Ammonium Potassium Research Articles

Sulfate content influencing methane production and emission from incubated soil and rice-planted soil in Northeast Thailand

This study was conducted using four soil treatments (0, 22.5, 45 and 90 mg kg−1) with balanced amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and potassium oxide (K2O) for each treatment, provided using ammonium phosphate sulfate (42% of sulfate), rock phosphate, potassium chloride and urea. These treatments were employed in incubation and jar experiments to investigate methane (CH4) production, redox potential (Eh) and pH of the soil. The same treatments were also used in potted soil planted with rice (Oryza sativa L.). In addition, urea-excluded treatments were also included in the incubation and jar experiments. The results showed that the presence of sulfate () reduced CH4 production from the incubation experiment. Treatments excluding urea produced larger amounts of CH4 than urea-amended ones. In the jar experiment, the soil Eh decreased from 486 to −412 mV with increased duration of flooding. In general, the presence of delayed the drop of Eh. The submerged soil with the highest amount of at 90 mg kg−1 had the lowest pH compared to other treatments. In a subsequent pot experiment, rice-planted soil showed that CH4 emission was suppressed through the growing period with increasing content of 45 and 90 mg kg−1. This suppressing effect of increasing application was clearly shown at the early growing period. The results suggest that sulfate has the potential to mitigate methane production and emission from paddy soil. However, the effects of high sulfate levels on rice yields need further study in the paddy field.

Feasibility and antihypertensive effect of replacing regular salt with mineral salt -rich in magnesium and potassium- in subjects with mildly elevated blood pressure

BackgroundHigh salt intake is linked to hypertension whereas a restriction of dietary salt lowers blood pressure (BP). Substituting potassium and/or magnesium salts for sodium chloride (NaCl) may enhance the feasibility of salt restriction and lower blood pressure beyond the sodium reduction alone. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and effect on blood pressure of replacing NaCl (Regular salt) with a novel mineral salt [50% sodium chloride and rich in potassium chloride (25%), magnesium ammonium potassium chloride, hydrate (25%)] (Smart Salt).MethodsA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted with an intervention period of 8-weeks in subjects (n = 45) with systolic (S)BP 130-159 mmHg and/or diastolic (D)BP 85-99 mmHg. During the intervention period, subjects consumed processed foods salted with either NaCl or Smart Salt. The primary endpoint was the change in SBP. Secondary endpoints were changes in DBP, daily urine excretion of sodium (24-h dU-Na), potassium (dU-K) and magnesium (dU-Mg).Results24-h dU-Na decreased significantly in the Smart Salt group (-29.8 mmol; p = 0.012) and remained unchanged in the control group: resulting in a 3.3 g difference in NaCl intake between the groups. Replacement of NaCl with Smart Salt resulted in a significant reduction in SBP over 8 weeks (-7.5 mmHg; p = 0.016). SBP increased (+3.8 mmHg, p = 0.072) slightly in the Regular salt group. The difference in the change of SBP between study groups was significant (p < 0.002).ConclusionsThe substitution of Smart Salt for Regular salt in subjects with high normal or mildly elevated BP resulted in a significant reduction in their daily sodium intake as well as a reduction in SBP.Trial RegistrationISRCTN: ISRCTN01739816

Influence of cultivation conditions on production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora

The aim of this work was to make a survey describing factors that influence the production of extracellular enzymes by white-rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora responsible for the degradation of lignocellulolytic materials. These factors were: carbon sources (glucose, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, maltose and starch), nitrogen sources (ammonium sulphate, potassium nitrate, urea, albumin and peptone), pH, temperature and addition of three different concentrations of Cu2+ and Mn2+. The cellulase and xylanase activities were similar in medium with different carbon sources and the highest cellulase and xylanase activities were measured in medium with urea and potassium nitrate as nitrogen sources, respectively. The highest laccase activity was observed in medium with lignin and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources. In other experiments, time course of production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by white-rot fungus C. subvermispora in medium with lignin or glucose as carbon sources was observed.

Activation of phosphorite powder in the presence of physiologically acid additives

Effect of physiologically acid additives (ammonium sulfate, potassium chloride, and mixtures of these) on the activation of the phosphorite powder was studied.

Growth and thermal studies on pure ADP, KDP and mixed K1‐x(NH4)xH2PO4 crystals

AbstractThe investigations on the formation of mixed crystals of ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (ADP) and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KDP) i.e. potassium ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, K1‐x(NH4)xH2PO4 have been presented in this paper. Pure and mixed crystals of ADP and KDP have been grown by slow evaporation technique from the supersaturated solution at an ambient temperature 26±1 °C for ammonium concentration x in the range 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 in the case of mixed crystals. Crystal compositions were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and chemical analysis. The results of the X‐ray analysis of the grown crystals are also reported. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used to study the kinetic process of dehydration and the high temperature phase behaviour. DTA showed the distinct thermal events attributed to dehydration of ADP, KDP and K1‐x(NH4)xH2PO4. The results of thermal analysis and chemical analysis are consistent with each other. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Abstracts of Nippon Dojo-Hiryogaku Zasshi

Abstracts of Nippon Dojo-Hiryogaku Zasshi

Growth and morphology of mixed K1−x(NH4)xH2PO4 crystals

Abstract Mixed crystals of ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (ADP) and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KDP), i.e., potassium ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, K 1− x (NH 4 ) x H 2 PO 4 have been grown by slow evaporation from the supersaturated solution at an ambient temperature 26 ± 1 °C for ammonium concentration x in the range 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0. The morphology changes from tetragonal prism to needles when the concentration of either of the components approaches that of the other. Induction periods were measured for various compositions of mixed crystals of ADP and KDP by the direct vision method. Crystal compositions were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and also by chemical analysis. Results of the X-ray analysis of the grown crystals are also reported. Maximum size of the grown mixed crystal was around 16 × 10 × 4 mm 3 .

EFFICACY OF SOYBEAN-BASE LIQUID FERTILIZER FOR GREENHOUSE CROPS

A soybean-base liquid fertilizer [Daniels Plant Food, Sherman TX, USA; 10 nitrogen (N):1.8 phophorus (P):2.5 potassium (K)] for petunia was compared for efficacy to two formulations of 20N:4.4P:16.6K with 40 and 70% of the nitrogen in the reduced form. Petunias treated with the soybean-base fertilizer were taller, flowered in 4.5% less time, had the highest plant rating for foliar color and plant form, and did not differ in plant dry weight from the control (40% reduced nitrogen). Foliar nitrogen concentration was not affected by fertilizer source. Also, cyclamen grown with the soybean-base fertilizer had similar plant and corm growth and formed 47% more flowers than the control. Foliar levels of potassium although lower were adequate in the soybean-base fertilized plants. Ammonium toxicity and potassium deficiency symptoms did not occur with either species. While the substrate pH in the high reduced nitrogen soybean-base treatment was expected to be lower, it was higher or similar to the control in each species.

Osmotic coefficients of aqueous solutions of potassium acesulfame, sodium saccharin, and ammonium and tetramethylammonium cyclohexylsulfamates at the freezing point of solutions

The osmotic coefficients of aqueous solutions of potassium acesulfame (0.67 mol kg−1), sodium saccharin (0.75 mol kg−1), and tetramethylammonium (0.55 mol kg−1) and ammonium (0.35 mol kg−1) cyclohexylsulfamates were determined up to the molality indicated in parentheses. The osmotic coefficients were fitted to the Pitzer equation, and the ion interaction parameters α 1, β (0), and β (1) were evaluated. The mean ionic activity coefficients of the solutes were calculated, and the non-ideal behaviour of the systems investigated were characterized by calculation of the excess Gibbs energy of the solution and the respective partial molar functions of solute and solvent. The partial molar excess Gibbs energies of the solutes are negative, as also are the corresponding excess Gibbs energies of their solutions, and the partial molar excess Gibbs energies of the solvent are positive and increase slightly with increasing concentrations of the solutes. The solvation ability of water was calculated from differences between the Gibbs energy of solution of water in the aqueous solutions and that of pure water, and are positive and small for all the solutes investigated, throughout the concentration ranges studied.

PREPARATION OF PNIPAAm GRAFTED COTTON AND ITS THERMAL SENSITIVITY

The thermal sensitive cotton-g-PNIPAAm was prepared through free radical grafting reaction initiated by different initiators including ammonium ceric nitrate(CAN),potassium persulfate(KPS) and hydrogen peroxide/ascorbic acid(H_2O_2/H_2A system).The degrees of grafting(G) achieved by different initiators could be sorted into descent order as following: G(H_2O_2/H_2A)G(KPS)G(CAN).The other factors affecting the degree of grafting,such as the concentration of initiator,reaction time,temperature and the concentration of monomer,were studied.The results showed that the optimal conditions for grafting reaction using H_2O_2/H_2A initiating system were: initiator dosage 7.5 mmol/L(mole ration of H_2O_2to H_2A=1∶0.6),reaction time 1.5 h,monomer concentration 5%～15% and the reaction temperature 25℃.FTIR spectrogram of grafted cotton fiber showed characteristic absorptions of(—CH_3,)(CO,)(—N—H,)(—C—N) and(—CH(CH_3)_2) groups at 2967.5,2857.4,1623.9,1540.3,1457.4 cm~(-1),1385.6 and 1365.4 cm~(-1) giving the evidence for the successful grafting of PNIPAAm onto cotton fiber surface.The extraneous polymer attached to fiber surface can be observed in SEM images of grafted cotton samples.DSC analysis revealed that all grafted cotton fibers had the LCST around 32～33℃ which was very close to the LCST of pure PNIPAAm gel(32.48℃).The raising of grafting degree has little impact on LCST but increases the reversible enthalpy change(ΔH) of the cotton-g-PNIPAAm.In the falling-drop test(AATCC 79) and capillary rise test(FZ/T 01071), the fabric samples of cotton-g-PNIPAAm demonstrated different water absorbing abilities at different temperatures which meant that the cotton fiber had been endowed with thermo sensibility by PNIPAAm grafting.A grafting degree between 25%～45% is suitable for creating high thermo sensitivity.Other grafting degrees out of above range were not suggested.The analysis and discussion about the relationship between ΔH and swelling/shrinking time of cotton-g-PNIPAAm indicated that cotton-g-PNIPAAm reacted to temperature much quickly than pure PNIPAAm gel.

Evaluation of Potassium Iodide (KI) and Ammonium Perchlorate (NH4ClO4) to Ameliorate 131I- Exposure in the Rat

Nuclear reactor accidents and the threat of nuclear terrorism have heightened the concern for adverse health risks associated with radiation poisoning. Potassium iodide (KI) is the only pharmaceutical intervention that is currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating 131I- exposure, a common radioactive fission product. Though effective, KI administration needs to occur prior to or as soon as possible (within a few hours) after radioactive exposure to maximize the radioprotective benefits of KI. During the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident, KI was not administered soon enough after radiation poisoning occurred to thousands of people. The delay in administration of KI resulted in an increased incidence of childhood thyroid cancer. Perchlorate (ClO4 -) was suggested as another pharmaceutical radioprotectant for 131I- poisoning because of its ability to block thyroidal uptake of iodide and discharge free iodide from the thyroid gland. The objective of this study was to compare the ability of KI and ammonium perchlorate to reduce thyroid gland exposure to radioactive iodide (131I-). Rats were dosed with 131I- tracer and 0.5 and 3 h later dosed orally with 30 mg/kg of either ammonium perchlorate or KI. Compared to controls, both anion treatments reduced thyroid gland exposure to 131I- equally, with a reduction ranging from 65 to 77%. Ammonium perchlorate was more effective than stable iodide for whole-body radioprotectant effectiveness. KI-treated animals excreted only 30% of the 131I- in urine after 15 h, compared to 47% in ammonium perchlorate-treated rats. Taken together, data suggest that KI and ammonium perchlorate are both able to reduce thyroid gland exposure to 131I- up to 3 h after exposure to 131I-. Ammonium perchlorate may offer an advantage over KI because of its ability to clear 131I- from the body.

Ammonium removal from anaerobic digester effluent by ion exchange

The effluent of a 500 kW biogas plant is treated with a solid separation, a micro filtration and a reverse osmosis to achieve nutrient recovery and an effluent quality which should meet disposal quality into public water bodies. After the reverse osmosis, the ammonium concentration is still high (NH(4)-N = 467 mg/l), amongst other cations (K+ = 85 mg/l; Na+ = 67 mg/l; Mg2+ = 0.74 mg/l; Ca2+= 1.79 mg/l). The aim of this study was to remove this ammonium by ion exchange. Acidic gel cation exchange resins and clinoptilolite were tested in column experiments to evaluate their capacity, flow rates and pH. Amberjet 1,500 H was the most efficient resin, 57 BV of the substrate could be treated, 1.97 mol NH4-N/l resin were removed. The ammonium removal was more than 99% and the quality of the effluent was very satisfactory (NH4-N < 2 mg/l). The breakthrough of the observed parameters happened suddenly, the order was sodium-pH-ammonium-potassium. The sharp increase of the pH facilitates the online control, while the change in conductivity is less significant. A regeneration with 3 bed volumes of 2 M HCl recovered 91.7% of the original cation exchange capacity.

Ammonium iron(III) phosphate(V) fluoride, (NH4)0.5[(NH4)0.375K0.125]FePO4F, with ammonium partially substituted by potassium

The title compound, ammonium potassium iron(III) phosphate fluoride, (NH4)0.875K0.125FePO4F, is built from zigzag chains ∞ 1{[FeO4F2]7−}, with Fe3+ in a distorted octahedral coordination, extending along both the [011] and [01] directions. These chains are made up of alternating trans-[FeO4F2] and cis-[FeO4F2] octa­hedra via shared F-atom corners, and are linked by PO4 tetra­hedra, resulting in an open-framework structure with channels along the [010] and [100] directions. There are two crystallographically independent ammonium sites: one in the [010] channels and the other, partially substituted by K+ ions, in the [100] channels. The ammonium in the [010] channels is fixed to the framework via eight hydrogen bonds (six N—H⋯O and two N—H⋯F).

Population of the Sweetpotato Whitefly in Response to Different Rates of Three Sulfur-Containing Fertilizers on Ten Vegetable Crops

Whiteflies in the Bemisia complex are global pests on numerous horticultural crops. The effect of cultural practices on the population of the B-biotype sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), is only partly understood. A study was conducted to examine the effect of different rates of three common sulfur-containing fertilizers (ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, and superphosphate) on the population of B. tabaci in 10 vegetable crops. Three different rates were tested in the field for each fertilizer, but the specific rates were varied among crops to reflect the general use by growers in comparison with higher and lower rates. Egg, nymph, and adult whitefly counts were generally elevated with increased rates of ammonium sulfate or decreased with increasing rates of potassium sulfate. Conversely, field and laboratory data suggested a reduction in whitefly counts on cabbage and cucumber in response to increased rates of ammonium sulfate. However, whitefly populations within crops were generally the same regardless of rate of the superphosphate. Although each of the three fertilizers provides more than one essential nutrient, the individual role of sulfur, or any other nutrient, on the whitefly population was not identified. Nevertheless, the results from this study support that in certain sulfur-containing fertilizers, populations of the sweetpotato whitefly can be affected in several vegetable crops.

The Effect of Nitrogen on Insect and Disease Pests of Onions, Carrots, and Cabbage

ABSTRACT Mineral nutrition may affect the ability of plants to resist harmful insects or diseases. The effects of nitrogen (N) nutrition on pests of onions (Allium cepa L.), carrots (Daucus carota L.), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) were evaluated on organic and mineral soils in Ontario, Canada in 2000 and 2001. Onions (cvs. Norstar and Winner) and carrots (cvs. Indiana, Idaho, and Annapolis) were grown on both soil types, and cabbage (cv. Atlantis) was grown on mineral soil. Nitrogen was applied at 0,50,100,150, and 200% (carrots and cabbage) and 0, 100, and 200% (onions) of the rate recommended by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs using calcium ammonium nitrate preplant and potassium nitrate for sidedress applications. In cabbage, onion thrips (Thrips tabaci L.) damage was rated at harvest. Onion thrips (OT) populations were monitored in onions weekly. In carrots, the combined leaf blight symptoms caused by Cercospora carotae and Alternaria dauci was evaluate...

Editorial: Celebrating Physical Chemistry

Editorial: Celebrating Physical Chemistry

Phase stability in the system constituted by ammonium nitrate, potassium dichromate, and alkaline-earth metal nitrates

Methods for modification of ammonium nitrate as an oxidizing agent for ecologically safe solid propellants were sought for and the influence exerted on phase transitions in ammonium nitrate by three-component inorganic additives in which a synergic effect lowering the transition energy is manifested was determined.

Simple, Efficient, and Stereoselective Oxidation of Triphenylfurans to cis‐But‐2‐ene‐1,4‐diones.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

Simple, Efficient, and Stereoselective Oxidation of Triphenylfurans to cis‐But‐2‐ene‐1,4‐diones

Triphenylfurans are stereoselctively oxidized to cis‐but‐2‐ene‐1,4‐diones, suitable precursors of 3(2H)‐furanones, in very good yields using ammonium nitrate or potassium nitrate in 80% aqueous acetic acid.

Badania nad nawożeniem pastwiska nawozami płynnymi

The type of fertilizer and the method of its application are important factors influencing the process of optimisation of grassland fertilization. Foliar application of sward fortification with liquid fertilizers is gaining in importance again. Lists of fluid fertilizers offered by fertilizer distributors are getting longer and longer. In our experiments, we used the following two fertilizers: a highly concentrated aqueous solution of ammonium saltpetre and urea frequently referred to in Poland as RSM and, from the group of liquid multi-component fertilizers, Basfoliar 12-4-6 containing 12% N, 4% P and 6% K as well as some macro- and microelements. Traditional fertilization using ammonium saltpetre, potassium salt and superphosphate was treated as the control object, while the experimental plot with no fertilization was used as a control. The subject of the experiments included a permanent pasture and a temporary pasture established by sowing different cultivars of Lolium perenne. The results of our experiments show that the saltpetre-ammonium and Basfoliar 12-4-6 solution can be considered as interesting fertilizers which can fortify plant elements of the pasture sward with nutrients. Changes in the quantitative and qualitative botanical composition of the pasture sward appear to confirm the specific response of plant species to the application of nutrients contained in fluid fertilizers. The application of foliar fertilization of the sward pasture with RSM and Basfoliar 12-4-6 allowed obtaining fodder of good qualitative parameters comparable with those found in the pasture sward fertilized traditionally, i.e. with ammonium saltpetre and superphosphate. The mode of action of the RSM and Basfoliar 12-4-6 is similar to that of ammonium saltpetre. Wider possibilities of their application will depend on their price as well as costs of their application.