Potassium Permanganate Solution Research Articles

Aluminium phosphide poisoning: Need for revised treatment guidelines.

Sir, Exothermic reactions, fumes, flames and thermal injuries observed in aluminium phosphide (ALP) poisoning have been brought out by Mirakbari.[1] All know well that ALP when comes in contact with water, air or hydrochloric acid (HCL) (as in stomach), toxic phosphine gas is liberated. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution (1 in 10,000) used as gastric lavage in ALP poisoning, oxidizes phosphine to non-toxic phosphate. Here, we would like to mention the limitations of KMnO4, usefulness of vegetable oil and gastric ventilation, certain matters related to education and research and patient safety aspects of ALP poisoning. Nasrabadi and Marashi[2] have observed that phosphine a hard nucleophile and the free oxygen radicals released from the resolution of KMnO4 do not interact with each other. Hence, there is no well-established basis for the use of KMnO4 solution in ALP poisoning. Moreover, an exothermic reaction while using it was noticed in the case described.[1] In view of these facts, one has to find alternatives instead of KMnO4. Vegetable oil administered orally or through a nasogastric tube in those cases of ALP poisoning inhibits phosphine release due to physiochemical properties of ALP and non-miscibility with fat.[3,4] For example, coconut oil used in ALP poisoning inhibits the breakdown of phosphide, reduces the toxicity of phosphides, protects gastric mucosa, prevents the absorption of phosphine gas and dilutes gastric acid to some extent. Bajwa et al.[4] used coconut oil with sodium bicarbonate for gastric lavage, where sodium bicarbonate neutralizes HCL. As a result, it reduces the catalytic reaction of phosphide with HCL and inhibits the release of phosphine. Medicated liquid paraffin available in the emergency department can also be used to inhibit the phosphine release. Interestingly, Hassanian-Moghaddam and Shahbazi[5] had shown the usefulness of gastric ventilation in ALP poisoning. Medical students and practitioners have to be sensitised on the changing trends in the treatment modalities of ALP poisoning. Having seen the limitations of KMnO4 and usefulness of vegetable oil, it is the time to undertake research on early diagnosis, treatment modalities and prevention of ALP poisoning. It is also suggested to conduct a clinical audit of ALP poisoning cases and update the treatment modalities so as ensure patient safety. It is worth to recall John Eisenberg's statement ‘globalize the evidence, localize the decision’.

Prevalence and therapeutic management of inter-digital wounds in goats of South Gujarat

The present study reports the prevalence and therapeutic management of inter-digital wounds in goats of South Gujarat. Significantly higher prevalence of inter-digital wounds in goats was observed in monsoon season (93.30%) with an overall prevalence of 10.53%. The overall time required for complete healing ranged between 7.47 to 10.44 days. The use of a mixture of turpene oil, iodine, neem oil and camphor along with routine antiseptic dressing including cleaning of wound with mild potassium permanganate solution and application of herbal ointment was found advantageous in maggot infested inter-digital wounds. These wounds healed faster without re-occurrence and other complications in majority of cases. The use of parental antibacterial drug was found to be further beneficial for healing of complicated maggot infested inter-digital wounds of goats.

Cellulose supported manganese dioxide nanosheet catalyzed aerobic oxidation of organic compounds

Cellulose supported manganese dioxide nanosheets, as a heterogeneous bio-supported and green catalyst, were synthesized by soaking porous cellulose in a potassium permanganate solution. The prepared catalyst was used effectively for the oxidation of various types of alkyl arenes, alcohols and sulfides to their corresponding carbonyl and sulfoxide compounds, respectively in high yields using air as the oxidant at ambient pressure. The catalyst can be recycled and reused in five runs without any significant loss of efficiency. The mild reaction conditions for the oxidation of alcohols and sulfides, high yields, recyclability of the catalyst, and very easy workup procedure are other advantages of this catalyst.

Application of a Persistent Dissolved-phase Reactive Treatment Zone for Mitigation of Mass Discharge from Sources Located in Lower-Permeability Sediments.

The purpose of this study is to examine the development and effectiveness of a persistent dissolved-phase treatment zone, created by injecting potassium permanganate solution, for mitigating discharge of contaminant from a source zone located in a relatively deep, low-permeability formation. A localized 1,1-dichloroethene (DCE) source zone comprising dissolved- and sorbed-phase mass is present in lower permeability strata adjacent to a sand/gravel unit in a section of the Tucson International Airport Area (TIAA) Superfund Site. The results of bench-scale studies conducted using core material collected from boreholes drilled at the site indicated that natural oxidant demand was low, which would promote permanganate persistence. The reactive zone was created by injecting a permanganate solution into multiple wells screened across the interface between the lower-permeability and higher-permeability units. The site has been monitored for nine years to characterize the spatial distribution of DCE and permanganate. Permanganate continues to persist at the site, and a substantial and sustained decrease in DCE concentrations in groundwater has occurred after the permanganate injection.. These results demonstrate successful creation of a long-term, dissolved-phase reactive-treatment zone that reduced mass discharge from the source. This project illustrates the application of in-situ chemical oxidation as a persistent dissolved-phase reactive-treatment system for lower-permeability source zones, which appears to effectively mitigate persistent mass discharge into groundwater.

Nursing of adult patients with proximal type hypospadias using potassium permanganate for postoperative flushing

Objective To study the effect of potassium permanganate flushing in adult proximal type hypospadias patients in preventing and reducing the postoperative complications.Methods 100 cases of hypospadias in adults over the age of 16 patients according to admission order and the single or double bed number,divided into the observation group (50 cases) and the control group (50 cases).The observation group used 1:10 000 concentration of potassium permanganate solution to wash the penis and scrotum incision three days post-operation,and exposed the operation area.The control group used traditional methods,with application of vaseline oil gauze to circularly bandage the area.Results The clinical symptoms of the observation group obviously improved 5 day postoperation,and the incidence of incision infection,urinary fistula also reduced 7 days postoperation,but the class A healing rate was higher compared with those of the control group.Conclusions Using 1:10 000 concentration of potassium permanganate solution for flushing in adult patients with proximal type hypospadias three days postoperatively can effectively promote the healing of the incision,and the operation method is simple,low-cost,economic and practical,which is worth being promoted. Key words: The potassium permanganate solution; Adult proximal type hypospadias; Nursing

Study on Hair Dyeing Wastewater Treatment by the Union Process of Adsorption Coagulation and Potassium Permanganate Oxide

The amount of hair dye wastewater largest stage formed by oxidative hair dye in terms of quantity and quality, there is a serious pollution problem in the aquatic environment. Through analysis of the main component of hair dye to verify the use of activated carbon adsorption - Coagulation - potassium permanganate oxidation technology of wastewater treatment which is effective measures.According to different types of hair dye,about 80% of the market demand oxidative hair dye brown was selected to study. The results showed that the COD of 2427mg / L, the chromaticity of the hair 1000 times wastewater using 1300mg / L activated carbon adsorption treatment alone, the removal rates were 37.79%, 18.29%; in this condition and 140mg / L of mixed PAC condensate combined treatment, removal rates were 90.09%, 90.56%; potassium permanganate solution 70mg / L continues oxidation treatment, the removal rate reached 90.34 %, 97.37 %.

Hg (II ) Catalysed Oxidation of D - Arabinose and D - Mannose by Acidic Solution of Potassium Permanganate: Kinetics and Mechanism

Hg (II ) Catalysed Oxidation of D - Arabinose and D - Mannose by Acidic Solution of Potassium Permanganate: Kinetics and Mechanism

Aquifer pre-oxidation using permanganate to mitigate water quality deterioration during aquifer storage and recovery

Water quality deterioration is a common occurrence that may limit the recovery of injected water during aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) operations. This limitation is often induced by the oxidation of the reduced aquifer components by the oxygenated injection water. This study explores the potential of aquifer pre-oxidation using permanganate to improve the quality and volume of the recovered water during ASR. An experimental ASR column setup was developed to simulate the oxygenated water injection and recovery cycles. Undisturbed sediments from an anoxic brackish aquifer at a pilot ASR site were used. A series of 4 conventional ASR cycles injecting oxygenated tap (drinking) water was initially performed. These experimental trials showed a persistent Mn(II) production due to the dissolution of a Mn-containing carbonate that was triggered by pyrite oxidation reactions, as shown by the observed sulfate production. The rise in the Mn(II) concentrations above the drinking water standards would limit the recovery to 15–30% of the injected water without treatment of the recovered water. To a lesser extent, arsenic production resulting from the oxidative dissolution of pyrite posed a water quality threat to the ASR operation. Consequently, a second series of experiments was performed with an oxidation cycle using a dilute (5%) potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution, aimed at deactivating the reactive phases responsible for the acidity-triggered Mn(II) production. This pre-treatment cycle improved the net recovery ratio to 84% during a conventional ASR cycle using oxygenated tap water. The extent of pyrite oxidation was decreased by 63% after the permanganate treatment. The increased competition for oxygen by the adsorbed Fe(II) and Mn(II) on the newly precipitated Mn-oxides combined with the pyrite “deactivation” by removal of the most reactive iron-sulfide crystals during the permanganate flush were primarily responsible for the observed decrease in the pyrite oxidation. The stability of the Mn-oxide precipitates was tested by flushing the columns with native groundwater before performing a final ASR cycle, simulating an increase in the reducing conditions during static periods in the ASR system. The Mn-oxide reduction by ferrous iron in the native groundwater released substantial amounts of Mn(II), which adversely affected the ASR operation in the subsequent cycle. In these cases, repeating the permanganate treatment should be considered.

Experimental Study on the Modification of Granular Activated Carbon by Potassium Permanganate to Adsorb Cu<sup>2+</sup> in the Water

This document studies test methods on modification of activated carbon by potassium permanganate to adsorb Cu2+. Ensure all factors’ effects on Cu2+ removal. Use potassium permanganate solution to modify activated carbon, investigate main factors’ effects on Cu2+ removal and analyze mechanism by changing potassium permanganate solution concentration, adsorption time, activated carbon’s additive amount and temperature. The results show that modification of activated carbon by 0.03mol/L potassium permanganate solution (0.03K-GAC) can adsorb Cu2+ best. 0.03K-GAC’s removal rate on Cu2+ is 98% when the initial concentration of Cu2+ is 50mg/L, the additive amount of 0.03K-GAC is 2.0g, the pH value is 5.5, the temperature is 25°C and the adsorption time is 4h. Modification of activated carbon by potassium permanganate has good adsorbability on Cu2+. Potassium permanganate solution concentration, adsorption time and additive amount can influence the adsorption of Cu2+ by activated carbon. However, temperature’s influence on the effect of adsorption is non-significant.

Synthesis of Amourphous and Crystalline Hollow Manganese Oxide Nanotubes with Highly Porous Walls Using Carbon Nanotube Templates and Enhanced Catalytic Activity

A novel rapid fabrication method was developed for the first time to prepare hollow manganese oxide nanotubes with porous walls, using sacrificial carbon nanotube templates. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are coated with amorphous manganese oxide layers by acidic reduction of potassium permanganate solution. The rapid synthesis process with the evolution of gaseous byproduct yields very high porosity in the coated manganese oxide layers. Subsequent heat treatment leads to the removal of CNT templates, resulting in the formation of amorphous and crystalline hollow manganese oxide nanotubes with highly porous walls. The porous hollow nanotubes were found to provide excellent catalytic performances in the degradation of organic dye at ambient conditions by virtue of the very high surface reaction sites within the porous hollow tubular structures. These novel nanostructures of hollow nanotubes with porous walls are promising for a series of applications such as hydrogen storage, sensing, supercapacitance, and catalysis, among others.

Evaluation of the kinetic oxidation of aqueous volatile organic compounds by permanganate

The use of permanganate solutions for in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a well-established groundwater remediation technology, particularly for targeting chlorinated ethenes. The kinetics of oxidation reactions is an important ISCO remediation design aspect that affects the efficiency and oxidant persistence. The overall rate of the ISCO reaction between oxidant and contaminant is typically described using a second-order kinetic model while the second-order rate constant is determined experimentally by means of a pseudo first order approach. However, earlier studies of chlorinated hydrocarbons have yielded a wide range of values for the second-order rate constants. Also, there is limited insight in the kinetics of permanganate reactions with fuel-derived groundwater contaminants such as toluene and ethanol. In this study, batch experiments were carried out to investigate and compare the oxidation kinetics of aqueous trichloroethylene (TCE), ethanol, and toluene in an aqueous potassium permanganate solution. The overall second-order rate constants were determined directly by fitting a second-order model to the data, instead of typically using the pseudo-first-order approach. The second-order reaction rate constants (M−1s−1) for TCE, toluene, and ethanol were 8.0×10−1, 2.5×10−4, and 6.5×10−4, respectively. Results showed that the inappropriate use of the pseudo-first-order approach in several previous studies produced biased estimates of the second-order rate constants. In our study, this error was expressed as a function of the extent (P/N) in which the reactant concentrations deviated from the stoichiometric ratio of each oxidation reaction. The error associated with the inappropriate use of the pseudo-first-order approach is negatively correlated with the P/N ratio and reached up to 25% of the estimated second-order rate constant in some previous studies of TCE oxidation. Based on our results, a similar relation is valid for the other volatile organic compounds studied.

The Decontamination Effect on CS Stimulant with Potassium Permanganate Solution

On base of the main decomposition approaches for CS, the decontamination effect on CS stimulant with potassium permanganate solution was studied through the orthogonal tests and single factor tests. In this paper, four factors including concentration, temperature, time and dosage of catalyst were relevant with conversion rate, which finally reached extremum on the conditions that concentration is 0.015%; reaction temperature is 30°C; Catalyst amount is 2% of reactants; reaction time is 10min. Both concentration of potassium permanganate solution and temperature were regarded as the main factors, while reaction time and dosage of catalyst were both the secondary factors.

Effect of Surface Treatment on the Properties of PPTA Fiber

In this article, the potassium permanganate solutions (KMnO4) was used to treat the PPTA fiber based on an orthogonal experimental design. The optimum conditions of KMnO4treatment were concentration of 20%, temperature of 30°C and treating time of 20min. The interfacial properties of aramid fiber/epoxy composites were investigated by the single fiber pull-out test (SFP), and the results showed that the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of aramid/epoxy composites was remarkbly improved.

Corollary of Additives on Gamma and Pulse Radiolytic Degradation of Aqueous Potassium permanganate Solution

The effect of additives on the reduction of potassium permanganate solutions, induced by 60Co γ-rays and highly accelerated electrons, has been investigated in acidic medium. In gamma radiolytic degradation of potassium permanganate in acidic medium in the presence of additives such as manganese dioxide (MnO2), potassium sulphate (K2SO4), sodium persulphate (Na2S2O8), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and mixture of potassium sulphate and ammonium chloride (K2SO4+NH4 Cl), the value of G(-MnO4−) is found to be higher at lower dosages and gradually decreases as the dose is increased. G(-MnO42-) is also observed to increase with an increase in the amount of the additives. In pulse radiolysis of acidic potassium permanganate solutions there is formation of MnO42- when K2SO4 and Na2S2O8 are used as additives. MnO43- peak is observed with additive mixture of K2SO4+NH4Cl. The kinetics of the reaction was also studied for various concentrations of potassium permanganate solutions with additives and first order spectra were obtained.

Study on Potassium Permanganate Chemical Treatment of Discarded Reverse Osmosis Membranes Aiming their Reuse

Membrane-based industrial desalination/demineralization plants generate a considerable amount of discarded membranes. This work studies the effects of the chemical treatment with potassium permanganate solutions in combination with chemical cleaning of three years old composite polyamide/polysulfone reverse osmosis membranes (8″ modules) in order to make them reusable in other applications than reverse osmosis and to increase their life cycles. The performance of membranes with 60 cm2 was evaluated in terms of water permeate flux and salt rejection, two properties that can be easily measured in industrial systems. Potassium permanganate treatment degraded the selective layer, improving the water permeate flux of at least 15% from its initial value at the expense of decreased salt rejection. The formation of a manganese oxide layer was detected which reduced subsequent oxidative treatment efficacy. Citric acid was used as a cleaning agent after the oxidation steps, removing part of the manganese oxide layer; the result was an enhanced oxidative process, which increased the permeate flux even more and decreased the loss of salt rejection. Furthermore, to verify the stability of the treatment, the membrane was submitted to a long-term oxidizing experiment.

Cathodic Synthesis of Birnessite Films for Pseudocapacitor Application

Cathodic reduction of an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate in the presence of various alkaline metals except for Na+ ions led to a deposition of birnessite-type layered MnO2. Thehighest crystallinity was achieved in a bath containing 2 mMK MnO4 and 50 mM KCl by applying a constant potential of 0 V vs Ag/AgCl. The cathodic formation of birnessite was prevented by the presence of divalent cations, and Na+ ions yielded an amorphous or low crystalline product. The birnessite film thus formed showed excellent pseudocapacitive characteristics in its as-deposited state; i.e., a specific capacitance as high as 322 F g-1 at a potential scan rate of 2 mV s-1, which is much higher than that (75F g-1) of the birnessite film prepared anodically from Mn2+ ions.

Effect of Rap1 binding on DNA distortion and potassium permanganate hypersensitivity

Repressor activator protein 1 (Rap1) is an essential factor involved in transcription and telomere stability in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Its interaction with DNA causes hypersensitivity to potassium permanganate, suggesting local DNA melting and/or distortion. In this study, various Rap1-DNA crystal forms were obtained using specifically designed crystal screens. Analysis of the DNA conformation showed that its distortion was not sufficient to explain the permanganate reactivity. However, anomalous data collected at the Mn edge using a Rap1-DNA crystal soaked in potassium permanganate solution indicated that the DNA conformation in the crystal was compatible with interaction with permanganate ions. Sequence-conservation analysis revealed that double-Myb-containing Rap1 proteins all carry a fully conserved Arg580 at a position that may favour interaction with permanganate ions, although it is not involved in the hypersensitive cytosine distortion. Permanganate reactivity assays with wild-type Rap1 and the Rap1[R580A] mutant demonstrated that Arg580 is essential for hypersensitivity. AFM experiments showed that wild-type Rap1 and the Rap1[R580A] mutant interact with DNA over 16 successive binding sites, leading to local DNA stiffening but not to accumulation of the observed local distortion. Therefore, Rap1 may cause permanganate hypersensitivity of DNA by forming a pocket between the reactive cytosine and Arg580, driving the permanganate ion towards the C5-C6 bond of the cytosine.

Adhesion improvement of electroless copper plating on phenolic resin matrix composite through a tin-free sensitization process

In order to improve the adhesion of electroless copper plating on phenolic resin matrix composite (PRMC), a new and efficient tin-free sensitization process has been developed. Electroless copper plating could be achieved in three steps, namely: (i) chemical etching with potassium permanganate solution; (ii) sensitization and activation with glucose and silver nitrate solution respectively; and (iii) electroless copper plating. Compared with the sample sensitized with stannous chloride (SnCl2), the copper plating obtained in the tin-free process showed excellent adhesion with the PRMC substrate, but had lower plating rate and conductivity. Additionally, the morphology of the copper plating was affected by the sensitization process, and the tin-free process was conducive to the formation of the large spherical copper polycrystal. Although the process is slightly complicated, the new sensitization process is so low-cost and environment-friendly that it is of great significance and could be applied into large-scale commercial manufacturing.

Facile chemical synthesis of nanoporous layered δ-MnO2 thin film for high-performance flexible electrochemical capacitors

Layered δ-MnO2 thin films with a three-dimensional nanostructure are successfully fabricated on stainless steel foil substrates for flexible electrochemical capacitors by a facile and effective chemical bath deposition technology from ethanol and potassium permanganate solution at 15°C. The as-prepared thin films display nanoporous morphology and a water contact angle of 20°. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses reveal that the thin films are composed of δ-MnO2. Electrochemical data demonstrate that the δ-MnO2 thin film electrodes can deliver a high special capacitance of 447F/g at 2mV/s, and provide a good capacitance retention ratio of 87% after 1000 continuous cycles at 10mV/s in 0.5M Na2SO4. Compressive and tensile bending tests show that the as-prepared electrodes can steadily work over a wide range of applied curvatures between −2.5cm−1 (tension) and 2.5cm−1 (compression). Only a small decrease in special capacitance (0.9% at a curvature of 2.5cm−1 under compressive strain, or 1.2% at a curvature of −2.5cm−1 under tensile strain) is observed even after bending for 200 cycles, indicating the excellent mechanical flexibility and electrochemical stability of the δ-MnO2 thin film electrodes.

Synthesis and pseudocapacitive behaviors of biomorphic mesoporous tubular MnO2 templated from cotton

Biomorphic mesoporous MnO2 tubes were prepared by a simple impregnation of potassium permanganate solution on cotton template followed by calcination in air. The as-prepared MnO2 was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric–differential scanning calorimetry analysis (TG–DSC), N2 adsorption and desorption measurements and electrochemical workstation. The MnO2 tubes replicated the morphology of natural cotton and were composed of nanoparticles about 100 nm in size. Compared with the bulk MnO2, which was obtained by the direct thermal-decomposition of MnO2 precursor, the biomorphic MnO2 tubes displayed much better pseudocapaictive properties due to the higher special surface area and the unique mesoporous structure.