Yield Of Potato Crop Research Articles

NITROGEN NUTRITION IMPACT ON QUANTITATIVE TRAITS OF EARLY POTATO (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L.)

Field trial was conduced on farming household in Jasenica (area of Bosnia and Herzegovina) with three potato varieties Solanum tuberosum L. (cv. Liseta, Cleopatra and Adora). The experiment was set up in randomized block design scheme in three replications. For side dressing we used three nitrogen doses (N 100, N 200 and N 300 kg N/ha) plus control plots (N 0 kg/ha). Data were being collected during two years 2004 and 2005. We applied half of dose of total nitrogen amount in pre-planting and the other half 45 days after the planting. The objective of this research was to estimate influence of different nitrogen doses on optimal tuber yield. We also established percentage of nitrogen, dry matter and raw ashes in potato tuber. We have observed numerical data on plant sites, number of haulm per plants and biomass of potato plant per treatments. Data were processed with SPSS software. Results of ANOVA test shows that nitrogen nutrition affects on the yield and other traits of potato crop. This research shows that timing and application of correct quantity of nitrogen nutrition results in yield increments.

Effect of nonwoven polypropylene covers on early tuber yield of potato crops

In this six-year research study the effect of nonwoven polypropylene covering on the quantity and quality of early potato yield was estimated. The use of nonwoven polypropylene covers resulted in an increase in the tuber yield and smaller yield variability in the various years, when compared with the traditional cultivation, especially at a very early date of potato harvest. In the cultivation with nonwoven polypropylene covering, the marketable tuber yield 60 days after planting was higher by 23.34% on average and 75 days after planting by 10.92% in the six-year period of the study, compared with the cultivation with no plant covering. The higher profitable effect of covering was obtained in the years with cold spring. The cultivation method of the potato did not affect the chemical composition of the tubers harvested after 60 days from planting. After 75 days from planting the tubers of potato cultivated under nonwoven polypropylene covers contained, on average, more dry matter and starch by 0.81% and 0.85%, respectively.

Empirical models of the relationships between early blight (Alternaria solani) and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum) crop grown under different production environments

Four experiments were conducted over two growing seasons during 1995/96 and 1996/97 at Lincoln University and the New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research, Lincoln, Canterbury. A large database was used to assess the effects of production environments on disease yield relationships and to compare different models derived from pathogen‐based disease measurement and host‐based disease measurements. All the models were developed using regression analyses. All the single point (SP), multiple point (MP), and integral models derived from host‐based disease measurements explained more variation than models derived from pathogen‐based disease measurements. SP, MP, and integral models were also compared and integral models were selected as the best for comparing disease effects as they combine the effect of disease over the whole growing season in one variable. Further, integral models were tested for the effect of different production environments on disease yield relationships. It was found that the nitrogen‐altered production environments had no significant effect on disease yield relationships, whereas potato cyst nematode‐altered production environments significantly affected the disease yield relationship. A single model was used for the disease yield relationship for nitrogen inputs, whereas separate disease yield relationships were used for each nematode level.

Papermill biosolid and hog manure compost affect short-term biological activity and crop yield of a sandy soil

Soils used for intensive vegetable production often become depleted in their organic matter content, and consequently low in their microbial activity. Papermill sludge compost may be an efficient way to improve the biological activity of these soils. An experiment was initiated to determine the effects of a co-composted papermill sludge and hog manure (PHC), applied alone or in combination with mineral fertilizers (MF), on several biochemical properties and crop yield of a Bevin loamy sand (Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol) located at Saint-Ubalde, province of Quebec, Canada. The PHC was applied in the spring of 1997 at rates of 0, 11.5, 23 and 34.5 Mg dry weight ha-1, with and without MF equivalent to 150 N-200 P2O5-200 K2O kg ha-1. Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were planted the first year and the residual effect of PHC was evaluated on a spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop in 1998. Enzymatic activity of β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, acid phosphatase, urease and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, microbial biomass C (MBC) and CO2-C release in incubation were measured throughout both growing seasons. Application of 11.5 Mg ha-1 of PHC resulted in the highest enzymatic activities and MBC, representing a mean in crease of respectively 30 and 55% over the control. Addition of MF to PHC resulted in a greater increase in enzyme activities (12–18%) than PHC alone but had little effect on MBC. Generally, enzyme activities and MBC decreased in the second season. The carbon mineralization potential was low, indicating that the composted material was relatively stable. The addition of 11.5 Mg PHC ha-1 produced the highest marketable potato tuber yield with (34 Mg ha-1) or without (27 Mg ha-1) fertilizer supplement, whereas the highest wheat grain yield was obtained with the 23 Mg PHC ha-1 level in the following season. When PHC was added at 11.5 Mg ha-1, it markedly improved soil biochemical properties and potato crop yield whereas the 34.5 Mg ha-1 level was excessive. Key words: Papermill, farm manure, compost, enzyme activity, microbial biomass

Growth and marketable-yield responses of potato to increased CO 2 and ozone

Central to the CHanging climate and potential Impacts on Potato yield and quality project (CHIP) was the consideration of the potential impacts of ozone and CO 2 on growth and yield of future European Potato crops. Potato crops, cv. Bintje, were exposed to ambient or elevated ozone; targeted daily average, 60 nl l −1 for 8 h, and ambient or elevated CO 2; targeted 680 μl l −1 averaged over the full growing season, in open top chambers (OTCs) at six European sites in 1998 and 1999, or to elevated CO 2 (550 μl l −1) in Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment facilities (FACE) at two sites in both years. Some OTC experiments included 550 μl l −1. Above and below ground biomass were measured at two destructive harvests; at maximum leaf area (MLA) and at final-harvest. Final-harvest fresh weight yields of marketable-size tubers, >35 mm diameter, from ambient conditions ranged from 1 to 12 kg m −2. There was no consistent ( P>0.1) CO 2×O 3 interaction for growth or yield variables at either harvest. No consistent effects of ozone were detected at the maximum-leaf-area harvest. However, at final harvest, ozone had reduced both above-ground biomass and tuber dry weight ( P<0.05), particularly of the largest (>50 mm) size class. These yield losses showed linear relationships both with accumulated ozone exposure; AOT40 expressed as nl l −1 h over 40 nl l −1, and with yields from chambered ambient-ozone treatments ( P<0.05) but, because of partial confounding between the treatment AOT40s and the ambient-ozone yields in the data, the two relationships were not completely independent. Yields from ambient-ozone treatments, however, explained a significant ( P<0.01) amount of the residual variation in ozone effects unexplained by AOT40. When averaged over all experiments, mean dry weights and tuber numbers from both harvests were increased by elevated CO 2. Only green leaf number at the MLA harvest was reduced. The CO 2 responses varied between sites and years. For marketable-size tubers, this variation was unrelated to variation in ambient-CO 2 treatment yields. Yield increases resulting from the 680 μl l −1 and 550 μl l −1 treatments were similar. Thus elevating [CO 2] from 550 to 680 μl l −1 was less effective than elevating [CO 2] from ambient to 550 μl l −1. On average, CO 2 elevation to 680 μl l −1 increased the dry weight of marketable-size tubers by about 17%, which far exceeded the average ozone-induced yield loss of about 5%. The net effect of raising CO 2 and O 3 concentrations on the European potato crop would be an increase marketable yield.

Effect of Mulching on Growth and Yield of Potato Crop

Effect of Mulching on Growth and Yield of Potato Crop

Interaction Between Golden Nematode Globodera Rostochiensis (Woll.), Behrens and Soil Saprophytic Fungi - Its Influence on The Processes of Gaseous Exchange and Crop Yield of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.)

During a three-year pot experiment on potato cv. Mila, an effect of Globodera rostochiensis, occurring alone and in conjunction with saprophytic soil fungi (Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium frequentans, P. verrucosum var. cyclopium, Stachybotrys chartarum, and Trichocladium asperum), on the processes of gaseous exchange (i.e. transpiration and assimilation). Relationships between these parameters and potato crop yield were established as well. It was found that the symptoms of the nematosis had been alleviated as a result of G. rostochiensis interaction with the saprophytes. The effect is connected with a reduction in G. rostochiensis cysts density in the presence of antagonistic saprophytes, which directly contributes to crop increase. The studies demonstrated that soil infection by G. rostochiensis alone, and by this nematode together with fungi, modifies the course of physiological processes in potato plants, which is expressed by reduced assimilation and transpiration intensity, as compared with the control. In the plants that grew on infected soil, assimilation and transpiration ran independently from each other, while positive correlations between the intensities of these processes were demonstrated in the control plants.

Factors affecting the magnesium nutrition of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum)

Between 1995 and 1999, eight response experiments tested the effects of magnesium (Mg) fertilizers on the yield of potato crops grown in East Anglia, the Midlands, the West and Southwest of England. In addition, a further six experiments tested the effects of varying nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) supply on the tuber concentrations and uptake of Mg by potato crops. The experiments were done on soils that contained varying amounts of exchangeable Mg and K but were still typical of soils used for potato production.In the eight response experiments, use of Mg fertilizer had no effect on total tuber fresh weight yield even though yields were often much larger than the national average yield. Increasing the N supply to the crop was often associated with an increase in the concentration of Mg in leaves and stems. This may have been due to N facilitating Mg uptake or a consequence of N delaying canopy senescence and, thus, delaying the translocation of Mg from haulm to tubers. Compared with the effects of N, varying the Mg and K supply to the crop had small and inconsistent effects on crop Mg uptake. Since the experiments also showed that Ca supply and soil K[ratio ]Mg ratio had no effect on crop yield and erratic effects on tissue Mg concentration, fertilizer recommendation systems based on ratios of nutrients in the soil cannot be endorsed. When these current experiments and older, published experiments are taken into account there is little justification for applying Mg fertilizer to soils with Mg Indices &gt; 0 and on soils with Mg Index 0 an application of c. 50 kg Mg/ha would be sufficient.

Performance of potato (Solanum tuberosum) + wheat (Triticum aestivum) relay cropping system

A field experiment was conducted for 2 years at New Delhi, to study agronomic aspects of potato + (Solanum tuberosum L.) wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori &amp; Paol.) relay cropping system. Row spacing of 50 cm as well as seed rate of 80 kgha of wheat was found the optimum practice for this cropping system. Nitrogen application to wheat not only increased the grain and straw yields and gross and net income of wheat but also the tuber yield of potato crop. The response of wheat to P was associated with available P content of soil.

The Effect of Sulphate of Potash (SOP) Versus Muriate of Potash (MOP) on the Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Crop

The Effect of Sulphate of Potash (SOP) Versus Muriate of Potash (MOP) on the Yield of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Crop

Ground cover, photosynthetic rate and tuber yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crops from seed tubers with different physiological age modified by foliar applications of plant growth regulators

The modifying effects of applying the plant growth regulators (PGRs) benzylaminopurine (BAP), gibberellic acid (GA3) and BAP+GA3 on physiological age were studied. Two experiments with two cultivars, differing in rate of physiological ageing (medium-early Pampeana, medium-late Huinkul) and two storage systems were performed during 1988/89 and 1989/90 in two different potato areas of Argentina. In both seasons seed tubers stored in heaps reached an advanced physiological age at planting, compared with tubers from the cold store. Seed tubers of cv. Pampeana were older than those of Huinkul. compared with control crops, those sprayed with BAP maintained ground cover and photosynthesis for longer, and those sprayed with GA3 for a shorter period. Consequently tuber yield was decreased by GA3 in 1988/89, but in 1989/90 all crops treated with PGRs outyielded the control. BAP could overcome effects of advanced physiological age on crop senescence and tuber yield.

Effects of plastic film covers on dry‐matter production and early tuber yield in potato crops

SummaryThree experiments, conducted in 1988, 1989 and 1990, examined the effects of date of removal of a clear, perforated (200 X 10 mm holes m‐2), plastic film cover on the growth and early yield of potato crops. Results confirmed that the highest early yields were achieved when the cover was removed 2 wk after 50% crop emergence and the resulting yield increase over a non‐covered control varied from 6–14 t ha‐1. Later removal reduced the benefit from covering and in some cases eliminated any advantage. Covering increased mean soil and air temperatures 2.9°C and 3.2°C respectively (mean of three experiments), thereadvancing crop emergence between 3 and 5 days. The number of day‐degrem accumulated between planting and emergence was very similar in covered and non‐covered treatments within a season but varied between seasons from 190°C to 293°C day (&gt; 0°C). Delaying removal resulted in an increased physical restriction to canopy expansion and reduced the capacity of the crop to intercept solar radiation. Total dry‐matter yield was determined largely the amount of radiation intercepted crops (R2= 0.98). Plastic covering had relatively little effect on partitioning of dry matter to tubers but reduced tuber dry‐matter percentage at early harvests when removal occurred later than 3 wk after crop emergence.

Nematode Population Changes under Crop Rotation Sequences: Consequences for Potato Production

AbstractSoils of the Klamath basin of northeast California and southeast Oregon that are used for a potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cropping system are frequently infested with Meloidogyne chitwoodi (Golden, O'Bannon, Santo &amp; Finley) and Pratylenchus neglectus (Filipjev &amp; Schuurmans‐Stekhoven). These studies were conducted over a 7‐yr period to determine nematode population changes under crop rotation sequences, and the impact of those changes on potato crop yield and quality. The surface blemish rating of a summer‐grown potato crop has a log‐linear relationship with the population level of M. chitwoodi measured either the previous fall, or with lower reliability, in the spring before potato planting. Yield of Grade no. 1 potato was negatively related to population levels of M. chitwoodi measured the previous fall, although total yields were not affected. On crops that are hosts to M. chitwoodi or P. neglectus, seasonal multiplication rates of the nematodes were log‐linearly related to populations measured the previous fall. The relationship between crop yields, or nematode multiplication rates, and spring nematode population levels were weaker due to the imprecision of spring population assessments. Overwinter survival rates of both nematode species were log‐linearly related to population levels measured in the fall. Preliminary analysis of the impact of seasonal climatic variation suggests that the models may underpredict potato tuber blemish and nematode population increase one year in five, when higher soil temperatures prevail. The predictions of crop damage and nematode population change allow crop and nematode management decisions based on population assessment.

Effects of weight and planting density of tubers derived from true potato seed on growth and yield of potato crops in Egypt. 1. Sprout growth, field emergence and haulm development

In field experiments conducted in Egypt the performance of seed tubers derived from true potato seed (seedling tubers) was investigated under conditions of decreasing (autumn, i.e., September through January) and increasing (spring, i.e., January through May) daylength and temperature. Field emergence and haulm development were compared in crops from seedling tubers ranging in weight from 0.5 to 35 g at different planting densities. The number of eyes per tuber increased with the seedling-tuber size, but the number of eyes per g tuber was more than 7 times higher in small (1–5 g) seedling tubers than in large (>20 g) ones. Despite these large differences in the number of eyes, sprout weight per g tuber weight after storage in a non-cooled store was similar in tubers from different size grades. Field emergence was generally faster with large than with small tubers, but the final emergence was about 90% regardless of seedling-tuber size. The number of above-ground stems increased with increasing seedling-tuber size. However, on a per weight basis, 1–5-g tubers were about five times more effective in producing stems than tubers >20 g. Initial foliage development was much faster from large than from small tubers. Plants grown from small tubers at low planting density developed more and larger axillary branches and tended to senesce later than plants from large tubers. Ground-cover duration increased with stem density, but a ssimilar stem densities (obtained by the varying planting density) the ground cover was lower in crops from small than large tubers. It is concluded that the higher efficiency per unit weight of small seedling tubers to produce stems is offset by the lower capacity of these stems to produce foliage, which would result in a lower capacity for Photosynthesis.

Field evaluation of the potency ofBacillus thuringiensis on lepidopterous insects infesting some field crops in Egypt

Agrotis ypsilon andSpodoptera littoralis can be successfully controlled on various field crops usingBacillus thuringiensis (Dipel 2X) baits and sprays. Baits based on the pathogen at 200–250 g/Feddan, scored the best efficacy againstA. ypsilon in clover fields followed by potato, tomato, and cotton cultivations. Addition of some chemical additives (inorganic salts) toB. thuringiensis bait formulations greatly enhanced its potency. This was associated with an obvious increase in the yield of clover, potato and tomato crops; calcium oxide showed to be highly afficient in this respect. Sprays of Dipel 2X were also found as affective as lannate in controllingS. littoralis on clover cultivations.

Water stress as a constraint on growth in the potato crop. 1. Model development

A simple, physiologically based model of the growth and yield of potato crops constrained by water stress is described. In the model, dry matter accumulation is the product of the light intercepted by the plant canopy and the coefficient of conversion of intercepted radiation into dry matter ( C). The rate of extension of individual leaves is related to thermal time and used to calculate leaf area index and light interception each day. Tuber yield is calculated from a knowledge of the partitioning of dry matter and of tuber dry matter concentration ( D), both of which are described by thermal time, accumulated from plant emergence. Leaf extension rate, C and D are constrained according to the fraction of plant extractable water remaining in the soil profile. The sensitivity of the model to its principal parameters was examined. The model was most sensitive to changes in water use efficiency. Changing C or the amount of available water in the soil profile had smaller effects on the estimate of yield.

EFFETS D'APPORT D'AMENDEMENTS LIGNEUX FRAIS ET HUMIFIES SUR LA PRODUCTION DE POMME DE TERRE ET SUR LA DISPONIBILITE DE L'AZOTE EN SOL SABLEUX

Intensive potato cropping has been reported as a major cause of degradation of sandy soils. Wood residues from tree clipping applied to soils can substitute for crop residues to maintain adequate organic matter levels and crop productivity. However, this ligneous material presents a C:N ratio varying from 50 to 175 and, when applied in large quantities, may induce N immobilization at the expense of the crop. The objectives of this study were to quantify the importance of this N immobilization following addition of residues and its effect on yield and quality of potato crops. Fresh or humified residues (50 t ha−1) were applied to the soil and incorporated. The third treatment received no residue. Each treatment was subdivided into subtreatments which received either 0, 150, 200 or 250 kg N ha−1. P, K, Mg and S were applied at the same rate on all treatments. Following the application of wood residues in 1987, 46 kg N ha−1 were immobilized in amended plots. N recovery from fertilizer was 51%. To obtain comparable yields of similar quality to those measured on unamended plots, an additional 1.9 kg N t−1 residues added or 100 kg N ha−1 were required. In 1988, N immobilization was considerably reduced; yield and quality of potato tubers in plots that received wood residues the previous year were comparable to those of the unamended plots with appropriate fertilization. Water retention was significantly improved in plots that received wood residues. Partial decomposition of the residues for 1 yr prior to application on the soil did not significantly improve plant growth compared to fresh residues. Key words: Wood residues, tree clippings, potato yield, dry matter content, nitrogen immobilization, soil water content

Effect of pre-planting temperature and light treatments of seed tubers on potato yield and tuber size distribution

From 1985 to 1987 field experiments were caried out to test the influence of different pre-planting storage treatments on yield and size distribution of potato crops. The storage treatments included 4, 8 and 12°C in the light and in the dark, for different periods before planting. Subjecting the seed tubers to light at low temperatures induced crops to produce a larger proportion of smaller sized tubers while storing seed tubers at higher temperatures in the dark led to an increase of tubers >55 mm. These observations were confirmed in five field experiments with two cultivars at two sites and in three growing seasons.

Correlation between intercepted radiation and yield of potato crops infested by Phytophthora infestans in central Africa

It became apparent from chemical late blight control data on large numbers of genotypes of the Rwandese late blight screening programme, that yields were linearly related to the amount of intercepted radiation by the crop. Measures which affected the total amount of intercepted radiation such as the use of contact and systematic fungicides, or of different genotypes, did not affect the radiation use efficiency of the canopy. Genotypes that started to tuberize at relatively low values of intercepted radiation partly escaped the effect of late blight infection of the foliage on tuber yields. This characteristic could be useful to identify early late blightresistant genotypes for central Africa, where farmers grow two crops per year and earliness is required.

Simulation of Potato Crop Growth and Development1

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crop yield is the result of net crop dry matter assimilation (NDMA) and fraction of NDMA partitioned to tubers (α) integrated from the day of tuber initiation onset (TIO) through the day of tuber growth cessation (M). These four physiological yield parameters respond to environment and crop development by complex and poorly understood relationships. A crop growth and development model was constructed to determine the integrated temperature sensitivity of the four yield parameters and to test the hypothesis that temperature effects on α may be explained by growth temperature responses of different potato crop components. The crop was divided into three components, canopy, roots, and tubers. Model inputs were daily mean air temperature, soil temperature at 10 cm, solar radiation, and initialization parameters. Simulation began at emergence and continued through three developmental phases, canopy growth, tuber initiation, and tuber growth, which were demarked by four events, emergence, TIO, tuber initiation end, and M. Simulated TIO wau a function of temperature, whereas tuber initiation end and M were indirectly related to both temperature and radiation. Net crop dry matter assimilation was a direct function of incident solar radiation, canopy light interception, and tuber growth rate. Temperature affected NDMA indirectly through effects on canopy light interception and tuber growth rate. Assimilate partitioning was modeled as a function of available assimilates and empirically derived functions of the relationship between potential growth and temperature for each crop component. Potential growth of root and canopy had a 22 to 24°C optimum, whereas potential tuber growth had a 14 to 16°C optimum. Simulated leaf duration decreased as temperature increased. The model appropriately responded to temperature and solar radiation inputs to simulate cultivar Sebago growth in North Florida. In simulations, the most temperature sensitive yield parameter was TIO, with cool temperatures generally causing earlier TIO. Both M and NDMA were relatively insensitive to temperature with α having intermediate temperature sensitivity. Maximum simulated yield was at 15°C which corresponded with earliest TIO and maximum α. We conclude that temperatureffects on assimilate partitioning may be explained by differential temperature growth responses of potato crop components.