavier minitubers compared to other treatments. Hence, the best PGR for optimum enhancement of minituber number and size was paclobutrazol. The results suggested that paclobutrazol could be used in pre-basic seed potato production, leading to maximum minituber production which ultimately gave higher returns. The study concluded that spraying growth retarding chemicals at grand growth stage checked the excessive vegetative growth and increased the number and size of minituber.SAARC J. Agri., 15(1): 149-160 (2017)

Physical Properties of Potato Minituber

Physical and mechanical properties of agricultural products were to evaluate the effect of the size of the injury on the respiration during storage and were important for the design of harvesting and processing equipment. Physical and mechanics properties of potato minituber in different grades were studied. At the same time, the physical and mechanical characteristics of potato minituber in different grades were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Research has shown that the triaxial size, average particle size, the spherical degree, quality, moisture content, sliding friction Angle, Angle of repose, maximum transverse shear force and the longitudinal shear force of the potato minituber in the different grades were extremely significant difference(P 0.05).

Electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution and plant density in aeroponic production of seed potato under tropical conditions (winter/spring)

ABSTRACT The recent introduction in Brazil of production of quality seed potatoes in hydroponic systems, such as aeroponics, demands studies on the nutritional and crop management. Thus, this study evaluated the influence of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution and plant density on the seed potato minitubers production in aeroponics system. The Agata and Asterix cultivars were produced in a greenhouse under tropical conditions (winter/spring). The experimental design was a randomized block in a split-split plot design. The plot consisted of 4 electrical conductivities of the nutrient solution (1.0; 2.0; 3.0; and 4.0 dS∙m−1); the subplot, of 4 plant densities (25; 44; 66; and 100 plants∙m−2); and the subsubplot, of the 2 potato cultivars (Ágata and Asterix), totaling 4 blocks. The 2.2 and 2.1 dS∙m−1 electrical conductivities yielded the highest productivity of seed potato minitubers, for Ágata and Asterix cultivars, respectively, regardless of plant density. For both cultivars, the highest yield was observed for the 100 plants∙m−2 density.

Determination of Nutrient Solutions for Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Seed Production under Aeroponics Production System

AbstractIn soilless culture like aeroponics, nutrient optimization is the most critical factor to produce high quality and high yield of clean potato seed. Each crop has an optimum nutritional requirement. Even each potato cultivar may require a specific nutrient solution in an aeroponics unit. A nutrient optimization experiment was conducted at Holetta agricultural research center to study the effect of different nutrient solution levels on the physical quality and yield of potato mini-tubers. The treatments were four different nutrient solutions of greenhouse grade macro nutrients measured in (g) for the preparation of 500 liter volume of nutrient solution that is to be restocked when the nutrient tank becomes empty. The nutrient EC and pH were adjusted as per the requirements. A=(118 g CaNO3, 252 g KNO3, 68 g KH2PO4and 100 g MgSO4) ,B=(59 g CaNO3, 126 g KNO3, 68 g KH2PO4and 100 g MgSO4), C=(118 g CaNO3, 252 g KNO3, 68 g KH2PO4and 100 g MgSO4until flowering and reduced by half after flowering), and D=(118 g CaNO3, 252 g KNO3, 136 g KH2PO4and 100 g MgSO4). All treatments included 2.2g of Fe EDTA and 6 g of Fetrilon combi. The potato variety, Belete, was used for the experiment. Acclimatized plantlets were planted randomly in each box of four treatments in CRD design with three replicates. The results showed that each treatment varied in nutrient consumption rate. Treatment A took the highest amount of nutrient (3.29 kg, 28%), treatments B and D consumed the same amount (3.1 kg, 27%), while treatment C consumed the smallest amount (2.02 kg). Roo length was significantly affected by nutrient solutions. Nutrient solution C resulted the maximum root length (300.8 cm), while nutrient solution A produced minimum root length (135.5 cm). Plant height was not significantly affected by nutrient solutions. Small size tubers (<8 g) were not significantly affected by either tuber number or weight. Medium (8-12 g) and large size tubers (>12 g) were significantly affected by nutrient solutions both in number and weight. The maximum tuber numbers was obtained from treatment B. Therefore, the experiment indicated that treatment B represents the optimum nutrient concentration rate to use in an aeroponics minituber production system under Holetta conditions.

Performance of Two Potato Cultivars Derived from In-vitro Plantlets, Mini-tubers and Stem Cuttings Using Aeroponics Technique

An experiment was conducted at KALRO-Tigoni to assess the effect of starter plant material (in-vitro plantlets, stem cuttings and minitubers) on minituber production of two potato cultivars Asante and Tigoni under aeroponic conditions. The experiment was set up in the aeroponic unit at KALRO-Tigoni in randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times. Data were collected at each harvest on the number of minitubers produced per plant; the minitubers were later graded into three weights (0.1-5g, 5.1-12g, >12g). Cultivar Tigoni produced a higher total number of minitubers (49.96) and (52.67) compared to Asante which produced (39.63) and (46.39) minitubers in season one and two respectively. Additionally, in-vitro propagation materials gave the highest number of minitubers (56.44 and 62.94) compared to stem cuttings (43.53 and 51.44) and minitubers (34.42 and 34.19) during the two seasons respectively. The results of this study suggest that the starter materials have a significant effect on the number of potato minitubers produced under the aeroponic system regardless of the potato cultivar. Use of in-vitro plantlets as starter material optimizes minituber production in the aeroponic system. However, the study should be repeated so as to come up with concrete results.

Feasibility studies for two consecutive crops of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under aeroponic system in north-western plains of India

There is huge demand for high quality potato seed in India, however, availability is limited due to low multiplication rate. Aeroponics technology is used for fast multiplication of basic seed stocks from in vitro plantlets. To make better use of expensive aeroponics facility, two production cycles of consecutive crops per year were tried. Experiment was conducted at ICAR-Central Potato Research Station, Jalandhar, Punjab, on three varieties and two hardening mediums before planting to aeroponic system for two consecutive crops. Observations were recorded on per cent survival, days taken to tuber initiation, plant height at final harvest, number of minitubers, minitubers weight, haulm fresh and dry weight and root fresh and dry weight on per plant basis. All the three varieties performed well during main season but Kufri Surya emerged as the best performing variety under aeroponics during second consecutive season. Liquid hardening is better for improved plant establishment as well as early initiation of tubers. Therefore, two crops of potato minitubers production are possible with selection of suitable hardening medium and variety.

POTATO MINITUBER PRODUCTION UNDER HYDROPONIC SAND CULTURE

Isolation and use of sterile growing media are two important factors in hydroponicproduction of healthy potato mini-tubers. Sand can be disinfected by solarization,while organic growing media may harbor some pathogenic agents. Underhydroponic condition, number and size of potato tubers are usually controlled bynutritional factors such as nitrogen, phosphorus and pH. The main objective ofpresent study was to find an appropriate combination of N, P and pH (with respectto tuber number) under hydroponic sand culture and to evaluate some physiologicaltraits affected by nutrients and pH. A factorial experiment based on completelyrandomized design with 4 replications was conducted. The experimental factorsincluded N, P and pH. Some morphological and physiological traits including tubernumber, rate of net photosynthesis, concentration of hormones ABA and IAA werestudied. Results showed that higher phosphorus concentration for 10 daysincreased tuber number per plant, but tuberization was not influenced by nitrogeninterruption and intermittent reduction of pH. None of N, P and pH affected totalnitrogen concentration of potato leaf, stem and tuber. Higher phosphorusconcentration increased the level of endogenous ABA and IAA, inducedtuberization and thereby increased net photosynthesis rate of potato plants.

Carbon Disulphide (CS2) Promotes Sprouting and Affects the Metabolism of Harvested Minitubers Grown from True Potato Seed

Chemical agents may be used to overcome dormancy in potato tubers so as to permit early planting. In this paper, the effect of carbon disulphide on sprouting and related metabolic processes in potato tubers grown from true potato seed (TPS) was investigated. Carbon disulphide was applied to potato tubers derived from TPS, at a rate of 20 ml m−3 container volume for 72 h. It accelerated tuber sprouting and increased tuber weight loss. It also caused an increase in the respiration rate, as well as ethylene emission from the tubers during the first 6 days after treatment. The respiration rate of carbon disulphide-treated tubers remained at a higher level than that of untreated controls for 35 days after treatment. In addition, carbon disulphide increased the concentrations of the soluble sugars sucrose and fructose, but not glucose, in the tuber tissues (buds, parenchyma). These findings suggest that carbon disulphide releases potato minitubers from dormancy and that dormancy breakage is associated with changes in tuber metabolism prior to the visible sprouting.

Field performance of potato minitubers produced in aeroponic culture

Field performance of potato minitubers produced in aeroponic culture

Normes OEPP

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Effect of season of production on storage and production behaviour of potato (Solanum tuberosum) mini-tubers

Storage, sprouting and production behaviour of different grades of potato mini-tubers of cv. Kufri Girdhari produced during summer (Kharif) and autumn seasons in high hills of north-western Himalaya (9 000 feet amsl) was studied. The study revealed that mini-tubers produced during both the seasons in the high hills store well under ambient conditions till the next potato planting season, i.e. April. Number of sprouts and length of longest sprout per minituber as well as average weight per tuber at the end of storage period was affected significantly by the season of production as well as grade of mini-tubers. However, total physiological loss in weight of mini-tubers from two seasons was almost same but was affected significantly by the grade of mini-tuber. Mini-tubers from both the seasons resulted in same yield and number of tubers per hectare. A gradual and consistent increase in the number of tubers as well as in potato yield with the increasing size of mini-tuber was noticed. Similar field productivity of mini-tubers from two seasons is in total support of the practice of taking two crops of mini-tubers (from in vitro plantlets) under protected conditions. The information generated will be helpful in boosting the fast multiplication of elite planting material of potato in the high hills of north western Himalaya.

The potato minituber production from microtubers in aeroponic culture

Minituber production by traditional method is an expensive procedure due to limited productivity. In order to increase the multiplication rate of seed material in vitro, multiple techniques have been assayed in the last decades. The aeroponic system is a soilless culture system, where roots are kept in a dark environment saturated with aerosol of nutrient solution. Aeroponics technology is potentially efficient for specific potato cultivars. The aim of this study was to investigate the multiplication rate of microtubers of national cultivars in aeroponics while maintaining weekly intervals between harvests. The total number of harvests was 14 to 15 depending on year. The results of the experiments were analysed with ANOVA and means were separated with the Tukey's test at 5% P-value. The most important parameter of minituber production, their number, was on average 32.5-36.0 per plant and 1268-1396 per m2 depending on cultivar. Number of minitubers was two to three times greater in the case of aeroponic production than by traditional method. A full economic analysis is necessary to prove that this production technique can be put into practice.

Optimization of the conditions for production of synthetic seeds by encapsulation of axillary buds derived from minituber sprouts in potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Synthetic seed technology is a convenient alternative to conventional multiplication in potato. In this work, we studied and optimized the process of alginate encapsulation of axillary buds derived from potato minituber sprouts (PMSs). We assayed different concentrations of sodium alginate, CaCl2 and matrix culture media, different explant sizes, different concentrations of 24-epibrassinolide (EBr) applied at different stages of the encapsulation process, different planting substrates and different cold storage periods in order to determine the best conditions for encapsulation in cvs. Sante and Agria. The conditions that resulted in the greatest regrowth rates and speed in both cultivars involved the choice of 2–3 mm-long buds, a 2 days pre-culture of buds in culture medium supplemented with 10−6 M EBr, encapsulation in 3 % sodium alginate with 1 % CaCl2 and full-strength MS culture medium, regrowth in solid MS culture medium and then transfer to coco peat (coir fiber pith) for conversion into plantlets. We also found that buds encapsulated under these conditions maintained the initial viability rates for up to 120 days in ‘Sante’ and 90 days in ‘Agria’, although regrowth speed decreased after 60 days in both cultivars. We demonstrate the possibility of producing synthetic seeds efficiently using axillary buds derived from PMSs.

Normes OEPP EPPO Standards

Normes OEPP EPPO Standards

Yield and yield components of minituber potato under direct cultivation and transplanting

This research was performed to study the effect of direct planting and transplanting of potato minituber on its yield and yield components. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete blocks with nine treatments and three replications. Treatments were one direct and eight indirect planting. In order to prepare the nursery, two types of pots (peat and nylon) and four types of substrates including sand + peat moss (1:1), sand + Kimiya organic fertilizer (1:1), sand + vermicompost (1:1) and sand + farm soil (1:1) were used. Results showed that there was significant difference in regard to mean yield per plant, mean wet weight of tuber, number of tubers smaller and greater than 80 g, percent dry weight of tuber, biologic yield, starch percentage and nitrate content of tubers. The highest mean tuber yield per plant, number of tubers greater than 80 gr and biologic yield belonged to plants in nylon pots with substrate of sand + Kimiya organic fertilizer. The highest percentage of starch and tuber dry matter belonged to plants in peat pots with substrate of sand + soil. The highest mean wet weight of tubers belonged to nylon pots with substrate of sand + peat moss. The highest number of tubers lower than 80 g and the highest nitrate content was obtained by direct planting. The sand+ Kimiya organic fertilizer, which provides the necessary elements for plant growth, with more yield and number of marketable tubers, could be the best substrate as compared to other substrates used in this experiment.

A Low Nutrient Solution Temperature and the Application of Stress Treatments Increase Potato Mini-tubers Production in an Aeroponic System

This study was conducted to test the impact of the nutrient solution temperature and the application of different stress treatments at tuberization on several growth variables for two potato cultivars grown in an aeroponic system. At 25 days after transplanting, low pH level, wilting stress and nitrogen withdrawal under warm (24 °C) and cool (18 °C) root-zone temperatures were applied to potato plants cv. Mystere and Chieftain. Significant differences in mini-tuber production, stolon number and length and root length were observed among root zone temperatures, stress treatments and cultivars. Cooling the nutrient solution temperature to 18 °C significantly increased most growth variables and tuber yield for both cultivars. Plants subjected to nitrogen withdrawal at tuberization out-performed plants of the other treatments as well as the control and exhibited faster tuberization, higher mini-tuber number and weight as well as significantly higher root length, stolon number/plant and number of stolon branches/plant. The low pH and wilting treatments reduced plant growth and mini-tuber number/plant. They dramatically increased the number of stolon branches/plant and stolon number respectively. However, this increase did not counteract the negative effects on the other variables. The results of this study demonstrate that a judicious use of these stresses can effectively promote tuberization in aeroponics.

Optimization of Minituber Size and Planting Distance for the Breeder Seed Production of Potato

Six grades of potato minitubers ( 25 mm) and four planting distance (25 cm, 20 cm, 15 cm and 10 cm) with a potato variety Diamant were taken in an study during 2013-14 at the Tuber Crops Research Centre of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh. The objective was to observe the effect of minituber grades and planting distance on growth, seed yield, increase ratio and seed potential of potato. The largest minitubers (>25 mm) planted at widest distance (25 cm) produced maximum number of tubers per plant (18.7). The highest number of tubers per m2 (306.7) was obtained with largest minitubers (>25 mm) planted at the closest plant spacing 10 cm, while it was lowest (64.0) in smallest size minituber ( 25 mm size minituber planted at 10 cm distance. The lowest (4.4) was in 25 mm had significant increase ratio ranged from 12 to 269. The highest economic return (9.4) would occur for the pea size (5-10 mm) minituber when planted at 15 cm spacing.

Rooting Potential of Mini-Cuttings for the Production of Potato Plantlets

The production of mini-tubers under soilless cultivation system increased the availability of pathogen-free seed potatoes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rooting capability of mini-cuttings of potato clones as a function of the irrigation solution and the physiological age of the mother plant, under soilless cultivation system. Potato mini-cuttings were collected from young and mature plants of the cultivars Asterix and Macaca and the advanced clone SMINIA 793101-3. The young plants were newly acclimatized individuals and the mature plants were at the stage of producing mini-tubers. In the first experiment, mini-cuttings originating from summer pruning of mature plants were grown under closed soilless cultivation system irrigated with a nu- trient solution developed for the production of potato mini-tubers and a solution comprised of tap water only. The experiment was conducted in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (clones and irrigation solutions) in the complete random design with four replicates of 15 mini-cuttings. In the second experiment, the young and mature mini-cuttings were established under a closed soilless cultivation system irrigated with nutrient solution. The experiment was conducted in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (clones and physiological age of the mother plant) in the complete random design with four replicates of 15 mini-cuttings. In both experiments, the percentage of rooting and survival of mini-cuttings, number of roots and length of the longest root were assessed at 21 days of cultivation. Potato mini-cuttings can be rooted under closed soilless cultivation system irrigated with nutrient solution or tap water. Mini-cuttings of young plants have higher rooting capability compared to the ones taken from mature plants. The loss of rooting capability depends upon the potato cultivar.

Genotype by Environment Effects on Potato Mini-Tuber Seed Production in an Aeroponics System

In order to evaluate the environmental effect on plant development and mini-tuber production of a diverse group of potato genotypes grown under an aeroponic system, a G × E interaction experiment was carried out in greenhouses located at CIP’s experimental stations in La Molina (Lima) and Huancayo (Junín). Five contrasting environments were set-up and evaluated. A combined Analysis of Variance was performed for the variables “days to tuber set”, “days to senescence” and “plant height”. An Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) Analysis was performed for yield variables: mini-tuber “weight” and “number of mini-tubers” per plant. There was a high variation in all the responses to the treatments. “Days to tuber set” was influenced by genetic responses, temperature and greenhouse Photosynthetically Active Radiation intensity. Considerable increases in the length of the vegetative cycle and plant height were recorded for all genotypes, and these were particularly notable in the warmer coastal environments. AMMI analysis showed that yield variables were primarily influenced by the genotypic effect followed by the genotype by environment interaction effect. The Venturana variety (T2) was the best performing genotype with a total average mini-tuber “weight” of 644 g per plant while the Chucmarina variety (T1) performed best for the variable “number of mini-tubers” with an overall average of 60.2 mini-tubers per plant. Both showed stability across different environments for these variables. The advanced clones T3 (395434.1), T5 (397077.16) and T6 (397073.16) showed stability for yield variables, but their performance was below the overall average of the trial. It is recommended that the environment and management should ideally be tailored to the genotype as this will result in significant yield gains.