Percent Potassium Research Articles

Improving the Productivity and Physiological Characteristics of Lettuce Plants Using Spraying Calcium as a Nanofertilizer

Implementing nanofertilizers in cultivation to enhance food security is important and gaining great significance, as they have good properties to improve plant production, phytochemicals, and nutrient efficiency and thereby meet the demands of the increasing world population for food. This work demonstrated the impact of calcium carbonate nanoparticles (Ca-NPs) and Ca bulk at three concentrations (0, 100, and 200 mg L−1) on growth, productivity, photosynthetic pigments, phytochemical content, antioxidant activity enzymes, minerals, toxicity, and genomic DNA of lettuce plants. In this regard, Ca-NPs at a concentration of 200 mg L−1 reinforced the vegetative growth characteristics of lettuce plants, increasing head length by 15.7 and 19.2%, head diameter by 20.3 and 19.9%, head fresh weight by 54.4 and 52.9%, and production per hectare by 54.7 and 52.8% as compared to the control during the two growing seasons. Furthermore, the percentages of total chlorophyll (62.6 and 59.5%), carotenoids (48.4 and 56.5%), total phenolics (63.6 and 65.7%), total indoles (39.4 and 36.4%), vitamin C (39.7 and 39.6%), antioxidant activity (57.8 and 53.7%), nitrogen (70.5 and 67.5%), phosphorus (120 and 110.5%), potassium (33.0 and 33.2%), and calcium (67.14 and 63.2%) were also increased compared with the control during two consecutive growing seasons. Additionally, Ca-NPs and Ca bulk had an impact on the plants’ genomic DNA compared to the control. In addition, lettuce plants treated with Ca-NPs were proven to be nontoxic and safe for humans by using the Microtox 500 analyzer.

SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF BACILLUS MUCILAGINOSUS AND PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS ON THE AVAILABILITY OF SOIL POTASSIUM, GROWTH AND YIELD OF CUCURBITA PEPO L.

A field experiment was carried out at the field of Agricultural Research and Experiments Station during the season 2021-2022 in order to study the synergestic effect and compatible between Bacillus mucilaginosus and Pseudomonas fluorescens when they added as combination on potassium availability in the soil and on some plant growth characteristics and yield of Cucurbita pepo L. The experiment included four treatments B0, control , B1 addition of Bacillus mucilaginosus inoculum, B2 addition Pseudomonas fluorescens inoculum and B1 B2 addition of acombination of B1 and B2 inoculum . The experiment was conducted by using randomised complete blocks design in three replicates . The results showed that the co- inoculation with Bacillus mucilaginous and Pseudomonas fluorescens significant effect on quantity of soluble,exchangeable potassium as well as the plant height, dry weight of shoots, percentage of potassium in the shoot and in the fruits and total yield as compared with individual inoculation for any bacteria B1 or B2 which refers to positive synergestic effect. B1B2 treatment achieved the highest mean of soluble, exchangeable potassium which amounted to(0.163,0.856) cmol kg-1 soil respectively with an increase of (21.642 %, 15.676%) and (33.606%, 22.636%) of what was achieved by treatment (B1, B2) for the mean of soluble, exchangeable potassium respectively . B1B2 treatment achieved the lowest mean of( non-exchangeable and mineral) potassium which amounted to (35.280) cmol kg-1 soil.

Chemical Composition Of Neem Seedlings (Azadirachta Indica L.) Sprayed With Arginine, Kinetin, And Chelated Iron

A pot experiment was carried out in the canopy of the Horticulture and Landscape Department - College of Agriculture - University of Kerbala during the 2023-2024 season to study the effect of kinetin (K) (0, 50, 100 mg L-1), arginine (A) (0, 150, 300 mg L-1), and chelated iron (F) (0 and 200 mg L-1) on some qualitative characteristics of neem seedlings. The study was implemented as a factorial experiment with a completely randomized block design with three replications. The majority of chemical features were significantly impacted by kinetin spraying, with the exception of the proportion of nitrogen, potassium, and protein in the leaves. Arginine affected all traits except total chlorophyll, while chelated iron mainly impacted potassium percentage. The research factors had varying effects on the features under investigation in the binary interaction findings. Treatment K1A1 produced the greatest rate of total chlorophyll, measuring 56.19 mg g-1 fresh weight, While the Fe2A2 treatment was superior in increasing the percentage of carbohydrates (13.31 mg g dry weight-1). With an average percentage of 3.308% for nitrogen content and 0.1588% for phosphorus, treatment K0A2 and treatment K1A2 respectively yielded the greatest percentages. However, treatment K0A1 produced a substantially higher percentage of protein, at 20.67%. Only the percentage of phosphorus was significantly affected by the triple intervention; the K1A0Fe2 treatment produced the highest rate of 0.1640%. This study concludes that High kinetin levels may have adverse effects, but when combined with nutrient-rich fertilizers, they can enhance seedling characteristics of trees with medicinal benefits.

Study of Various Rootstocks and Scion on Leaf Nutrient Status in Mango (Mangifera Indica L.)

The current experiment, entitled “Study of various rootstocks and scions on leaf nutrient status in mango (Mangifera indica L.)” The experiment was framed in RBD (Randomized Block Design) with three replications studied for leaf nutrient analysis. The combination of five rootstocks and three scions, was carried out in the Department of Horticulture (Fruit and Fruit Technology), Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, during 2020–21 to evaluate the best combination regarding leaf nutrient content. The appropriate rootstock allows sufficient intake of nutrients and movement while additionally allowing for lesser fertilizer treatment rates, decreasing the possibility of leaching nutrients and toxicity while preserving fruit quality and yield. The analysis of the experiment macronutrient data related to N: P: K content in the leaf of the scion with the influence of different rootstocks has been presented in Table 1. The highest percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were observed respectively treatments i.e. T7: Zardalu grafted on Olour (1.62%); T9: Bombay Green grafted on Olour (0.19 %); and T15: Bombay Green grafted on Mahmood Bahar (0.76%), whoever the investigation of micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Mg) in leaves of different treatments of rootstocks has been presented in Table 2. The maximum value of copper, iron, manganese and magnesium content of leaf was observed respectively in the treatments i.e. (T13) Zardalu when grafted on Mahmood Bahar (38.33 ppm), (T8) Zardalu grafted on Mylepalium (109.00 ppm), (T4) Zardalu grafted on Mylipalium (0.24 ppm) and (T4) Zardalu grafted on Mylepalium (0.24ppm).

Characterization of the Alkali and Hydrolysis Resistance of Polymer-Impregnated, Alkali-Resistant Glass Filaments.

The aim of this series of tests was to characterize the alkali and water resistance of alkali-resistant (durability) glass filaments, which were optimized with two non-vulcanized formulations based on co-polymerizing styrene-butadiene rubbers (CemFil-SBR1 and CemFil-SBR2). Furthermore, it was assessed which of the two polymer-impregnated multifilament yarns is the better alternative for use in cementitious binders. For this purpose, the impregnated multifilament yarns were chemically conditioned for up to twelve months at temperatures of 23 and 50 °C in 2.5 percent sodium hydroxide solution and 2.5 percent potassium hydroxide solution as well as in 3 percent salt and distilled water. The samples were then subjected to material science tests. The liquid absorption capacities and the changes in the mass of the composite materials were determined at different times during conditioning. The load-bearing capacity of the samples was also tested using uniaxial fiber strand tensile tests. The durability of the polymer-impregnated multifilament yarns was described in detail in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy images and nominal cross-section determinations. The test liquids caused a reduction in strength during the storage period, which was accelerated by increased temperatures. The reduction in strength is mainly due to glass corrosion of the filaments. Glass corrosion is delayed due to the good impregnation quality, which fundamentally improves the durability of the yarns. The results of the durability tests show that the polymer-impregnated multifilament yarns CemFil-SBR2 are probably more suitable for use in cementitious binders, as they have better alkali and hydrolysis resistance.

O79 DAILY URINARY POTASSIUM EXCRETION IS NOT A FIXED PERCENTAGE OF DAILY POTASSIUM INTAKE

Background and Objective: High potassium intake is associated with a lower blood pressure and lower incidence of cardiovascular events. For estimation of potassium intake, the World Health Organization advices to multiply the 24-hour renal potassium excretion by 1.3, considering the substantial fecal potassium loss. We examined the variation in the required conversion factor in healthy volunteers and evaluated the effect of factors associated with tissue cation storage on the renal potassium excretion. Methods: We performed a post-hoc analysis of the Mars long-term sodium balance studies. Healthy male participants consumed a fixed amount of salt (6, 9 and 12 grams/day for >29 days) and potassium (4 grams/day) for 105 (n=4) and 205 days (n=6). All urine was collected in 24-hour aliquots. We calculated the percentage of potassium intake that was excreted in the corresponding 24-hour urine collection during steady-state. A multivariable mixed-effects model was used to assess associations of this percentage with sodium intake, potassium intake, urinary aldosterone, urinary cortisol and urine volume. Results: The median renal potassium excretion was 80% of potassium intake (IQR 65-97%, range 24-304%), corresponding to a conversion factor of 1.25 (IQR 1.03-1.54). Within individual subjects we also observed a marked day-to-day variation in the percentage of renal potassium excretion: the average intraperson width of the IQR was 25%. Sodium intake (figure A), urinary aldosterone (figure B), urinary cortisol (figure C) and urine volume (figure D) were positively associated with the percentage of renal potassium excretion, whereas potassium intake showed a negative association (figure A). A significant positive interaction between the effects of sodium and potassium intake was present (P<0.001). Conclusions: The percentage of dietary potassium that is excreted via urine varies considerably. During steady-state, this percentage is independently affected by sodium intake, potassium intake, urinary aldosterone, urinary cortisol, and urine volume. Our results suggest that the WHO's fixed 1.3 conversion factor may lead to inaccurate estimations of potassium intake.

Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil from Different Blocks of Eluru District, Andhra Pradesh, India

The experiment was conducted in 2023 to assess the physical and chemical properties of different blocks of Eluru district, Andhra Pradesh. Three distinct villages were chosen from each block for the study. The physical properties of Eluru district soils, soil colour, texture, bulk density(mg m-3), particle density (mg m-3), percent pore space and percent water retaining capacity and chemical properties pH, EC (dSm-1 ) at 25˚C, percent organic carbon, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (kg ha-1), calcium C mol (p+) kg-1 and magnesium C mol(p+) kg at 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm depth. Findings showed that in terms of depth, there was a minor rise in both bulk and particle density. The water retaining capacity of the soil and the overall physical condition of the soil was found good and supportive for plant growth. The soils of selected villages of different blocks in Eluru district were found to acidic to basic in nature due to soil minerals producing sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) upon weathering. The organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were observed as medium to high. The potassium content was low in all locations. There was enough calcium present, however there were several regions where magnesium was lacking. The deficiency of the nutrients can be mitigated by the use of organic and inorganic fertilizers.

Influence of Different Retting on Hemp Stem and Fiber Characteristics Under the East of France Climate Conditions

ABSTRACT Historically, for fiber extraction, the stems were immersed in water. However, this method proved far too polluting, leading to its substitution by the dew-retting method in the field. Different retting processes and durations can produce significant differences in hemp stems and fiber characteristics. Both dew- and water-retting methods were carried out on the Santhica 27 cultivar in Eastern France in 2020. An analysis of the stem chemical composition and characteristics has been performed to observe the stem degradation during retting for both methods. Secondly, the analyses of the fiber chemical composition, color, morphological and mechanical properties have been performed to evaluate the impact of retting on the fiber quality. The effect of the retting on the stem and the fiber is observed after 1 week for water-retting and after 4 weeks for dew-retting. For dew-retting, the percentages of fine fiber and cellulose in the fiber bundle increase after 1 week, while the stem chemical composition decreases. Unlike in the dew-retting, the percentage of fine fiber and cellulose in the fiber bundle increases after 4 weeks, while the potassium percentage in the stem, fiber brightness, and fiber tenacity and strain decrease. Finally, after 8 weeks, the fiber properties were found to be similar for both methods.

Impact of feldspar and liquid Bio-fertilizer on fruit quantity and quality of olive trees Picual cv.

The present investigation was carried out in two consecutive seasons (2022 and 2023) on eight-year-old olive trees “Picual” cv., planted at 4×6m apart around (420 trees / Fed). Trees irrigated with drip irrigation system, at a private orchard. The experiment included 3 rates of Feldspar as source of naturel potassium at 2, 4, and 6 kg/ tree and potassium dissolving bacteria as liquid Bio-fertilizers supplemented (25 ml) at two or three times to investigate the yield and fruit quality of Picual olive trees. Data indicated that the yield of Picual olive trees fertilized with feldspar and liquid Bio-fertilizer increase to 70% over control. Picual olive trees treated with (4 kg Feldspar + 25 ml liquid Bio-fertilizer at three doses) achieved the highest increase in the yield for the both seasons and also gave the highest fruit weight, volume and fruit flesh/stone ratio of olive trees Picual cv. Concerning leaf nitrogen percentage (N%) The highest percentage of N% for the both years was recorded by treatment (6 kg Feldspar + 25 ml liquid Bio-fertilizer at three doses). With respect to leaf phosphor and potassium percentage, it could be seen that most treatments gave more or less results similar to the control.

Effect of Foliar Spraying with Methyl Jasmonate on Growth and Production of some Cardiac Glycosides of Digitalis purpurea L. Under Water Stress

The experiment was conducted in one of the greenhouses affiliated to Baquba Nursery Research Station Center / Diyala Agriculture Directorate during autumn season of the year 2021-2022, to study the effect of methyl Jasmonate on the growth and production of some cardiac glycosides of Digitalis purpurea under water stress. A factorial experiment (2 × 3 × 3) was conducted according to the RCBD, with three replicates, and the results of the experiment were as follows: The results of the experiment indicated that there was a significant effect of the treatments for the irrigation periods, as the irrigation treatment every three days showed a significantly excelled in the percentage of nitrogen (2.04%), the percentage of phosphorus (0.51%) and the percentage of potassium (2.31%) The percentage of carbohydrates in the leaves was (8.02%). As for the irrigation treatment every seven days, the best results were recorded in the proline content in the leaves (0.31 mg gm-1), digitoxin content (441.81 μg g -1), and digoxin content (649.83 μg g-1) and Gitaloxin content (900.22 μg g-1) and Digitalin content (815.64 μg g-1). The results showed that there was a significantly excelled when spraying Methyl Jasmonate at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 in the percentage of nitrogen (1.88%), the percentage of phosphorus (0.43%), the percentage of potassium (2.22%) and the percentage of carbohydrates in the leaves (6.81%). Leaves proline content (0.30 μg g-1), digitoxin content (421.52 μg g-1), digoxin content (592.37 μg g-1), Gitaloxin content (885.05 μg g-1), and digitalin content (665.49 μg g-1). The results of the binary interactions between the study factors indicated a significant effect in improving most of the biochemical treatments and the production of cardiac glycosides of the digitalis plant, and the interaction treatments Ir3 × Mj100 excelled in recording the best results.

The Role of Biostimulants and Organic Extracts in the Qualitative Traits of Kale Plants

A field experiment was conducted at the Abu Al-Fadl Forest Nursery Station affiliated with the Directorate of Agriculture of Al-Diwaniyah located (8 km north of the city center of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate) within longitude E 44.9 and latitude N 31.9, during the autumn season 2022-2023. In order to study the effect of biofertilization and the addition of organic extracts on the growth and yield of kale plants. Dwarf green seeds were used in cultivation. The experiment included two factors, the first: control biostimulants (adding water only), yeast extract (5 g.L-1), Folosyme (2 g. L-1) and Biohealth (2 g L-1). Factor 2: control organic extracts (water only), Urea (5 gm L-1), amino acids (5 ml L-1), humic (7 ml L-1) and seaweed (5 ml L-1). The averages of the treatments were compared using the least significant difference (L.S.D.). At a probability level of 0.05, the results can be summarized as follows:The results showed that there were significant differences when adding bio-fertilizer in the qualitative traits of kale plants, the treatment of adding yeast extract was excelled in the percentage of potassium in the leaves, the percentage of magnesium in the leaves, the content of vitamin C in the leaves, The addition of Follozyme was superior in the percentage of phosphorus in the leaves, while the treatment of the addition of Biohealth recorded excelled in the percentage of nitrogen, the content of calcium in the leaves, the content of iron in the leaves, and the content of zinc in the leaves. The results of the addition of organic extracts indicated that there were significant differences in the treatments, where the addition of urea excelled in the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves, the percentage of phosphorus in the leaves, the percentage of potassium in the leaves, While humic supplementation treatment excelled on the calcium content in the leaves, the content of magnesium in the leaves, the content of iron, the content of zinc in the leaves, and the content of vitamin C in the leaves. The interaction showed a significant effect, where the Biohealth + seaweed treatment achieved a significantly excelled in the calcium content in the leaves (3.670 mg.g), while the bi-interaction treatment, Folozyme + Humic, showed an excel in the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves (2.793%). The percentage of phosphorus in the leaves was (0.703%), and the bi-interaction of Biohealth + Humec treatment was excelled in the content of iron in the leaves (194.2 mg. kg-1 dry weight), the content of zinc in the leaves (97.22 mg. kg-1 dry weight), gave the overlap Yeast extract + amino acids has a higher potassium content (1.629%). The interaction gave yeast extract + humic excelled in the percentage of magnesium (1.870%) and the interaction gave yeast extract + urea excelled in the percentage of vitamin C (68.6 mg. 100g-1 fresh weight).

Response of Chinese Carnation Plant, Dianthus chinensis, to Spraying with Putrescine and Roselle Extract in Growth and Flowering Indicators

The experiment was carried out in the nursery of University of Kufa during the agricultural season 2021-2022 to study the response of Chinese carnation plant to spraying with putrescine and roselle extract in growth and flowering indicators. Experiment was conducted based on RCBD with three replications. The concentrations of putrescine were 0, 50 and 100 mg l-1 and 0, 2.5 and 5 ml l-1 of roselle extract. The obtained results confirmed that spraying putrescine at a concentration of 100 mg l-1 with roselle extract at a concentration of 2.5 ml l-1 led to a significant increase in plant growth characteristics such as number of branches, the dry weight of the shoot system, the dry weight of the root system, and the content of the leaves in total soluble carbohydrates, and flowering characteristics such as inflorescence length, number of florets, diameter of the floret, the percentage of potassium (K) in the leaves, and the flower content of the anthocyanin pigment, compared to the control treatment.

Response of Olive Saplings cv. Khistawi to Soil Application with Humic Acid and Foliar Spray with Urea

The experiment was conducted in the lath house belonging to the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening- College of Agriculture - Anbar University, for the period from the beginning of March 2022 to mid of November 2022, to study the effect of soil application with humic acid at three levels (0, 10, 15, g sapling−1) denoted by H0, H1, H2 respectively, and foliar spray with urea at three concentrations (0, 10, 15 g L−1) denoted by N0, N1, N2 respectively, and the interaction between them in the vegetative growth traits and leaf mineral content of olive saplings cv.khistawi. The results showed a positive effect when adding humic at concentration 15 g.sapling−1 which showed a. Adding 15 g seedling−1 significant superiority in the rate of sapling height increment, increment of number main branches stem branches, leaf area, and the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the leaves, reaching 23.367 cm, 17.275 branch.sapling−1, 5.190 cm2, 1.824%, 0.454%, 1.813%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Foliar spraying with urea (15 g L−1) also resulted in a significant improvement in the aforementioned traits when adding humic acid, reaching 24.259 cm, 17.616 branch.sapling−1, 5.607 cm2, 1.844%, 0.466%, 1.802% respectively, compared to the control treatment. The interaction between the studied factors showed a similar behavior to the individual factors for all studied traits.

Effect of Application with Fungicide Fortin Pro 25 WP on Nutrients Content in Okra Fruits

Okra fruit systemicity and fungicide residues from Fortin Pro25WP were the focus of a field study done by the College of Agriculture at the University of Kufa in the years 2021 and 2022 AD. Treatment effects on okra fruit levels of the fungicides’ active ingredients were statistically significant (P0.05) for both propamocarb hydrochloride (ug/g) and metalaxyl (ug/g). The highest levels of the pesticide were found in the pesticide-only treatment, the next highest levels were found in the fungicide Fortin Pro + the bacteria A. chroococcum that contains the substance, and the lowest average levels were found in the bacteria A. chroococcum + Fortin Pro + R. solani treatment. The highest concentration occurred within the first hour after application, whereas the lowest occurred nine days later, at a concentration of 2.73 ug/g. On day nine of A. chroococcum + Fortin Pro + R. solani treatment, the pesticide residue content was the lowest. When applied to a plant that had not been inoculated with the pathogenic fungus, the fungicide Fortin Pro 25WP significantly increased the nitrogen content of the fruits. However, when applied to a plant that had been inoculated with the fungus, the fungicide significantly decreased the percentage of nitrogen (1.91%) in the fruits. In the fungicide treatment alone (without the pathogen), the fruit recorded the highest rate of phosphorus and potassium content, which was also significantly different from the fruit of the other treatments. Also, in the presence of Azotobacter chroococcum, the interaction treatment of Fortin Pro + R. solani yielded a fruit potassium percentage that was much lower than the control.

Enhancing Fuel Properties of Napier Grass via Carbonization: A Comparison of Vapothermal and Hydrothermal Carbonization Treatments

Napier grass is a herbaceous biomass that can be used as biofuel; however, its high ash, potassium, sulfur and chlorine content may cause problems when combusted. Napier grass was submitted to vapothermal carbonization (VTC) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) processes at 190 and 220 °C to compare their ability to enhance its fuel properties. The different water distribution between phases in the two processes was verified: up to 14.5% of the water vaporized to steam in the VTC ran at 220 °C, while over 99% of the water remained in the liquid state and in contact with the solids during all HTC runs. Both processes improved the calorific value of the Napier grass (up to 20.6% for VTC220 and up to 29.8% for HTC220) due to the higher C content in the chars. Both processes reduced the sulfur content, removing up to 15.3% of it with VTC190 and 28.5% of it with HTC190 compared to that of Napier grass. In contrast, the two processes had different effects on the ash and chlorine content. While HTC removed both ash and Cl from the Napier grass, VTC concentrated it in the chars (ash: 5.6%wt. Napier grass, 3.3%wt. HTC chars, 7.1%wt. VTC; chlorine: 1.08%wt. Napier grass, 0.19%wt. HTC chars, 1.24%wt. VTC). Only the HTC process leached high percentages of Cl (up to 80%), S (up to 70%), sodium (Na, up to 80%) and potassium (K, up to 90%) into the process water. This may prevent fouling and slagging problems when burning HTC char. The biofuel qualities of the raw Napier grass, VTC, and HTC chars were evaluated using two standards: the international standard for solid biofuels, EN ISO 17225, and the Korean regulation for biomass solid recovered fuels (Bio-SRF). Napier grass and VTC chars presented problems regarding Cl content thresholds for both EN ISO 17225 and Bio-SRF. Both VTC and HTC chars along with the Napier grass fulfilled the requirements for heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cr, and Cd) except for copper. The choice of process in practical applications will depend on the goal; HTC improves fuel quality and VTC has higher high solid, carbon and energy yields.

The Effect of Adding Whey and Spraying with Silicone on the Chemical of Chinese Cabbage Plant Brassica campestris var. Pekinensis

The experiment was conducted in the fields of horticulture and Garden Engineering at the College of Agriculture - University of Kerbala for the agricultural season 2022-2023 with the aim of knowing the effect of spraying with silicon in the form of potassium silicate (K2Sio3) and adding the by-product (whey) in improving the growth indicators of the Chinese Cabbage plant. The experiment included 16 treatments that included four concentrations of silicon (0.1.2.3) ml L-1 and four concentrations of whey by-product (0.8.16.24) L ha-1 and were in three batches between one batch and another 10 days. It was carried out as a factorial experiment with two factors according to the randomized block design and with three replications, and the least significant difference test (l.s.d) was used to compare the means at the probability level of 0.05. Silicon spraying treatment led to a significant increase in all yield traits, as the concentration of 3 ml L-1 was significantly superior in each of Nitrogen percentage, phosphorus percentage, potassium percentage and ascorbic acid. As for the treatment of whey addition, the concentration of 24 liters ha-1 was significantly higher in Nitrogen percentage, phosphorus percentage, potassium percentage and ascorbic acid. 2.547 ‘0.316‘ 1.403‘ 64.61 respectively. The bilateral interaction between the two experimental factors showed significant superiority in all the traits under experiment.

Fatty Acids and Mineral Content in Milk of Locally Reared Ruminant in Sokoto

The nutritional content of milk is determined by its protein, free fatty acids, and essential mineral contents which are indicators of high- quality dairy. This work aimed to evaluate some nutritional indices of milk obtained from locally reared Sokoto Red goats, Yankasa sheep, and Red Fulani cows. Milk samples were collected from each group of five breastfeeding goats, sheep, and cows. Crude protein and percent ash contents were determined using the Kjeldahl method while free fatty acid and mineral contents were determined using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), respectively. The results obtained show that the percent crude proteins of cows, sheep, and goats were 7.00 ± 0.10, 9.60 ± 0.10, and 25.50 ± 0.10 %, respectively. The percent abundance of free fatty acids show that saturated fatty acids (SFA) were 54.70, 46.19, and 32.28 %, monounsaturated fatty acids (MFA) were 54.96, 47.76, and 35.94 %, while polyunsaturated fatty acids (PFA) were 1.71, 6.04, and 2.99 %, respectively for cow, goat, and sheep. The content of zinc, potassium, and magnesium in the samples were 24.30, 35.50, and 15.70 mg/L, and 11.20, 61.30, and 23.20 mg/L; and 85.20, 97.3, and 86.30 mg/L, respectively for cow, goat, and sheep milk. Results also showed that there is significant difference (p < 0.05), between goat's milk which had high percent crude protein, zinc, magnesium, and potassium when compared with sheep and cow milk. Interestingly, sheep milk contained the important essential fatty acids arachidonic acid and nervonic acid in cow's milk. Quantitatively, goat and sheep milk MFA and PFA contents are superior to that in cow milk. While goat milk is rich in zinc, potassium, and magnesium, and significant presence of arachidonic acid in sheep milk, no significant difference was observed in the tested constituents of goat and sheep milk.

Study of the effect of germination on the chemical and nutritional properties of maize seeds

The research aimed to study the effect of the germination process on the chemical composition and content of phenolic compounds, phytic acid, mineral elements and amino acids of locally grown maize. The results of the chemical composition of the non-germinated maize showed that the content of protein, fat, ash, moisture, fiber, and carbohydrates were (7.75 - 10.271 - 1.46 - 6.79 -3.173 -70.886) respectively, while the results of germinated maize were from protein, fat, ash, fiber, carbohydrates (9.13- 9.167 -1.27- 5.93- 4.822- 69.861) respectively. As for the number of phenolic compounds, it increased after germination, as it reached germinated yellow maize compared to non-germinated maize (159 mg/gm-145 mg/gm) respectively, in addition to germination, it reduced the amount of phytic acid in germinated maize compared to non- germinated maize, which amounted to (2.8 mg/100gm). -48.9 mg/100 g) respectively. The percentage of mineral elements, iron, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium, zinc, and calcium for germinated maize reached (0.2883-3.87 -0.139-0.078 - 7.76-23.4), respectively. As for non-germinated maize, the percentage of iron, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium, zinc, and calcium (0.2811-3.43 -0.142-0.086-17.5-21.4) respectively. The effect of germination on the proportion of amino acids: the results showed that germination led to an improvement in the proportion of some essential and non-essential amino acids. Keywords: yellow corn, germination, amino acids, phytic acid

Response of Local Garlic to Potassium and Sulfur Fertilization Method

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, for the agricultural season 2021- 2022. This experiment aimed to study the effect of potassium and sulfur application on local garlic's growth, yield, and quality. The experiment included four levels of potassium soil fertilization (0, 200, 250, and 300 kg.ha-1 ), three levels of foliar spraying of potassium (0, 5, and 10 g.L-1 ), and three levels of soil fertilization of sulfur (0, 40, and 50 kg.ha-1 ). The study used the randomized complete block design (RCBD) in combinations. The results showed significant differences in the characteristics of vegetative growth, yield characteristics, and qualitative characteristics. The combination (300 kg K2O.ha-1 +10 g.L-1 + 50 kg S.ha-1 ) significantly exceeded by giving the highest leaves number, leaves area and shoot dry weight, which amounted to 11.42 leaf.plant-1 and 795.00 cm2 .plant-1 and 10.87 g.plant-1 , respectively. In comparison, the control treatment gave (8.80 leaves.plant-1 and 571.00 cm2 .plant-1 and 8.17 g.plant-1 ), for the same above traits, respectively. The same combination achieved a significant increase in yield traits (cloves number, clove weight, yield/plant, and total yield) with 37.58 cloves, 2.71 g, 102.03 g, and 51.01 t.ha-1 , respectively, compared to the control treatment, which gave (32.00 cloves, 1.81 g, 58.17 g, and 29.08 t.ha-1 ). The same treatment led to an increase in the percentage of potassium and sulfur in the bulbs, which recorded the highest percentage of 1.67% and 0.60%, respectively, compared to the control treatment, which recorded the lowest percentage of 1.36% and 0.40%, respectively. Keywords: Garlic, Fertilization, Potassium, Sulfur, Growth, Yield.

Effect of harvest dates, mycorrhiza, and some biostimulants on some vegetative growth properties and yield of volatile oil for sweet scented geranium plant (Pelargonium graveolens L.Herit.)

The experiment was carried out in one of the fields of Research Station B in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad - Al-Jadiriya on the fragrant plant for the spring season 2021 in order to study the effect of harvest date, mycorrhiza, bio-stimulants and the interaction among them on some characteristics of vegetative growth and the essential oil yield of sweet-scented geranium plants. The experiment used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-plot design with three replications. The experiment included three factors, as the factor of harvest dates represents the main panels with two harvest dates, which are 60 and 90 after planting and symbolized by H1 and H2. In contrast, the secondary panels include the treatment of the mycorrhizal fungal vaccine by two treatments, namely, not adding the mycorrhizal fungal vaccine to the root system and adding it with symbols M1 and M2 As for the sub-secondary panels, the treatments include four stimulating factors: the measurement treatment and the spraying of the vegetative mass with the amino acid phenylalanine at a concentration of 300 mg l ̄¹. The treatment of spraying the foliage with moringa leaf extract at a concentration of 10 gm L ̄¹ and the treatment of spraying the foliage with licorice root powder extract at a concentration of 10gm L ̄¹symbolized by B1, B2, B3, and B4 respectively. The results showed the superiority of the H2 treatment in most indicators of vegetative growth, as well as the increase in the percentages of each of the nutrients and volatile oil in the dried leaves and the volatile oil yield in the dried leaves. Treatment M2 significantly increased all vegetative growth characteristics as well as the percentages of nutrients and volatile oil in dried leaves and volatile oil yield in dried leaves. In contrast, treatment B3 showed an increase in the number of main branches, total number of leaves, total leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaf yield in the plant and the content of The dried leaves of total chlorophyll as well as the percentages of nutrients and volatile oil in the dried leaves of the plant and the yield of volatile oil in the dried leaves. In contrast, treatment B2 had a significant effect in increasing the plant height rate, the number of main branches and the fresh weight of the leaves. It is one of the most prominent triple interaction treatments recorded. The largest increase in all the traits studied above is the triple interaction H2M2B3 treatment, which was characterized by an Bionatura http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/RB/CSS/2023.08.04.69 2 increase in most vegetative growth characteristics, especially the wet and dry weight of leaves and the percentages of nutrients as well as the percentage of volatile oil and volatile oil yield in the leaves. The triple interaction treatment H2M2B4 was also characterized by its recording of Remarkable superiority in both plant height and leaf content of Total chlorophyll and potassium percentage. Keywords: Sweet-scented geranium plant, Harvest date, Mycorrhizae, Biostimulants, vegetative growth, volatile oil.