Potassium Antimonyl Research Articles

Effect of antimony surface treatment on nitrogen absorption during batch annealing of an electrical steel sheet

Nitrogen absorption is usually observed during batch-type hot-band annealing of electrical steel sheets containing aluminium. This nitrogenizing causes the deterioration of magnetic properties, such as core loss and induction. In order to prevent nitrogenizing, we investigate an antimony treatment on the hot strip surface of electrical steel sheets containing aluminium. Potassium antimonyl tartrate and colloidal antimony oxides (Sb2O5) are effective against nitrogenizing. It seems that active sites on the surface of the hot strip after pickling are covered with antimony oxides to block the adsorption of nitrogen. Magnetic properties, after cold-rolling and continuous annealing of the nitrogenizing hot band, deteriorate due to small grains near the surface whose boundaries are pinned by aluminium nitrides.

Optically active chromium(III) complexes VIII. Chiroptical and epimeric forms of chloro(1,2-diaminoethane) (1,4,8-triazaoctane)chromium(III) complexes and the structural characterization of some pentachloroantimonate(III) salts

Racemic- exo-mer-[CrCl(en)(2,3-tri)]ZnCl 4 has been resolved using potassium antimonyl tartrate. The less soluble {−} 447- exo-mer-[CrCl(en)(2,3-tri)][Sb 2(tart) 2]·4H 2O (orthorhombic, P2 12 12 1, a = 12.800(3), b = 12.881(3), c = 16.712(4) A ̊ , V = 2755.4(11) A ̊ 3 , Z = 4) is shown by single crystal X-ray analysis to have the ( R)-configuration at the coordinated sec-NH center. Addition of HCl to the mother liquor results in the isolation of rac-exo-mer-[CrCl(en)(2,3-tri)]SbCl 5 (orthorhombic, Pbca, a = 14.055(3), b = 10.472(2), c = 26.510(5) A ̊ , V = 3901.8(13), Z = 8 ) and further addition of ZnCl 2 allows the isolation of (+)-( S)- exo-mer-[CrCl(en)(2,3-tri)]ZnCl 4. Exo-mer-[CrCl(Me 2tn)(3,3-tri)]SbCl 5·H 2O·0.5HCl (monoclinic, Cc, a = 16.002(2), b = 11.627(5), c = 27.571(6) A ̊ , β = 99.79(2)°, V = 5055(3) A ̊ 3, Z = 8 ) has also been obtained from the crude chloride salt using potassium antimonyl tartrate and 6M HCl. Both SbCl 5 2− salts contain isolated SbCl 5 2− anionic units. Rac-exo-mer-[CrCl(en)(2,4-tri)ZnCl 4 has been converted into rac-endo-mer-[CrCl(en)(2,3-tri)ZnCl 4 (monoclinic, P2 1/c, a = 11.682(2), b = 13.915(2), c = 10.809(2) A ̊ , β = 93.31(2)°, V = 1781.2(5) A ̊ 3, Z = 4 ) by base hydrolysis. Treatment of (−)-( R)- exo-mer-[CrCl(en)(2,3-tri)]ZnCl 4 with NH 3(liq.) and sodium amide results in the formation of {−} 450-( R)- exo-mer-[Cr(NH 3)(en)S(2,3-tri)] 3+ (isolated as the Hg 2Cl 7 3− salt) but with considerable loss of optical purity. We have also confirmed the orientation of the chelated aminomethylpyridine (ampy) ligand in exo-mer-[CrCl(ampy)(2,3-tri)HgCl 4·H 2O (monoclinic, P2 1/c, a = 11.867(5), b = 10.2780(10), c = 17.318(5) A ̊ 3, Z = 4 ) has having the −CH 2NH 2 arm trans to the coordinated chloro ligand.

Sorption of antimony species by humic acid

The retention of antimony (a potential toxin) in polluted soils or waterway sediments can involve interaction with several component phases. One of these, humic acid, has been found to adsorb antimony (III) from solutions of Sb(OH)3 or potassium antimonyl tartrate (C8H4K2Sb2O12) in accordance with Langmuir type isotherms. Using Sb(OH)3 solutions (initial Sb levels < 10 μM) the bonding constant value (at pH 4) was 6 × 105, with a calculated saturation capacity of 23 μmol g−1. In the antimonyl tartrate systems (initial Sb levels 0.5 to 75 μM) the bonding constant value for the sorbed species was 1.6 × 105 and the saturation capacity 53 μmol g−1. Addition of small amounts of HCl or NaOH (to vary the pH between 3.1 and 5.4) had little effect on the amount sorbed from KSbT solutions but with Sb(OH)3 solutions uptake was reduced (by about 15%). In the presence of NaCl (0.5 or 0.05M) Sb uptake increased (by about 15%). Antimony (V) (introduced as KSb (OH)6) was not sorbed from solutions < 10 μM in this salt. Using more concentrated solutions, uptake gradually increased, reaching a plateau value of around 8 μmol g−1 with solutions initially 50 or 75 μM.

Antimony-induced oxidative stress and toxicity in cultured cardiac myocytes.

Cardiac myocytes were exposed to concentrations of potassium antimonyl tartrate (PAT) ranging from 1 to 1000 microM for 1 to 24 hr. Toxicity was assessed by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and by monitoring chronotropic depression. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by measuring the release of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). PAT produced a concentration- and time-dependent depression in chronotropy and an increase in the release of LDH and TBARS. A 4-hr exposure to 100 microM PAT stopped beating and induced significant increases in TBARS and LDH release in the myocyte cultures. The lipid peroxidation and LDH release induced by 100-200 microM PAT at 4 hr could be prevented by pretreatment of the cardiac myocytes with vitamin E or by the simultaneous addition of other antioxidants. Vitamin E continued to protect against lipid peroxidation up to 18 hr after the addition of 100 microM PAT, but failed to provide significant protection against LDH release at this time-point. Both 50 and 100 microM PAT decreased cardiac myocyte glutathione (GSH) levels after a 4-hr exposure. A series of thiol-containing compounds was evaluated for their effects on PAT toxicity. The addition of dithiothreitol, GSH, and 2-mercaptoethanol afforded some degree of protection against lipid peroxidation and LDH release up to 18 hr after the addition of 100 microM PAT. These results suggest that PAT induces lipid peroxidation in cultured cardiac myocytes but that other mechanisms may contribute to cell death with long-term exposures to PAT. Our results also suggest that PAT interacts with thiol-containing compounds.

Laser-Based Double-Beam Circular Dichroism Detector for Liquid Chromatography

A highly sensitive and selective double-beam laser-based circular dichroism (CD) detector for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is presented. An all-electronic noise canceller circuit was used to subtract the intensity of the right circularly polarized light from the intensity of the left circularly polarized light. Both of these beams were derived from the same Ar-ion laser operated at 488 nm. The chiral inorganic complexes of tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III), Co(en)33+, which are CD active at this wavelength [Δɛ(488 nm) = 1.9 cm2 mol−1], were chosen as test compounds. The two enantiomers were chromatographically separated from the corresponding racemic mixture through the use of potassium antimonyl(III) tartrate hydrate and ion-pair reversed-phase liquid chromatography. A practical noise-to-signal ratio of 4 × 10−6 for CD measurements was achieved despite the presence of the high background absorption, which is 45 times higher than the CD signal for this particular system. The detector is linear through two orders of magnitude (10−3 M-10−5 M). The deviation between consecutive measurements is less than 5% and the noise level is 1.8 × 10−6 AU. A limit of detection (LOD) of 1.2 × 10−6 M at the flow cell, which corresponds to 25 ng injected material, was achieved. This value is similar to the LOD that was obtained for the same species by using laser-based high-frequency modulation and is only 3.5 times worse than thermal-lens CD detection. Being simpler and less expensive than other laser-based systems, our double-beam HPLC-CD detector provides a three-orders-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity as compared to that for conventional CD spectrometers.

Stable and Inducible Arsenite Resistance in Chinese Hamster Cells

A number of Chinese hamster V79 cell sublines that are arsenite resistant or arsenite sensitive were isolated. After more than 6 months of growth in the absence of arsenite, these sublines still maintain their arsenite-resistant or -sensitive phenotypes. At least some arsenite-resistant cell lines are also cross-resistant to sodium arsenate and potassium antimonyl tartrate. Wild-type or arsenite-resistant sublines show a further increase in resistance to toxic concentrations of arsenite after pretreatment with a nontoxic concentration. Pretreatment of cells with a nontoxic dose of arsenite also increased their survival to toxic doses of antimonite. Likewise, pretreatment with antimonite increased survival to arsenite as well as to antimonite. The inducible arsenite resistance increases with pretreatment time, reaching a plateau after 8 hr of pretreatment. Fusion of arsenite-resistant cells with arsenite-sensitive cells demonstrated a clear dominance of arsenite resistance. These results suggest that mammalian cells contain an arsenite/antimonite pump whose activity may be modulated by prior exposure to arsenite or antimonite.

Studies on new chemically deposited photoconducting antimony trisulphide thin films

A new room temperature chemical deposition technique has been developed to deposit semiconducting antimony trisulphide thin films on conducting and ordinary glass substrates. The method is based on aqueous ammonia bath containing potassium antimonyl tartarate (PAT), triethanolamine (TEA) and thioacetamide (TAM). It has been found that the proper control of deposition bath compasitions significantly influences the quality and the thickness of the Sb2S3 films. Moreover, addition of a small amount (10−5 M) of silicotungstic acid (STA) in the deposition bath enhanced the rate of deposition and improves significantly the photoactivity of the films. The deposited films were characterized by X-ray, SEM and neutronic activation analysis. The effect of the annealing and STA on the change of the optical bandgap (Eg) of the films was determined at 300 K. The influence of the STA on the resistivity, carrier concentrations and mobility of the films was determined by the resistivity and Hall effect measurements on the annealed samples. A very small (≈ 5%) change in the electrical resistivity has been observed for the films in which STA is incorporated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) studies were carried out to determine the surface and the bulk compositions of the films. The photoconductivity studies revealed that the deposited films were highly photoconducting in nature.

Characterizations of Antimony Tri‐Sulfide Chemically Deposited with Silicotungstic Acid

A new chemical deposition method has been developed to prepare photoconducting thin polycrystalline films. The solution composition of the deposition bath was 0.025M potassium antimonyl tartarate, 0.4M triethanolamine, 0.025M thioacetamide, and silicotungstic acid (STA), respectively. The as‐deposited and the annealed films were characterized through x‐ray diffraction, neutron activation analysis, and the optical absorption investigations. The photoelectrochemical performances of these films were examined. The best photoresponse was observed on the film prepared from a chemical bath containing STA.

Spectrophotometric determination of phosphate in waters of Egypt

The proposed method is used for determination of trace amounts of phosphate in water samples especially of Dakahlia Governorate. The recommended procedure is based on the formation of molydophosphoric acid which upon, selective reduction with the reducing agent oxalyldihydrazide produces a blue color due to the molybdenum blue. The intensity of the blue color is proportional to the amount of phosphate initially incorporated in the heteropoly acid. The resulting blue complex could be determined in the range of 2.25 to 22.46 μg P with molar absorptivity of 33418 L−1 mol−1 cm−1 at 880 nm. The reduction of phosphomolybdate complex by oxalyldihydrazide is chosen in the work and the result is compared with those obtained with the reducing agent potassium antimonyl tartrate, the reduction methods are frequently recommended for manual analysis of waters and wastes for P.

Reliability Improvements of Dichromated Gelatin Color Filter for TFT‐LCDs

Materials and processing technologies for a high quality color filter consisting of ammonium‐dichromated gelatin (ADG) were studied. To achieve adequate characteristics of color reproducibility, the fixing process using tannic acid and potassium antimonyl tartrate and the thermal stability were investigated. The following results were attained: (i). It was clarified that the fixing process played two roles such as the strengthening of the binding force between gelatin and dye molecule, and prevention of a reaction between the remaining dyeing sites in gelatin and dye molecules. Careful control of the fixing process has improved the disappearance of discoloration of ADG patterns during the next dyeing process. (ii). The fading of the color layer was closely associated with the chemical structure of the dye. Anthraquinone dyes reduced the fading due to water absorption and heating of the film. Considering the above results, a reliable, reproducible, and high quality color filter for liquid crystal displays has been realized.

A new chemical method for preparing semiconductor grade antimony tri-sulphide thin films

We report the morphology, structural, optical and electrical properties of antimony tri-sulphide thin films deposited for the first time on a glass substrate by a simple chemical method using potassium antimonyl tartarate (PAT), triethanolamine (TEA), ammonia and thioacetamide (TAM).

Precipitation and ageing of antimony (III) sulphide

Antimony (III) sulphide has been prepared by precipitation from aqueous solution, under different conditions of concentration, temperature, pH and ageing time. The phase composition, crystallinity and particle size of the precipitates have been studied by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and vacuum microbalance technique, and correlated with conditions of precipitation. The sulphide samples were prepared from 1 M, 0.5 M and 0.1 M antimony (III) chloride solutions through which hydrogen sulphide gas was passed at 20 °C and 85 °C. The precipitates were aged for different lengths of time, and examined by X-ray powder diffraction and electron microscopy. The surface area and porosity of selected samples were determined by the BET method from nitrogen adsorption isotherms recorded gravimetrically at −196 °C on a vacuum microbalance. However the above sulphide samples, precipitated at relatively low pH, contained impurities pure antimony sulphide was achieved best by precipitation from a dilute solution (0.015 M) of potassium antimonyl tartrate (tartar emetic) with hydrogen sulphide gas. Precipitation occurred then at the relatively higher pH of 4 – 5 in the presence of smaller concentrations of electrolytes, so that the product was very finely-divided and porous.

The Effects of Some Aromatic Hydroxy Compounds on the Adsorption of Anionic Dyes by Nylon 6

The wetfastness of anionic dyes on nylon fibers can be improved either by treatment with a tannic acid (a polygalloyl glucose)—potassium antimonyl tartrate complex—or with syntans (water-soluble polymeric compounds which usually contain sulphonic acid and phenolic groups). Both of these agents are thought to reduce diffusion of dye out of treated, dyed fiber and therefore should reduce diffusion of dye into treated, undyed fiber. The effect of these treatments on the rates of adsorption of C.I. Acid Reds 27, 41, and 102 by nylon 6 has been measured. The contribution of sulphonic acid, phenolic, and carbonyl groups to the restraining effects observed has been demonstrated by measuring the rates of adsorption of these same three dyes by nylon which has been pretreated with a small range of aromatic hydroxy compounds and certain derivatives of these.

Titration of antimony(III) with cerium(IV) sulphate and diphenylamine and its derivatives as reversible indicators

Diphenylamine, barium diphenylamine sulphonate, N-phenylanthranilic acid and 2-nitrodiphenylamine have been investigated as reversible indicators for the titration of antimony(III) with cerium(IV) sulphate in 0.5–2 M sulphuric acid medium. Diphenylamine is the most satisfactory in titrations of antimony(III) in chloride-free solutions, e.g. of potassium antimonyl tartrate. Even low chloride concentrations affect the indicator action of N-phenyl-anthranilic acid or 2-nitrodiphenylamine, but diphenylamine is satisfactory in 1 M hydrochloric acid media. Iodine catalyst is necessary to accelerate the reduction of the oxidized indicator by antimony(III). The indicator colour change is vivid and the colour of the oxidized indicator is stable. Titrations of antimony(III) in mixtures with iron(II) and arsenic(III) are also considered.

Thiomercurimetric determination of carbon disulphide, carbonyl sulphide, thiols and hydrogen sulphide by use of 1,3-diaminopropane and tributyltin chloride

A new approach to the determination of carbon disulphide and carbonyl sulphide in the presence of each other is based on the reaction with 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP), and titration with o-hydroxymercurybenzoie acid (HMB) before and after the selective decomposition of the COS-derivative at pH 4. Determination of hydrogen sulphide, thiols, carbon disulphide and carbonyl sulphide in the presence of each other in hydrocarbon solvents involves four titrations with HMB, viz. of all compounds after conversion of CS 2 and COS with DAP, of thiols plus H 2S, of the thiols alone after removal of H 2S by extraction, and of CS 2 alone after removal of other compounds by shaking with aqueous alkali. For selective trapping of H 2S, HCN, RSH, CO 2 and CS 2 + COS, the sample gas is passed successively through a potassium antimonyl tartrate filter, a nickel carbonate filter, a tributyltin chloride filter, a bubbler containing 40% potassium hydroxide solution and a bubbler containing a benzene solution of DAP. The analysis is completed by titration with HMB with dithizone or dithiofluorescein as indicator.

The resolution of cis-di(isothiocyanato)-bis(ethylenediamine) chromium(III) and cobalt(III) thiocyanate and the circular dichroism spectrum and absolute configuration of the (+) 436 and (−) 436 cations

Racemic cis-[ M(en) 2(NCS) 2]NCS ( M = Cr, Co) have been resolved using potassium antimonyl-(+)-tartrate [K(+)SbOT] and ammonium α-bromo-(+)-camphorsulfonate [NH 4(+)BCS] ( M = Cr only). In each case, both diastereoisomers have been isolated. The less soluble diastereoisomers with (+)SbOT ( M = Cr, Co) are the (−) 436 forms and are isomorphous, while the less soluble (+)BCS diastereoisomer ( M = Cr) is the (+) 436 form. The separation of the optically active cations from the resolving gegen-ion has been achieved using both cation and anion ion-exchange resins. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the (+) 436- and (−) 436- cis-Cr(en) 2(NCS) 2 + cations show three bands under the first absorption maxima (485 nm), whereas the analogous cis-Co( AA) 2(NCS) 2 + cations ( AA = en, tmd) have only two bands. Nevertheless, the CD spectra are sufficiently similar, that the absolute configurations of Δ (or L) and Λ (or D) can be assigned to the (+) 436- and (−) 436 isomers of cis-Cr(en) 2-(NCS) 2 +, respectively, as the absolute configuration of the (+) 436- cis-Co( AA) 2(NCS) 2 + cation is known to be Δ (or L).

Determination of phosphorus in coke by the oxygen-flask method

Recent developments in the oxygen-flask technique for determination of phosphorus in coke are described. The existing method was modified by use of the recently proposed potassium antimonyl tartrate catalyst for the ascorbic acid reduction of phosphomolybdate.

The Production of 117Sb-labelled potassium antimonyl tartrate for medical use

The Production of 117Sb-labelled potassium antimonyl tartrate for medical use

Studies with tryptophan metabolites in vitro—II : Effect of tartar emetic on kynurenine metabolism by normal mouse liver

Potassium antimonyl tartrate (tartar emetic) inhibited the conversion of kynurenine to both kynurenic and anthranilic acids in normal mouse liver homogenates. The inhibition is mainly due to a reduction in the level of active pyridoxal. Since the inhibition is easily reversed by the supplementation of exogenous pyridoxal phosphate but not with pyridoxal and ATP, it would seem that tartar emetic inhibited the phosphorylation of pyridoxal. Similar inhibitory effects on the metabolism of kynurenine were observed with deoxypyridoxine phosphate. The latter inhibition is removed in presence of a specific concentration of tartar emetic. The antimony moiety of tartar emetic appears to form an inactive chelate with both pyridoxal phosphate and deoxypyridoxine phosphate which replaces the active counterpart at the active sites of both kynureninasc and kynurenine transaminase enzyme systems. Evidence for the formation of these chelates was obtained spectrophotometrically.

The automatic determination of phosphate in sea water

A Technicon AutoAnalyzer has been used for the photometric determination of 0–90 μg PO 4 3− − P/l. in sea water and natural waters. Photometric measurement is made on the blue coloured compound produced by the reaction of phosphate with a single solution reagent containing acid, ammonium molybdate, ascorbic acid, together with a small amount of potassium antimonyl tartrate. A linear relationship is found between optical density and phosphate concentration up to at least 2500 μg PO 4 3− − P/l. The method shows a coefficient of variation of 0·86% at a level of 40 μg PO 4 − P/l. Up to 20 samples can be analyzed per hour.