Potato Damage Research Articles

Additive effect of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans and the fungus Rhizoctonia solani on potato yield and damage

The significance of nematodes for disease development caused by other soil-borne pathogens has been demonstrated in many crops throughout the world and specifically prevalent are interactions between plant-parasitic nematodes and species of plant pathogenic fungi. Here, the interaction between the fungus Rhizoctonia solani (AG2) and the migratory endoparasitic root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans was investigated on potato. The hypotheses were that the combination of R. solani and P. penetrans would result in more severe canker lesions, reduced quality of the tubers and lower tuber yield, and we also expected higher nematode levels to render more nematode damage. To test this, potato plants were grown in pots in two replicate experiments and the presence and/or abundance of the two pathogens were controlled. The first three hypotheses were rejected as (1) the tuber yield decreased when the fungus and nematode occurred together but not more than the sum of their separate effects, i.e. additive, (2) there was no effect of presence of nematodes on the incidence of stem canker, and (3) the quality of tubers was actually partly improved as the presence of the nematodes reduced the likelihood of elephant hide on the tubers in one of the experiments. As expected, there were more visible nematode damages with addition of more nematodes, but beyond that the different nematode levels rendered in most cases similar responses. To have knowledge about interactions between pathogens, as the one showed here, is essential for disease control through appropriate management methods.

THE STUDYING OF DYNAMICS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF GOLDEN POTATO NEMATODES IN UKRAINE AND SEPARATE FACTORS ITS REGULATION

In recent years, the main sowing areas of potatoes have moved from collective farms to the private sector, which makes it difficult to detect nematodes and establish their level of harmfulness in different regions of Ukraine. The cultivation of potatoes in monoculture for many years, the unpredictability of the existing seed system of regular maintenance of individual farms with healthy planting material, the lack of knowledge about the protection of plants against nematodes, contribute to the spread of globoderosis in new territories. Research strategy to protect the potato crop from nematodes should be aimed at a low-energy and environmentally friendly system based on the use of nematodes, the correct application of crop rotation crops, the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers, the quality of planting material, since chemical hazards protect the environment. The outstanding issues in terms of regulating the abundance of golden potato nematodes remain the factors of the agrochemical properties of soils and their relationship with the pest size, aspects of the use of different potato precursors in terms of influencing the prevalence of the nematode, and estimating the monitoring status of its comparative numbers. The article summarizes the results of quarantine monitoring of the distribution of the golden potato nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll) in Ukraine and by region. A comparison of the pest prevalence rate over ten years of quarantine monitoring has been conducted and conclusions have been made regarding their success at the regional level. The phenological development of the pest is specified taking into account the climatological features of the Vinnitsa region. A review of the features of biology and the pest development cycle is made on the basis of which briefly described signs of potato damage in the field. On the basis of field studies, the effectiveness of the control of the potato nematode was evaluated by introducing crop rotation and selecting the appropriate alternation of different plants. The effectiveness of the use of potato varieties resistant to the nematode was assessed, and the level of their productivity against an infectious background was determined in comparison with the variety unstable to the pest. Conclusions have been made in the main areas of restricting the spread of the potato nematode in the private sector of potato cultivation in permanent crops. Key words: golden potato nematode, yield, varieties, crop rotation, prevalence.

NILAI TBA, FFA, KADAR AIR DAN SIFAT SENSORI KERIPIK KENTANG BERDASARKAN JENIS KEMASAN DAN LAMA PENYIMPANAN

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one type of tubers are widely consumed by the community because it tastes good and contains high carbohydrates. Potato damage easily occurs because the water content in potatoes is high enough that is 80 percent. Based on that, it is necessary to do the processing to extend the life of the potato store. This study aims to determine the effect of packaging type and storage time to the value of TBA, FFA, Water Content and Sensory Character of Potato Chips. This study used a factorial completely randomized design consisting of 2 factors: packaging type (PP, PE, and aluminum foil) with each thickness of 0.5 mm and storage time (0 days, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 day) in room temperature. The result of statistical test showed that the type of packaging and storage time had an effect on FFA value, water content and sensory character of potato chips while the value of TBA had no significant effect. Level of potato chip TBA at end of shelf in packing PP 2,412 mg malonaldehid / kg sample, PE 3,365 mg malonaldehid / kg and aluminum foil 2,787 mg malonaldehid / kg sample. FFA value at end of shelf life on packing PP1,173% ALB sample, PE 1,548% ALB sample, and Alumunium foil 1.173% ALB sample. Water content at end of shelf life on PP 7.040%, PE 3,933%, and Alumunium foil 3,003%. The result of statistical test shows that there is influence of packaging type and storage time to FFA value, water content and sensory character of potato chips.

SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE DAMAGE OF POTATO TUBERS DURING HARVEST

This study investigated the effect of some factors affecting the damage of potato tubers during harvesting using potato harvesting machine with the chain, which harvest two lines. Three of the operating variables were studied. These factors included front speed of the machine, the depth of the cut and the vibration capacity of the machine sieve series. Experiments were carried out in a plantation in Wadi Al-Natroun - Beheira Governorate in sandy clay soil and on a crop cultivated in 2018. It is a kind of King Edward with an oval shape. . The maximum percentage of raising tubers was 88.57% at forward speed 2 km / h. The minimum lift rate was 85.56% at forward speed 2.5 km / h. When the forward speed is increased from 1.5 to 2.5 km / h. Total damaged tubers increased from 2.88% to 4.63%. . The potato damage index was 14.28 and 22.78 for forward speeds of 1.5 and 2.5 km / h, respectively. The depth of the drilling is increased from 14 to 22 cm. The percentage of potato tubers raised increased from 70.92 to 97.25% respectively. The depth of drilling is increased from 14 to 22 cm. Total damaged tubers decreased from 8.36% to 0.49%. Where the index of potato damage decreased from 43.75 to 2.21 with an increase in depth of drilling from 14 to 22 cm. The study also found that there was no significant effect of the sieve chain capacitance on tuber lift. The tubers raised were 85.34% and 89.65% for 20 and 25 mm. respectively. The study found that the maximum tuber lift rate is 99.10% at a front speed of 1.5 km / h with a depth of 22 and 25 mm screening range. The percentage of total damaged tubers was 0.60%. Potato damage index was 3.40 for potatoes, 16.53 tons / fed. While the percentage of total tubers damaged 0.04% of potato productivity of 16.97 tons / fed at a speed of forward 2 km / h with a depth of drilling of 22 cm and the capacity of the screening series 25 mm. In these operating factors. Potato damage index was 0.04. Tubing rate was 97.02% as a result of this study. The following operating factors are recommended: Forward speed to 2.5 km / h. Drilling depth 22 cm. The sieve chain capacity is 25 mm.

Design and Experimental Study on Belt-Tooth Type Collector for Potato Film Residues

At present, collectors for potato film residues in China are mainly used to pick up film residues after the harvest of potatoes, during which the pick-up rate of film residues and the work efficiency are low. Aiming at the above problems, a belt-tooth type collector for potato film residues installed on 4UM-1000 potato harvester was designed. It is mainly composed of a film picking device, a film transport device, a film collecting device and an installation frame. It can realize the harvest of potatoes and pick-up of film residues at the same time. The pick-up rate of film residues and potato damage rate are taken as response indicators. Through single factor test, the optimal combination of structural parameters of film picking teeth was obtained as below: the number in the horizontal direction is 4, the longitudinal space is 300mm, the length is 130mm, and picking teeth are arranged in a non-staggered way. Experiments were designed by using the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal working parameters of the machine are determined as below: the forward speed is 2.66km/h, the rotation speed of the driving shaft is 89.63r/min and the rotation speed of the conveyor chain shaft is 184.17r/min. Field experiments were carried out to verify the above results, where the verified pick-up rate of film residues and potato damage rate were 90.29% and 4.72% respectively, both of which met design requirements of technical specifications.

Scanning electron microscopy study of microstructure damage and micromechanical behavior of potato tissue by impact during storage

AbstractImpact damage of potato occurs during handling, transportation, sorting, and storage. In this research, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was employed to investigate the micromechanical changes of potato tissue by applying impact levels of 0 (control), 0.032, 0.185, and 0.335 J over a 16‐week storage period. Specific gravity, moisture content, cell turgor pressure, mechanical properties of tissue were determined. The cell section area, cell perimeter, and cell roundness and impact damage were obtained through the analysis of SEM images. The analysis showed a significant correlation between micromechanical properties and physiological changes for impacted potato tissue during the storage (p < .01). With increasing impact energy and storage time, a statistically significant decrease occurred in water content, cell turgor pressure, and microstructural features. Variations in mechanical properties of non‐impacted potato tissue during storage included increased specific gravity and puncture parameters. The interaction between the impact levels and storage time on the impact damage was statistically significant (p < .05), so that a higher impact energy leads to an increase in the impact damage during storage time. It was indicated the largest distorted microstructure with maximum physiological alterations in storage duration. These results would be of great assistance in optimization and design of pressing machines, which are important for the development of the food industry.Practical applicationsThis article examines the microstructural and micromechanical changes in the impacted potato tissue during storage. Moreover, it investigates the importance of controlling potato damage due to dynamic loads during harvest and post‐harvest processes, the role of the impact severity on the damage, and damage spread in tissue during the storage period. The electron microscope images of the impact location are reported in this article, which is helpful for predicting the damage in the potato tissue using finite element simulation.

Model for the prediction of potato impact damage depth

ABSTRACTA model was developed to predict the impact damage depth of potato. The model consisted of a series of differential equations derived from the force equilibrium on a differential element, which, respectively, governs the relationships among the potato collision displacement and initial collision speed, natural angular frequency of undamped system, and damping ratio. For the collision displacement of potato impact with the rod, the study used the impact test rig and acceleration acquisition system to measure the corresponding values under different experimental conditions. Combined with the determinate experimental data, the mentioned parameters of the model were obtained. According to the model, the obtained maximum value of potato collision displacement was treated as the prediction value of damage depth. The results showed both the experimental values and prediction values of potato damage depth increased with the increment of initial height, and the difference between experimental values and prediction values was less than 8.8%. To evaluate the significant factor of impact damage depth of potato, this study selected the tuber temperature, initial height, tuber mass, and impact material as experiment factors in the orthogonal tests and the order of influencing factors was found to be as follows: initial height > tuber mass > tuber temperature > impact material.

Non-destructive detection of blackspot in potatoes by Vis-NIR and SWIR hyperspectral imaging

Blackspot is a subsurface potato damage resulting from impacts during harvesting. This type of bruising represents substantial economic losses every year. As the tubers do not show external symptoms, bruise detection in potatoes is not straightforward. Therefore, a nondestructive and accurate method capable of identifying bruised tubers is needed. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has been shown to be able to detect other subsurface defects such as bruises in apples. This method is nondestructive, fast and can be fully automated. Therefore, its potential for non-destructive detection of blackspot in potatoes has been investigated in this study. Two HSI setups were used, one ranging from 400 to 1000 nm, named Visible-Near Infrared (Vis-NIR) and another covering the 1000–2500 nm range, called Short Wave Infrared (SWIR). 188 samples belonging to 3 different varieties were divided in two groups. Bruises were manually induced and samples were analyzed 1, 5, 9 and 24 h after bruising. PCA, SIMCA and PLS-DA were used to build classifiers. The PLS-DA model performed better than SIMCA, achieving an overall correct classification rate above 94% for both hyperspectral setups. Furthermore, more accurate results were obtained with the SWIR setup at the tuber level (98.56 vs. 95.46% CC), allowing the identification of early bruises within 5 h after bruising. Moreover, the pixel based PLS- DA model achieved better results in the SWIR setup in terms of correctly classified samples (93.71 vs. 90.82% CC) suggesting that it is possible to detect blackspot areas in each potato tuber with high accuracy.

Image analysis implementation for evaluation of external potato damage

The aim of this work was the implementation of an identification and evaluation methodology for external potato damage detection. A system for automatic image recognition was used and a methodology validation, by comparison with human visual selection, was performed. The potato surface image was acquired with a monochromatic video camera that operated in the visible spectrum and in the near infrared. This device was connected to a frame grabber card, interfaced to a PC, for image acquisition and elaboration. The software for the image elaboration has enabled the definition of algorithms for the automatic recognition and measurement of the damaged area. The obtained data were compared with the human visual evaluation demonstrating an adequate level of reliability of the applied methodology.

INVESTIGATE A SIMPLE DESIGN FOR SWEET POTATO HARVESTING

The digging harvesting machine was modified and tested to perform the effect of harvesting speeds on harvesting qualities such as sweet potato lifting, un-lifting, damaged, un-damaged, soil adhesion on tuber surface and machine productivity. These indicators were evaluated under condition of medium at El Dakahlia Governorate (Belqas), Egyptian. A lot of experimental field were conducted on sweet potato harvesting under three different levels of separator length (450, 700 and 1200mm); reciprocated cam with link length of 180, 210 and 240 mm and three forward speeds (3.6;, 5.1 and 7.2km/h) under digging Nose share.. The obtained results concluded that the maximum value of sweet potato lifting efficiency was 97.14% recorded at 3.6 km/h harvesting speed and reciprocated cam with link length of 180mm. At reciprocated cam with link length of 180mm, increasing forward speed from 3.6 to 7.2 km/h increased the un-lifted of 2.74; 1.26 and 1.19 times at separator length of 450, 700 and 1200mm respectively. Generally, increasing harvesting speed increased sweet potato damage and decreased un-damage percentage. For example, at reciprocated cam with link length of 180mm, increasing forward speed from 3.6 to 7.2 km/h increased mechanical damage from 2.80 to 3.85% and decreased un-damage from 97.12 to 96.15% at separator length of 450mm. The harvesting forward speed strongly affected soil adhesion on sweet potato surface. By increasing forward speed from 3.6 to 7.2 km/h decreased soil adhesion on sweet potato surface under all treatments except at reciprocated cam with link length of 180mm.

EFFECT OF FORWARD SPEED OF POTATO HARVESTER ON TUBERS DAMAGE

The effect of the forward speed of a potato harvester on tubers damage was in-vestigated. The potato harvester type is a two-row potato digger with riddle chain. The experiments were conducted in a potato field of Haradh Project of the National Agricultural Development Company (NADEC) east of Riyadh, in a sandy loam soil, and for a potato crop planted during the spring season of 2004. The potato type was Hermes (oval graded tubers). The degging depth was set to 22 cm, and the ampli-tudes of riddle chain of the implement were 17 and 25 mm. Results showed that the average values of tubers lifting percentage were in close agreement for all forward speed values (1.5, 1.7, and 2 km/h) of the potato harvester. However, it ranged be-tween 96% and 99%. It was found that there is no significant effect of the forward speed on both total damaged tubers percentage and damage index. However, there was a significant difference for the damaged tubers percentage when the amplitude of riddle chain was changed from 17 to 25 mm, where it decreased as the amplitude was increased. The values of potato damage index for all forward speeds were with-in acceptable limits of damage index. Minimum value of damage index was 0.04 at the speed of 2 km/h and amplitude of 25 mm.

Reduction of potato damage during grading by radiant heating

The effect of using radiant heat to quickly warm potatoes and reduce damage in handling after cold storage was investigated. Two treatments were investigated: tubers dropped 350 mm with no radiant heat applied, and tubers dropped with radiant heat applied. Both treatments were compared with a control set of tubers which were taken directly out of store. The mean damage index per tuber was significantly reduced following radiant heat treatment although there were cultivar and size variations. The temperature profile under radiant heat was also measured which showed an increase in the outside flesh temperature of 8–12°C depending on tuber colour.

A Vibratory, Two-Row, Potato Digger

A two-row, vibrating blade, potato digger was designed and tested for the effects of amplitude of vibration, frequency of vibration and travel speed on potato damage, unrecovered potatoes, and draft requirement.

Sieving Control and Horizontal Agitation of Potato Harvester Chains

ABSTRACT THE performances of two types of prototype potato harvesters were investigated. One was fitted with a primary web (chain) delivering to a secondary web which was agitated horizontally, either parallel or perpendicular to the direction of travel. Agitation perpendicular to the direction of travel gave up to 30% better clod break-up, but 13 to 23% higher damage than agitation parallel to the direction of travel. The other machine embodied a variable area primary web, agitated vertically or horizontally. Tests indicated that horizontal agitation can improve sieving and reduce potato damage by 17% to 30%. Varying the effective sieving area can improve efficiency of clod break-up and soil loss, without the need to change from the optimum web/forward speed ratio. Doubling the web area with vertical agitation reduced clod by up to 37% and increased the damage index by up to 33%.

Patterns of crested porcupine ( Hystrix indica) damage to cultivated potatoes

Porcupine digs were counted in irrigated potato fields in the Negev desert of southern Israel. Dig rates in a sample 10-ha rectangular field increased from low levels in October to ≈30 per night beginning in mid-November and corresponded to the increasing availability of larger tubers. The temporal patterns suggest a lag in food switching, or the successive abandonment of natural food patches having low marginal value in relation to the increasing profitability of potatoes. In all three fields examined (40 ha), digs were concentrated along field peripheries and on sides furthest from artificial illumination. These patterns confirm previous findings on the predation-avoidance nature of porcupine surface activity. Total potato damage in the study area was estimated at 1.3 tons ha −1, or 0.6% of the crop. We recommend: (a) adjustments in field shape to reduce edge and (b) the use of artificial lighting as two feasible means for passive damage control.

Development of a Clod Separator for Potato Packing Houses

ABSTRACT AN investigation was conducted with an experimental unit to separate clods from potatoes using the difference in their rebound trajectories. Both potatoes and clods were dropped from a feed conveyor onto a revolving steel roller and separated by an adjustable divider. The drop height was limited to 250 mm in order to prevent potato damage. The effects of roller and divider adjustment on separation efficiency were determined in relation to potato and clod size. The data were used to develop a two-stage separator for potato packing houses. Test results are presented using this machine as a precleaner in a packing house. In addition to the clods most of the loose stems and rotten tubers were also separated. A simulation model was used to study the relationship between the size distribution of the feed material and the correct separator adjustments.

Potato digging using orbital vibration

A theory of orbital (circular) vibration in the vertical plane through the row has been developed in order to predict the performance of a vibratory potato digger. The theory was based on an analysis of the motion of the digging blade in the soil and the blade-soil forces. The theory predicted a decreasing draught force and an increased power requirement as the velocity ratio (the ratio of the vibrating blade tip velocity to the velocity of the vibratory blade carrier) increased. The validity of the theory was field-tested using a prototype vibratory digger operated at a speed of 3 km/h, a nominal digging depth of 200 mm, vibration amplitudes of 10–25 mm and frequencies of 7·5–18 Hz. Reasonable agreement between experimental and theoretical draught ratios was achieved. The experimental power ratios, however, were substantially higher than those predicted by the theory. In addition to decreasing the draught requirement, the prototype digger decreased potato damage and losses when compared with conventional non-vibratory potato diggers.

A comparison of some studies of damage susceptibility of different potato varieties

Some studies of damage sustained by different potato varieties are reviewed, and their results compared with those from the author's own potato ridge riddling experiments. The use of theoretical models of a potato on a vertically shaken riddle is described. Some similarities were found between the results of riddling and drop height experiments, but an exact comparison based on a theoretical model could not be made because of a lack of knowledge of parameters such as the coefficient of restitution between tubers and metal rods. Limited agreement between the results of riddling and web speed experiments was found. The importance of variety relative to other factors influencing potato damage is discussed with reference to data from the different studies. Statistical techniques applied to the analysis of potato damage data are compared.

Greenhouse Transplant Pot-Applied Insecticides to Control Colorado Potato Beetle in Tomatoes, 1980

Abstract ‘Campbell 28’ tomatoes were seeded to individual 4 in. pots in the greenhouse on Apr 9 ‘80. Insecticides were applied either 4 weeks or 2 weeks before transplanting: granular treatments were applied to pots and lightly incorporated; liquid treatments were applied to pots as a drench with 10 ml of water/pot. Plants were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field on May 19. Field plots were arranged in a split-split plot design with 4 replications: whole plots were insecticides; split plots were rates of insecticdes; and split-split plots were time of application. Split-split plots consisted of 6 plants/row, 18 in. apart on a 5 ft bed. Insect counts were recorded on Jun 20; fruit were harvested on Jul 30 and Aug 15, weighed, and examined for Colorado potato beetle scars or damage. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.

An investigation into the damage sustained by different varieties of potatoes during riddling to remove soil

Previously reported riddling experiments were carried out with one potato variety only. This paper describes a further series of riddling experiments carried out according to the previously reported procedure on potato ridge samples containing tubers of 6 maincrop varieties. The standard SIAE potato damage analysis technique was adapted to enable both surface damage and internal bruises to be assessed from the same small sample of tubers, and these were expressed as a single figure indicating the amount of crop lost. The results showed that, compared with abuse level, potato variety has only a small influence on damage during riddling. Hence a greater reduction in potato damage could be achieved by redesign of a harvester riddling system to provide a horizontal instead of a vertical shaking motion, than by growing damage resistant varieties.