Source Of Potassium Research Articles

The Use of Two Potassium Sources on the Growth and Production of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) in Inceptisol

Production of sweet potatoes in Riau Province has decreased from 9,667 tons in 2018, 8,021 tons in 2019, to 7,305 tons in 2020, due to a decrease in harvested area of 490 ha in 2018, 483 ha in 2019, and 371 ha in 2020. To increase production, efforts that can be done is by expanding the planting area by utilizing Inceptisol soil. However, Inceptisol soil has constraints in terms of its chemical and physical properties. Effort to develop sweet potatoes in Inceptisol soil is by using empty fruit bunch (EFB) ash which is a source of potassium, although farmers usually use inorganic potassium fertilizer (KCl). This research aims to determine the effect of using two sources of potassium on the growth and production of sweet potato. The research used a non-factorial completely randomized design with 5 treatments, KCl 100 kg/ha, KCl 125 kg/ha, EFB ash 1000 kg/ha, EFB ash 2000 kg/ha and EFB ash 3000 kg/ha. The data obtained were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance followed by Duncan's multiple range test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that the application of EFB ash 1000-2000 kg/ha can increase sweet potato in Inceptisol by increasing tuber weight per 2.45 m2.

Nutritional Composition of Seeds of False Mopane (Guibourtia coleosperma) from Shakawe and Kasane Areas, Northern Botswana

The seeds of Guibourtia coleosperma serve as potential source of nutritious food for rural communities in northern Botswana though underutilized. The objective of this study was to determine the proximate and mineral composition of G. coleosperma seeds collected from northern Botswana. Seed samples were collected from Shakawe and Kasane areas in northern Botswana. The proximate composition and mineral contents of the seed were determined following standard procedures. The data were analyzed using T-test. Seeds collected from Shakawe had average moisture (%), crude fat (%), crude fiber (%), crude protein (%), ash (%), total carbohydrate (%) and energy (kcal/100g) contents of 8.48 ± 0.29, 9.24 ± 0.31, 4.72 ± 0.60, 15.34 ± 0.48, 2.40 ± 0.02, 59.81 ± 1.00 and 383.80 ± 4.81, respectively. The corresponding values for seeds collected from Kasane were 9.00 ± 0.10, 10.17 ± 0.37, 7.13 ± 0.21, 16.44 ± 0.43, 2.45 ± 0.02, 54.80 ± 0.58 and 376.50 ± 2.22, respectively. Seeds collected from Kasane had significantly higher (p< 0.05) crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein and ash contents than seeds collected from Shakawe. However, the total carbohydrates content of seeds collected from Shakawe was significantly higher (p< 0.05) than those collected from Kasane. No significant differences (p> 0.05) were observed for moisture and energy contents between the seed samples collected from the two locations. The predominate proximate component in the seeds was total carbohydrate followed by crude protein and, therefore, the seeds can serve as good sources of energy and protein. The average zinc, iron, magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium (mg/100 g) and phosphorus (mg/g) contents of seeds collected from Shakawe were 2.96 ± 0.53, 2.40 ± 0.27, 116.80 ± 2.82, 468.69 ± 19.28, 316.70 ± 21.15, 1.21 ± 0.67 and 1.35 ± 0.04, respectively. The corresponding values for False Mopane seeds collected from Kasane were 2.53 ± 0.31, 3.34 ± 0.18, 173.65 ± 5.83, 460.86 ± 10.53, 367.59 ± 15.37, 3.51 ± 0.44 and 1.45 ± 0.12, respectively. The values for iron, magnesium, calcium and sodium were significantly higher (p< 0.05) for seeds collected from Kasane than those collected from Shakawe. However, no significant differences (p> 0.05) were observed between the seed samples collected from the two locations for zinc, potassium and phosphorus. Quantitatively, the predominant mineral observed in seed was potassium followed by calcium. The seeds could serve as good source of magnesium, iron, zinc, calcium and potassium since they contribute higher proportions of the recommended daily intake of these minerals. The results showed that location has a significant effect both on the proximate composition and mineral contents of False Mopane seeds.

Formulasi Brownies Berbasis Tepung Kacang Hijau dan Puree Kulit Pisang Raja Sebagai Makanan Selingan Tinggi Kalium

Brownies is one kind of cake which is popular in public, it has brown color, unexpand with a sweet taste and chocolate flavor. So it can be used as an alternative ways to adding other ingredients on food products to increase nutrient content especially potasium. Hypertension is a condition where the increase in systolic blood is above the normal limit, namely > 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg. Examples of food sources of potassium are bananas, potato, sweet potato, tomato, red beans, advocado, seafood, and milk. This study was conducted from March-April 2023. This study was conducted using a non-factorial completely randomized design (CRD). The results showed that the selected brownies was the F3 brownie formulation (91 grams of mung bean flour and 39 grams of plantain peel puree) with a moisture content of 35.30%, ash content of 1.18%, total fat content of 12.68%, protein 8.60%, carbohydrates 42.24%, total energy 317.48 Kcal/100 g, and energy from fat 114.12 Kcal/100 g. For Potassium and Sodium content, namely 251.07 mg/100 g and 46.58 mg/100 g. It is necessary to conduct further research on the effect of giving green bean flour brownies and plantain peel puree on the prevention of hypertension those without other complications for the elderly, both male and female.

Zucchini squash yield response to fertilization with different doses and sources of Potassium

Potassium (K) is essential nutrient to the physiological and biochemical activities of plants, acting in the cation-anion balance, water movement, osmoregulation, and transference of energy. This study aimed to evaluate the yield response of the zucchini squash cultivar 'Caserta' to different doses and sources of potassium. The experiment was carried out under field conditions in a complete randomized block experimental design in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme, with six K2O doses (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg ha-1) and two sources (chloride and potassium sulfate), with four replications. The fruit mass, fruit length, number of fruits per plant, total and marketable fruit yields were evaluated. The results showed that the sulfate and potassium chloride sources promoted the maximum length and number of fruits per plant. K2O fertilization in the form of potassium sulfate promoted higher mass and total fruit yield. The doses of 108.41 and 130.78 kg ha-1 of K2O in the chloride and potassium sulfate sources provided the maximum marketable yield of fruits, with 22.84 and 27.0 t ha-1, respectively. Regardless of the source, potassium fertilization must be provided to increase the production parameters of the zucchini squash 'Caserta' cultivar.

Effect of Addition of Strawberry Pulp on Sensory Attributes of Kulfi

It is decided to undertake research work on “Effect of addition of strawberry pulp on sensory attributes of kulfi” because strawberry pulp is an excellent source of vitamin C and manganese. They also qualified as a very good source of dietary fiber and iodine as well as a good source of potassium, folate, riboflavin, vitamin B5, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B6, vitamin K, magnesium, and copper. The different levels of Strawberry Pulp 10, 15, 20 and 25 per cent were tried in buffalo milk Kulfi. The product obtained was subjected for organoleptic evaluation by panel of judges. It was discovered that the flavour score for treatment T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 8.16, 8.25, 8.48, 8.18 and 7.90 respectively. Colour and Appearance was 8.51, 8.44, 8.57, 8.23 and 7.69, respectively. Body and texture was 8.24, 8.42, 8.58, 8.22 and 7.90, respectively. T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4 had overall acceptance scores of 8.30, 8.37, 8.53, and 8.18 and 7.82, respectively. The level of 15 Strawberry Pulp had the highest overall acceptance.

#4456 HEALTHY PLANT-BASED DIET IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE THROUGH USE OF SODIUM ZIRCONIUM CYCLOSILICATE (HELPFUL TRIAL): RESULTS OF DIETARY INTAKE

Abstract Background and Aims The dietary restriction of healthy food sources of potassium (K) counselled to patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hyperkalemia (HK) contributes to a diet with poor dietary quality. The K lowering medication sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC) has the potential to treat HK, thereby allowing a healthy plant-based diet (PBD). We designed a clinical trial to explore the safety and feasibility of prescribing a healthy PBD to CKD patients with HK with the concomitant use of SZC. Method The HELPFUL trial is an ongoing single-arm study with CKD stage 4-5 patients not on dialysis and with plasma K (pK) between 5.1-6.5 mmol/L at inclusion. Patients are followed for six weeks. In the first three weeks, SZC is prescribed to normalize pK while patients ingest a low protein diet with low K content. In the subsequent three weeks, a healthy PBD with a target K intake of 3700 mg/day is prescribed while maintaining the use of SZC. A food basket with PBD is delivered to participants weekly. A weekly monitoring of pK and titration of SZC to keep normokalemia is performed. Two dietary quality scores were calculated using the 24-hour food record (24h-FR) at baseline, week three and six. The first index is the Swedish version of Nutrient rich food index (S-NRF11.3) that measures the density of 11 beneficial nutrients (fiber, folate, iron, calcium, potassium, protein and vitamins A, C, D and E) and three non-beneficial nutrients (saturated fat, sodium and added sugars). The second index is the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) with the average intake of the same 11 beneficial nutrients as a proportion of the recommended daily intake (RDI). Data was analyzed by repeated measures-ANOVA or by Friedman test for related samples, as appropriate. Registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (identifier NCT04207203). Results 22 patients were included; 59±13 years; 13 men, eGFR 18±4 mL/min/1,73m2 (Table 1). The total intake of energy, fibre, folate and K increased significantly in week 6. Nutrient density did not change, but the MAR-score increased significantly. The intake of servings of fruits, vegetables and nuts increased significantly throughout the PBD. Regarding animal protein, there was a tendency to decrease the intake of servings of red meat and a significant increase in poultry and fish. The mean pK normalized in week three and six. After the start of PBD, three patients (13.6%) had pK between 5.1-5.3 mmol/L. Conclusion The strategy of PBD food baskets with concomitant use of SZC improved the dietary quality and increased the intake of servings of healthy foods. The K intake increased but not to target value. The pK was kept within normal values for most patients.

EFFECT OF MECHANICAL ACTIVATION ON THE POTASSIUM AVAILABILITY OF PHONOLITE ROCK

Background: Researchers are carried out to assess rocks containing potassium as an alternative source of fertilizers. These studies are important in reducing the external dependence of Brazil on this commodity. Phonolite is a rock of volcanic origin that has in its mineralogical composition the predominance of feldspar and has been potential to use as an alternative potassium source. The studied rock has 6% total-K but is unavailable to plants in natural rock. Aim: This project evaluated the effect of mechanical activation, wet and dry, on K availability for extractors different and its K leaching curves of phonolite from Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil. Methods: Phonolite rock was subjected to mechanical activation for 30 and 60 min by wet and dry processes. Particle size distribution, XRD, and FTIR analyses characterized phonolite activated. These results were compared to the behavior of the rock with no activation. K availability (total; water-soluble; exchangeable, non-exchangeable, and structural) was determined in samples activated and no activation. K leaching curves were obtained by successive extractions with 0.01 mol L-1 citric acid and Mehlich-1 solutions to 1812 h and analyzed by FAAS. Results: The samples mechanical activation promoted a reduction in the intensity of the diffraction peaks. In the sample dry mechanical activation for 60 min, K released increased by 15% in relation to the no activation sample. K leaching curves were observed with similar behavior for the extractors and higher K availability after 235 h of total contact time. Discussion: Mechanical activation promoted a decrease in structural K and an increase in non-exchangeable K, released into the soil solution in the medium term. Since the mineralogical composition was not changed, the process action is more efficient in creating the structural defects suggested. K leaching curves corroborate these results, with a continuous and slow K released for a longer contact time. Conclusions: It was concluded that the phonolite activated by dry mechanical activation for 60 min increased K-released content compared with the wet process and ratified the possibility of the activated phonolite rock as a slow-release fertilizer.

Effect of Indigenous Potash Sources on Growth and Yield of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)

A field experiment was carried out using RBD design with 10 treatments and 3 replications at the main campus, UHS, Bagalkot. Sugar industry by-products such as incinerated ash, distillery sludge and distillery sludge ash were utilised in the experiment to examine their effect as potassium sources on growth and yield of cauliflower. These three distillery byproducts were applied as 100, 50 and 25 per cent as replacement for chemical potassium fertilizer (K2SO4). As a control, the final treatment was 100 per cent potassium sulphate. The N and P were supplied through urea and DAP respectively as per the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF). . The higher contents of both primary and secondary nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) were observed in the treatment where 25 % of chemical fertilizer was replaced by incinerated ash. The content of these major nutrients and its uptake by the cauliflower plant was significantly higher with the treatment T­4 (25% K through incinerated ash + 75% through K2SO4). Significantly higher curd yield (15.86 t ha-1) was associated with the treatment where 25 % of potassium supply was through incinerated ash.

Structure-property relationships that influence platinum stability in all-silica or highly siliceous zeolites

In this study we examine the role of alkali cations and siloxy/silanol nests in stabilizing platinum clusters on all-silica zeolites. This work complements a recent study by the Corma group at Instituto de Tecnología Química (ITQ) that investigated platinum stability within Pt–K/MFI zeolites prepared by one-pot methods [1]. Here we demonstrate that stable platinum particles are likewise produced either by impregnating platinum onto an alkali-cation-containing all-silica MFI or by deboronating a borosilicate to create silanol nests and then co-impregnating with potassium and platinum sources. In this context, stability is assessed by resistance to sintering as measured by hydrogen chemisorption. Platinum impregnation alone onto a deboronated or borosilicate MFI does not produce stable platinum clusters after reduction. Furthermore, a one-pot synthesis of a Pt–K/B-MFI (borosilicate) or exchange of Pt onto a K-containing borosilicate does not lead to stable Pt particles. This further demonstrates the necessity of internal silanol/siloxy nests in stabilizing platinum clusters. In summary, silanols and alkali cations together create silanol/siloxy nests that stabilize Pt clusters. Hence, stable Pt clusters can be achieved by 1) a one-pot synthesis of the all-silica zeolite in the presence of Pt and alkali cations, 2) platinum impregnation on an all-silica sample that has occluded a high enough concentration of an alkali cation during the synthesis, or 3) by co-impregnating platinum and alkali metal cations together onto a calcined zeolite that has a high density of internal silanol nests. These nests can be generated by removal of boron from the framework of the zeolite. In the current study, we have examined these systems by 11B and 29Si NMR spectroscopy.

Índices fisiológicos e clorofila em mangueira “Palmer” submetida a fontes de potássio

Grown in different regions of Brazil, mango is of great importance at the national level. However, mango cultivation is directly related to physiological factors such as photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll. Physiological factors are related to the nutritional balance of the plant. Among the nutrients, potassium (K) can be highlighted, which, despite not being a structural element for the plant, stimulates, or is part of several physiological plant processes. Therefore, an experiment was carried out with the purpose of evaluating, in the vegetative period of 'Palmer' mango, the effect of different sources of K to accelerate the maturation stage of mango branches and verify their influence on physiological indexes and chlorophyll. Treatments consisted of three ripeners and a control, which were applied directly to the branches and leaves of “Palmer” mango trees. The variables analyzed were chlorophyll A, B and Total indexes; Internal concentration of CO2; Stomatal conductance; transpiration rate; Net photosynthesis; Instantaneous Carboxylation Efficiency and Water Use Efficiency. After collecting, and analyzing the data, it was concluded that the vegetative period of the “Palmer” mango tree, in relation to the different evaluation dates, was not influenced by potassium sources. The use of T4 treatment (SpeedFol® induction mango) can provide a greater increment of chlorophyll A, B and Total than KCl and K2SO4.

Rapid start-up of anaerobic digestion reactor with rice-straw ash addition for treating high salinity organic wastewater

Anaerobic digestion is an economic method to treat high-salinity organic wastewater (HSOW). However, due to the inhibitory effect of high salinity, the start-up of the anaerobic digestion reactor is slow and easy to fail. In this study, as a potassium source, rice-straw ash (RSA) was used to enhance the HSOW treatment performance and shorten the start-up time of anaerobic digestion reactor under 3.0% NaCl content and high loading rate. The results showed that RSA could provide adequate potassium ion (K+) for alleviating the inhibitory effect of high salinity on anaerobic microorganisms. The rapid start-up of the anaerobic digestion reactor was realized, and the TOC removal rate reached 81.65%. In the reactor with RSA addition, the activities of dehydrogenase, acetic kinase and coenzyme F420 were 25.67%− 89.81%, 19.03%− 50.93% and 35.83%− 944% higher than that of the control reactor, respectively. The addition of RSA promoted the accumulation of acetoclastic methanogen Methanothrix, and changed the methanogenic pathway from hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis in the beginning stage of anaerobic digestion to acetoclastic methanogenesis under high salinity condition. After stopping the addition of RSA, the performance of the anaerobic digestion reactor remained stable, indicating that RSA was only needed at the start-up stage. This study could provide a feasible method for rapid start-up of anaerobic digestion reactor treating HSOW in practice.

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Response of the Bacterium Priestia Aryabhattai SK1-7 to Interactions and Dissolution with Potassium Feldspar.

Potassium feldspar (K2O·Al2O3·6SiO2) is considered to be the most important source of potash fertilizer. The use of microorganisms to dissolve potassium feldspar is a low-cost and environmentally friendly method. Priestia aryabhattai SK1-7 is a strain with a strong ability to dissolve potassium feldspar; it showed a faster pH drop and produced more acid in the medium with potassium feldspar as the insoluble potassium source than in the medium with K2HPO4 as the soluble potassium source. We speculated whether the cause of acid production was related to one or more stresses, such as mineral-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the presence of aluminum in potassium feldspar, and cell membrane damage due to friction between SK1-7 and potassium feldspar, and analyzed it by transcriptome. The results revealed that the expression of the genes related to pyruvate metabolism, the two-component system, DNA repair, and oxidative stress pathways in strain SK1-7 was significantly upregulated in potassium feldspar medium. The subsequent validation experiments revealed that ROS were the stress faced by strain SK1-7 when interacting with potassium feldspar and led to a decrease in the total fatty acid content of SK1-7. In the face of ROS stress, strain SK1-7 upregulated the expression of the maeA-1 gene, allowing malic enzyme (ME2) to produce more pyruvate to be secreted outside the cell using malate as a substrate. Pyruvate is both a scavenger of external ROS and a gas pedal of dissolved potassium feldspar. IMPORTANCE Mineral-microbe interactions play important roles in the biogeochemical cycling of elements. Manipulating mineral-microbe interactions and optimizing the consequences of such interactions can be used to benefit society. It is necessary to explore the black hole of the mechanism of interaction between the two. In this study, it is revealed that P. aryabhattai SK1-7 faces mineral-induced ROS stress by upregulating a series of antioxidant genes as a passive defense, while overexpression of malic enzyme (ME2) secretes pyruvate to scavenge ROS as well as to increase feldspar dissolution, releasing K, Al, and Si into the medium. Our research provides a theoretical basis for improving the ability of microorganisms to weather minerals through genetic manipulation in the future.

Biosorption of potassium ion using bean seeds and its energy saving application

Ca and Mg have been implicated in causing hardness in beans resulting in relatively long cooking time. This study used potassium to replace the cations and determined the adsorption of potassium solution to bean seeds. Then, plantain peel, a natural source of potassium, was used to cook beans and its impact on the cooking time of beans was investigated. The adsorption experiments were performed using batch technique, while metal compositions of the bean seeds and plantain peel were determined by spectroscopy. Optimum removal conditions of potassium ion biosorption using bean seeds were observed at pH 10.2, 2 g bean seed dosage, 180 min agitation time, with 75 ppm as initial metal concentration. The kinetic model correlate with pseudo-second order reaction and the Langmuir adsorption model best fitted the adsorption. After cooking the beans with plantain peel, the concentration of Mg reduced in the bean seeds by about 48%, while the concentration of Ca reduced by about 22%, but the concentration of K increased by over 200% in the cooked bean seeds. Beans treated with plantain peel cooked earlier than the control experiment. This may be affected by pH, adsorbent dosage, metal concentration and contact time.

A Review on Quality Scanner Device for Radish and Carrot using Image Processing Technique

Abstract: Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy and productivity. The market value obtained from them is immense and effect both the export and quality valuation . Although grading and quality can be analysed by humans it is still inaccurate, time intensive, unreliable, subjective, and also hard which can be easily influenced by surrounding. Hence, there is an ultimate need for intelligent classification for vegetables. This paper focuses on Developing an analysis device for Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum ) and Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) which is an edible root vegetable grown in most parts of India. Radish and carrots are good sources of natural nitrates, minerals, calcium, and potassium. Thus, vegetables must be used as soon as possible to get a superior fresh character from them. External parameters such as size, shape, and quality factors of radish are important for finding out the total quality that is acceptable to the people. Various methods and algorithms are been put forwarded for the quality evaluation for the external defects present in it. Convolutional Neural Networks is the method used in image processing as this is more advantageous since it can learn special characteristics from images and by establish CNN for image classification where analyst have to gather the dataset. The requirement for doing this project is to have a computer and a python program for use the driver code. Image processing method is used for estimating quality of the particular food product efficiently in these days. This review paper examines current developments in methods for assessing food quality through image processing. The use of CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks) to identify characteristics of vegetables and its diseases through several built-in python libraries

OPTIMIZATION OF NEW GENERATION POTASSIUM (NG-K) FERTILIZER FOR IMPROVEMENT IN QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF CITRUS (CITRUS LIMON)

Potassium (K) performs multiple essential functions in the plant, including enzyme activation and osmotic regulation. Citrus fruit quality gains considerable influence from potassium (K) fertilizer rate, application method, and sources used. The conducted field experiment assessed the impact and response of different levels of K applications on the quality and yield parameters of citrus fruit, determining a suitable time, stage, and K fertilizer dose for citrus trees. Comparing traditional K fertilizer, i.e., sulfate of potash (SOP), with new-generation potassium (NG-K) employed the use of foliar and soil (basal) applications. Treatments included (i) T1: Control (0 NPK), (ii) T2: Recommended NP and without K, (iii) T3: 500 g K as sulfate of potash (SOP) (basal), (iv) T4: New generation K (NG-K) fertilizer @1.5% (foliar), and (v) T5: 400 g NG-K fertilizer (basal). Observations revealed that citrus trees responded positively in growth characteristics, including fruit quality and physiological attributes, under both foliar and basal K fertilizer applications of different K sources. Notably, NG-K fertilizer proved a better source of K, whether applied as a basal dose or foliar spray. For growth characteristics like the fresh weight of leaves and fruit mass, obtaining the highest values of 35.2 and 172 g, respectively, resulted when applying a basal dose of NG-K. On the other hand, maximum total sugar content (13 mg L-1) and juice content (40%) occurred under foliar-applied NG-K. Foliar application of K fertilizer proved to be more effective for better growth and fruit quality parameters than the basal application of SOP.

Evaluation of nutritional profile, phytochemical potential, functional properties and anti-nutritional studies of Citrus limetta peels.

The aim of this work was to determine the proximate, mineral, amino acid composition, antioxidant activity, anti-nutritional factors, total dietary fiber, total phenolic content and technological properties of C. limetta peels. Moreover, analytical techniques including FT-IR and SEM were also conducted to study the morphological and structural properties of C. limetta peels. Considering the proximate, mineral, and amino acid composition, C. limetta peels was found to be a good source of ash (3.06 ± 0.20%), crude fiber (10.13 ± 0.30%), carbohydrate (64.08 ± 0.55%), protein (7.56 ± 0.25%), potassium (125.9671mg/100g), calcium (112.5861mg/100g), magnesium (16.43mg/100g), asparagine (2111.06nmol/mg), glutamic acid (1331.96nmol/g), and aspartic acid (1162.19nmol/mg). Furthermore, they contain an appreciable amount of total dietary fiber (48.73 ± 0.45%), total phenolic content (14.30 ± 0.03mg GAE/g), and antioxidant activity (52.65 ± 0.10%). Moreover, the antinutritional factors present in C. limetta peels were observed to be within the threshold limit. The results of technological properties of peels suggested that they can be potentially utilized as good emulsifying, gelling, foaming, and bulking agents in food industries. Therefore, C. limetta peels can be successfully re-utilized as natural food additive with numerous nutritive and bioactive properties in food sector, thereby achieving zero waste generation.

Combining biosolid and mineral sources of phosphorus and potassium in organomineral fertilizers influences the dynamics and efficiency of nutrient release.

Using urban residues to produce organomineral fertilizers (OMF) is an environmentally friendly strategy that can enhance soil fertility by adding organic matter and mineral nutrients. Herein we investigated the availability of N, P, and K, under organomineral fertilization in sandy soils. An incubation study was conducted using OMF formulated with biosolids as organic matrix and N source, rock phosphate, and potassium sulfate as P and K sources, respectively. Two forms of isolated N, P, and K sources (granulated and non-granulated), five N:P:K granulation proportions (1-2-0, 1-4-0, 1-0-2, 1-2-2, 1-2-4), and a control (unfertilized) were mixed with soil and assessed over a 112days incubation period. Soil samples were collected at 0, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 112days to quantify available soil concentrations of ammonium (N-NH4+), nitrate + nitrite (N-NO2- + N-NO3-), P, and K. The results showed that OMF formulated with NPK had better nitrogen efficiency indexes (NEI) than other formulations and did not induce N immobilization throughout the experiment. Regarding P and K efficiency, OMFs containing phosphorus and potassium increased the indexes compared to the single fertilizer sources. When comparing non-granulated potassium sulfate with granulated, the latter showed a steadier release due to the granulation process. In comparison with rock phosphate at the end of the experiment, the OMFs 1-2-0 and 1-4-2 had higher P available by 116 and 41%, respectively. Based on these results, OMFs have the potential to alter the dynamics of nutrient availability serving as a strategy for nutrient management in agriculture.

Effect of Bio-Fertilizer and Potassium Spraying on the Growth and Yield of Potatoes for Autumn Season

The experiment was conducted in the fields of a farmer in the Al-Dila area / south of Babylon provainc, at a longitude of 44.39 E and a latitude of 32.3 N, 17 km south of the Hilla city. To study the effect of biofertilizer and potassium source on improving the performance, growth and production of potatoes, the experiment was designed according to a split plot-System using a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results of the experiment were statistically analyzed according to the method of analysis of variance and according to the significant differences between the treatments at the probability level of 0.05 using the least significant difference LSD. The results showed that there were significant differences when adding bio-fertilizer in most of the vegetative, quantitative and qualitative traits of potato plants, as the addition of bio-fertilizer Fulzyme (12 kg. ha-1) was significantly excelled in plant height, number of stems, number of leaves, number of total tubers and number of marketable tubers, As for the qualitative traits, it gave the highest rate in the percentage of protein and carbohydrates. The results of spraying with potassium source indicated that there were significant differences in most of the vegetative, quantitative and qualitative traits, where the spraying treatment with potassium sulfate at a concentration of (3 ml. L-1) was achieved. Significantly excelled in the number of main stems, the average marketing weight of the tuber, and the treatment of spraying with nano-potassium at a concentration (2 g. L-1) was significantly excelled in the total plant yield amounting to (1.069 kg. plant-1 and 56.44 tons. ha-1), the yield marketable (54.26 tons. ha-1), the percentage of carbohydrates in the tubers, While the spraying treatment with potassium silicate at a concentration of (3 ml. L-1) achieved significantly excelled in plant height, number of leaves, number of total and marketable tubers, and the percentage of protein in tubers. The two interactions showed a significant effect on most of the vegetative, quantitative and qualitative growth traits of potato plants. The bi-interaction treatment, adding Fulzyme + spraying with potassium silicate, achieved a significantly excelled in the traits of the total yield per ton, which amounted to (61.56 tons. ha-1) and the marketable yield per ton reached(59.41 tons. ha-1).

Feature selection optimization based on genetic algorithm for support vector classification varieties of raisin

Grapes are one of the fruit plants that grow that propagate in certain fields. Grapes can be processed into juice, wine, raisins, and so on. Raisins are dried grapes. Raisins have a distinctive taste and aroma. Raisins are a concentrated and nutritious source of carbohydrates, containing antioxidants, potassium, fiber and iron. To increase the accuracy value, the optimize selection genetic algorithm (GA) is used. This research was conducted modeling using the support vector machine (SVM) and SVM algorithms based on optimize selection GA by using the raisin (raisin varieties) dataset obtained from the UCI machine learning repository. The research dataset is divided into training data and testing data. The data sharing will be carried out using the cross validation and split validation operators. Data validation with 10-Fold-validation on the SVM algorithm has the best level of performance among 5 other algorithms such as; Naïve Bayes, K-nearest neighbor (K-NN), decision tree (DT), neural network, and random forest (RF). The SVM algorithm produces accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) values of 87.11% for accuracy and 0.928 for AUC. Optimization in this study using optimize selection GA. SVM based on optimize selection GA produces accuracy and AUC values of 87.67% for accuracy and 0.930 for AUC.

Morpho-physiological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to foliar applied potassium under different planting geometry

Potassium deficiency is well known worldwide. Potassium deficiency causes many types of abnormalities in both humans and plants. Potassium is an important nutrient for plants. Its deficiency reduces chlorophyll formation, growth, yield and tillering capacity in plants. To evaluate the growth and yield of wheat to various potassium levels under different planting geometry. A field study was managed at Postgraduate Agriculture Research Station Faisalabad during the year 2018-2019. Experiment was comprised of four levels of potassium control, water foliar application, potassium foliar application @ 0.25 g and potassium foliar application @ 0.5 g with three panting geometries (bed sowing, line sowing at 22.50 cm and broadcast). Muriate of potash (25 % K2O) was applied as a potassium source. In all treatments, nitrogen and phosphorus were used @ 150 and 100 kg ha-1 respectively. The experiment was replicated 3 times and was carried out in split plot arrangement, randomizing the potassium levels were in sub plots and planting geometry in main plots. Net plot size was maintained as 6 ft x 6 ft. Potassium was applied at different levels in the different treatments at the time of sowing. All of the potassium (K) phosphorous (P) with half of nitrogen (N) was applied at the time of sowing while remaining amount of N was given with first irrigation. First irrigation was done after 23 days of sowing. Growth and yield data were recorded and analyzed statistically using Fisher analysis of variance techniques and differences among the treatment means were compared using Tuckey’s test at 5% probability level. Results showed that yield-related characteristics such as productive tillers, spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, significant and maximum grain weight more emergence count (m-2), 1000-grain weight (g), biological yield and grain yield (t ha-l ) was recorded where potassium levels were applied at the rate 0.25% and 0.5% as compare to control and water foliar application, that means foliar application of potassium significantly increase the per acre yield of wheat crop. Planting geometry has also shown a substantial response to growth, yield characteristics and the concentration of grain potassium