Ammonium Potassium Research Articles

Advanced 3D-Printed Potassium Ammonium Vanadate/rGO Aerogel Cathodes for Durable and High-Capacity Potassium-Ion Batteries.

A 3D-printed oxygen-vacancy-rich potassium ammonium vanadate/reduced graphene oxide (KNVOv/rGO) microlattice aerogel is designed for the cathode in high-performance K-ion batteries (KIBs). The 3D-printed KNVOv/rGO electrode with periodic submillimeter microchannels and interconnected printed filaments is composed of highly dispersed KNVOv nanobelts, wrinkled graphene nanoflakes, and abundant micropores. The well-defined 3D porous microlattice structure of the rGO backbone not only provides the interconnected conductive 3D network and the required mechanical robustness but also facilitates the penetration of the liquid electrolyte into inner active sites, consequently ensuring a stable electrochemical environment for K-ion intercalation/deintercalation within the KNVOv nanobelts. The 3D-printed KNVOv/rGO microlattice aerogel electrode has a high discharge capacity of 109.3 mAh g-1 with a capacity retention rate of 92.6% after 200 cycles at 50mA g-1 and maintains a discharge capacity of 75.8 mAh g-1 after 2000 cycles at 500mA g-1. The flexible pouch-type KIB battery consisting of the 3D-printed KNVOv/rGO has good mechanical durability and retains a high specific capacity under different forms of deformation such as bending and folding. The results provide valuable insights into the integration of advanced 3D-printed electrode materials into K-ion batteries and the design of flexible and wearable energy storage devices.

Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of Potassium–Ammonium–Magnesium Chloride System at 323.2 and 348.2 K

Solid–Liquid Phase Equilibria of Potassium–Ammonium–Magnesium Chloride System at 323.2 and 348.2 K

Two-dimensional/three-dimensional hierarchical self-supporting potassium ammonium vanadate@MXene hybrid film for superior performance aqueous zinc ion batteries

Currently, aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) have grown to be a good choice for large-scale energy storage systems due to their high theoretical specific capacity, low redox potential, low cost, and non-toxicity of the aqueous electrolyte. However, it is still challenging to obtain high specific capacity and stability suitable cathodes. Herein, hierarchical self-supporting potassium ammonium vanadate@MXene (KNVO@MXene) hybrid films were prepared by vacuum filtration method. Due to the three-dimensional nanoflower structure of KNVO with dual ions intercalation, high conductivity of two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene, and the hierarchical self-supporting structure, the AZIB based on the KNVO@MXene hybrid film cathode possessed superior specific capacity (481 mAh/g at 0.3 A/g) and cycling stability (retaining 125 mAh/g after 1000 cycles at a high current density of 10 A/g). In addition, the storage mechanism was revealed by various ex-situ characterizations. Hence, a new viewpoint for the preparation of AZIB self-supporting cathode materials is presented.

Acid-Soluble Drilling Fluid in the Northern Carbonate Reservoir of the Yishan Slope in the Ordos Basin

The carbonate reservoir in the northern Yishan slope of the Ordos Basin presents significant challenges to gas field exploration and development. With its low pressure, limited porosity, low permeability, and abundance of micro-fractures, the reservoir is resistant to acid dissolution. Once solid particles block these fractures during drilling and completion, serious reservoir damage ensues. To address these obstacles, we engineered an acid-soluble, solid-free drilling fluid system in the lab. This involved incorporating sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, heat-resistant starch, fungicides, and lubricants. Contrasted with the commonly used potassium ammonium based drilling fluid system, our innovative solution showed notable improvements. Specifically, the density decreased by 0.04 to 0.06 g/cm3, and the solid content decreased by 4.0% to 6.50%, while the acid-soluble rate surged from 8.50% to 95.45%. In addition, the reservoir permeability recovery value saw an increase from 51.50% to 95.88%. In practical field application, we employed this novel drilling fluid system in ten horizontal wells. Following acid fracturing and reconstruction, these wells registered a 75.94% increase in gas production compared to nearby wells. Our findings demonstrate that the proposed system effectively mitigates the incursion of solid-phase particles into the reservoir while enhancing acidification during acid fracturing. This results in the swift removal of plugging, restoration of formation permeability, and improved well production. Our research thus introduces a drilling and completion fluid system of high efficiency with superior reservoir protection performance, potentially offering substantial benefits to the development of carbonate rock salt gas reservoirs.

Structural and Phase Transformations on the Surface of Superprotonic Crystals of Acid Salts of Potassium–Ammonium Sulfate

Structural and Phase Transformations on the Surface of Superprotonic Crystals of Acid Salts of Potassium–Ammonium Sulfate

Engineering crystal water in potassium ammonium vanadate for fast Zn-ion storage.

The effect of different annealing temperatures on the electrochemical performance of potassium ammonium vanadate (KNVO) was investigated, and the annealed KNVO regained H2O from the aqueous electrolyte to achieve an optimal structural water content during activation. In addition, the accompanying oxygen vacancies further promoted Zn2+ diffusion kinetics of the KNVO cathode in AZIBs and achieved excellent rate performance (344 mA h g-1 at 10 A g-1).

Productivity of corn as affected by the accumulation of heat units and different nitrogen fertilizers

Purpose. To establish the effectiveness of the application of different fertilizers in corn cultivation technologies in the Left Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine, depending on the weather conditions of the years of research.
 Methods. Field research was conducted in the years 2019–2021 in dark grey podzolized soil. The results of the study were calculated using the SAS 9.4 software package. Analysis of variance was performed using the Duncan rank criterion.
 Results. Calculations of the accumulation of heat units showed a significant difference by year, which largely determined the level of corn productivity. During vegetation, the sum of active temperatures in the conditions of the northern regions of the Left Bank Forest Steppe varied, on average for 2019–2021, from 3235 (May–September) to 3731 (April–November). The largest range of difference between the sums of heat units was for the period April–October, from 3550 in 2019 to 3845 in 2021, which indicates the potential for earlier corn sowing dates in this region under favorable weather conditions. Corn hybrids ‘EU Concord’ and 'EU Asteroid' are quite plastic and respond positively to optimization of nutrition. Application of N22Р57К57 in the form of diamophoska provides an increase in the yield of their grain by 0.99–1.01 t/ha, or 16.3–16.4%. Additional application of nitrogen fertilizers against the background of diammonium phosphate provides an increase in yield from 0.57 to 1.33 t/ha, or by 8.0–18.6%. With the introduction of potassium ammonium nitrate (KAN 32), the yield increase in ‘EU Concord’ was 2.19 t/ha and in ‘EU Asteroid’ 2.34 t/ha compared to the control.
 Conclusions. The sum of the accumulated heat units during vegetation more objectively characterizes the thermal resources of the area compared to the sums of positive, active and effective temperatures, which makes it possible to more accurately determine the optimal dates for sowing and the end of the crop vegetation season in the conditions of the research region. Applying nitrogen in several ways optimizes the nutrition of corn plants, ensuring an increase in individual productivity and grain yield up to 18.6%.

Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth potassium ammonium citrate in cleaning wastes of industrial equipment with 4-(2’-pyridylazo)-resorcinol

A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of bismuth potassium ammonium citrate in the cleaning wastes of industrial equipment using 4-(2’-pyridylazo)-resorcinol is proposed. The method is based on displacement of bismuth from its potassium ammonium citrate by 4-(2’-pyridylazo)-resorcinol, formation of the colored complex, and the colorimetric determination of the resulting product. The calibration curve is linear within the range from 4 to 20 mg/L of bismuth potassium ammonium citrate, the molar attenuation coefficient is 10,100 m2/mol, the detection limit is 2.7 mg/L, the quantification limit is 8.2 mg/L. The method is selective with respect to the common excipients, exhibits a good accuracy (the relative uncertainty does not exceed 10%) and precision (the relative standard deviation does not exceed 5%), does not require lengthy sample preparation and sophisticated laboratory equipment and is suitable for the routine analysis of the cleaning wastes of industrial equipment.

Growth Analysis in Sugarcane Ratoon Crop as Influenced by Potassium Nutrition in Subtropical India

ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted for two cropping seasons during 2016–19 at the ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, with the objectives to study the effect of i) K nutrition and variable sources of K on growth analysis of sugarcane ratoon crop, ii) the response of K on the photosynthetic rate of crop and iii) contribution of K on yield attributes, sugarcane, and sugar yields. Mean results of two cropping seasons indicated that the application of potassium brought forth a 12.08% improvement in tiller population over no K (107.3 thousand/ha). Potassium application through K2SO4 (SOP) showed the highest net rate of photosynthesis (15.28 µmol/m2/s) which was about 30.71% higher than the control. Among the various sources of K, SOP was found the best in improving sugarcane and sugar yields. Application of SOP resulted in 18.69% ratoon cane yield improvement over the control. Application of 75% K through K2SO4 resulted in a higher sugar yield (12.01 t/ha) which was 25.76% higher than the control (9.55 t/ha). Potassium ammonium sulfate (PAS) and murate of potash could not produce better results as compared to K2SO4. Potassium application through SOP showed the highest net rate of photosynthesis (15.28 µmol/m2/s) during the grand growth phase. Application of 50.4 kg K/ha (75% more than recommended) through K2SO4 increased 18.69% sugarcane (106.7 t/ha) and 25.76% (12.01 t/ha) sugar yields over the control (no K) and was found to the best and could be recommended for improving sugarcane and sugar yields of ratoon in subtropical India.

Multi-Functional Potassium Ion Assists Ammonium Vanadium Oxide Cathode for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

Ammonium vanadium oxide (NH4V4O10) is a promising layered cathode for aqueous zinc-ion batteries owing to its high specific capacity (>300 mA h g−1). However, the structural instability causes serious cycling degradation through irreversible insertion/extraction of NH4+. Herein, a new potassium ammonium vanadate Kx(NH4)1−xV4O10 (named KNVO) is successfully synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method. The inserted of K+ can act as structural pillars, connect the adjacent layers closer and partially reduce the de-insertion of NH4+. Due to the multi-functional of K+, the prepared KNVO presents a high specific discharge capacity of 432 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.4 A g−1, long cycle stability (2000 cycles, 94.2%) as well as impressive rate performance (200 mA h g−1 at 8 A g−1).

Preparation of Alumina-Sphere-Supported Potassium Chabazite Zeolite Membrane with Excellent Potassium Extraction Performance at Room Temperature

In this paper, a potassium chabazite (KCHA) zeolite membrane was prepared by coating KCHA zeolite on the surface of a porous alumina sphere. The performance of the KCHA zeolite membrane in extracting potassium from seawater and sea bittern at room temperature was studied in detail. The XRD results show that the prepared KCHA zeolite was a KCHA membrane. The EDS test indicated that the potassium content of the KCHA zeolite membrane reached a value of 18.33 wt.%. The morphology of the KCHA zeolite grown on the surface of the alumina sphere was similar to a sphere, and it had good symmetry. The potassium ion-exchange capacities of the KCHA zeolite membrane reached 32 mg/g in seawater and 77 mg/g in sea bittern at room temperature. Ion exchange between the ammonium ions and potassium ions in the KCHA zeolite membrane could be completed in a short time at room temperature. The KCHA zeolite membrane was proven to have good reusability in seawater and sea bittern. The selective ion-exchange mechanism of the KCHA zeolite membrane was controlled by a specific K+ ion memory.

EXOGENOUS OPTIMIZATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION CAPACITY OF PLANTS IN MODERATE DROUGHT CONDITIONS

The effect of Thiourea, Galmet and Thiogalmet on the antioxidant protection capacity of plants in moderate drought conditions was studied. Thiogalmet is a new chemical composition that contains Thiourea (Tu) and Galmet - a preparation that consists of a mixture of potassium, ammonium, magnesium gallates, and potassium molybdate and ammonium paramolybdate. Biological tests were performed in the vegetation complex of the Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection. As subjects of investigations served the plants Glycine max (Merr) L Nadejda variety and Zeya mays LP458 cultivar, grown in the Mitcherlih vegetation pots with 40 kg soil and exposed to the drought stress at the critical stages for water. It has been established that pre-treatment of plants with Thiourea, Galmet and, in particular, with Thiogalmet increases the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbateperoxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GLR) and glutathione peroxidase (GLPX). The high activity of antioxidant enzymes is associated with a decrease in the content of malonic di-aldehyde (MDA). The increase in antioxidant protection capacity of plants pre-treated with Thiogalmet was recorded both in optimal conditions and in conditions of oxidative stress induced by drought. Thiogalmet has been shown to be one of the new biologically active chemicals that can be used in agriculture to reduce the negative impact of oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Comparing Proton Conduction in Potassium and Ammonium Borosulfate—Isostructural Inorganic Polyelectrolytes Exhibiting High Proton Mobility

A scalable new method for the synthesis of borosulfate compounds in sulfuric acid providing control over product crystallite size is reported as an alternative to traditional methods requiring slow growth from oleum. This new synthetic approach is used to prepare three isostructural, 1D borosulfates: one containing only ammonium cations, another containing only potassium cations, and the third sample with a solid solution of 1:1 ammonium–potassium. Proton conduction in polycrystalline pellets of these borosulfate electrolytes is compared by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. For a given cation (e.g., NH4 +), conductivity decreases by three orders of magnitude with decreasing particle size while maintaining constant activation energy, indicating that proton conduction is not primarily a grain‐boundary process. AIMD simulations show that excess proton mobility in K[B(SO4)2] is in line with that of NH4[B(SO4)2], being a backbone (not cation) mediated process. Although K[B(SO4)2] exhibits higher activation energy (60.6 ± 2.0 kJ mol−1) than NH4[B(SO4)2] (33.8 ± 1.0 kJ mol−1), at 200 °C it achieves comparable conductivity to NH4[B(SO4)2] samples, which is attributable to hydrolytic B–O–H defects being the common source of mobile protons in these materials.

SIMULATION OF CROPS YIELD GROWN ON LEACHED SMOLNITSA AND ALLUVIAL-MEADOW SOIL

The study presents results of field experiments with maize conducted during the year 2020 on two fields with different soils in Bulgaria, namely Leached smolnitsa and Alluvial-meadow soil. This article aims to perform a simulation experiment of crop yields to evaluate the limits of maize grain yield grown on soils with different properties and with different levels of nutrients. The multifactorial experiments include the application of mineral fertilizers - ammonium nitrate, superphosphate, potassium sulfate and diatomic earth, containing respectively – nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and diatomic earth, which represents 89-95% silica in amorphous form) in a design that allows assessment of the actions and interactions of the four factors, varying on three levels. The simulation is preceded by an analysis of variance and regression analysis of the experimental data. Simulation is performed at medium levels of all nutrients and on concurrent levels of nutrients including the high level of two fertilizers excluding two others. The summary results show that the experimental and simulated maize yields on Leached smolnitsa in Bozhurishte are significantly lower than those on Alluvial-meadow soil in Tsalapitsa.

Potassium Ammonium Vanadate with Rich Oxygen Vacancies for Fast and Highly Stable Zn-Ion Storage.

Vanadium-based materials have been extensively studied as promising cathode materials for zinc-ion batteries because of their multiple valences and adjustable ion-diffusion channels. However, the sluggish kinetics of Zn-ion intercalation and less stable layered structure remain bottlenecks that limit their further development. The present work introduces potassium ions to partially substitute ammonium ions in ammonium vanadate, leading to a subtle shrinkage of lattice distance and the increased oxygen vacancies. The resulting potassium ammonium vanadate exhibits a high discharge capacity (464 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1) and excellent cycling stability (90% retention over 3000 cycles at 5 A g-1). The excellent electrochemical properties and battery performances are attributed to the rich oxygen vacancies. The introduction of K+ to partially replace NH4+ appears to alleviate the irreversible deammoniation to prevent structural collapse during ion insertion/extraction. Density functional theory calculations show that potassium ammonium vanadate has a modulated electron structure and a better zinc-ion diffusion path with a lower migration barrier.

Ion-Pair and Triple-Ion Formation of Ammonium Iodide and Potassium Iodide Salts in Two Different Organic Solvents at 298.15 K

In present work, the ion pair and triple ion formation of ammonium iodide (NH4I) and potassium iodide (KI) have been studied at 298.15 K. The work has been done using the two different solvents viz. o-xylene and o-toluidine. The limiting molar conductance (Λo), limiting molar conductance of triple ion (Λo T) at infinite dilution in the pure solvent, association constant (Kp) and triple ion constant (KT) at a particular temperature was studied by using the Fuoss-Kraus technique for the chosen salts. At smaller concentrations, ion pair concentration (CP), triple ion concentration (CT), ion-pair fraction (α) and triple ion fraction (αT), respectively were examined by using Kp, KT and to compare Kps as well as KTs values for the chosen salts.

Influence of Flux on the Structural and Thermoluminescence Properties of Y2SiO5:Dy3+ Nanophosphors for Dosimetric Applications

Potassium nitrate (KNO3) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) flux were added during the combustion synthesis of Y2SiO5:Dy3+ (9 mol %) nanophosphors, which influenced its structure, morphology and thermoluminescent properties. Reduction in the crystallite size to ~ 7 nm observed using XRD analysis. Surface morphology enhanced in terms of its texture. Thermoluminescence analysis of the prepared phosphors irradiated with gamma dose over a range of 500 Gy – 4 KGy at a constant heating rate 3 ºC s–1 have been carried out. Kinetic parameters were evaluated by Chens method and activation energy was found to be 1.01-1.3 eV. Flux addition resulted in creation of large number of charge carriers and hence the material become the potential for dosimetry applications.

The application of ammonium sulphate and amino acid on cotton: effects on can improve growth, yield, quality and nitrogen absorption

A field study was carried out to determine the influence of foliage applied plant growth promoter and retardant in improving soil applied sulphur fertilizer use efficiency in cotton during two consecutive summers 2014 and 2015. Experimental trial comprised of three different sources of sulphur (ammonium sulphate, potassium sulphate and elemental sulphur) and foliar spray of plant growth promoter and growth retardant including tap water was taken as control. Among treatments soil applied ammonium sulphate with foliage applied amino acid produced maximum plant height, sympodial branches, pods per plant, seed cotton yield, fiber yield, biological yield, protein contents, oil contents and leaf nitrogen uptake as compared to the other treatments. Whereas, soil applied potassium sulphate with foliar spray of mepiquat chloride on cotton significantly improved the boll weight and leaf potassium uptake. We conclude that soil applied ammonium sulphate and foliage spray of amino acid was more effective in improving the productivity and quality attributes of cotton.

Potassium nitrilotriacetate as a multifunctional modifier of the buried interface for hysteresis-reduced perovskite solar cells.

Potassium nitrilotriacetate (NTAK) was employed to modify the buried SnO2/perovskite interface. Benefiting from the coordination roles of carboxyl and amino groups, and the diffusion role of potassium ions, NTAK could enhance the bilateral connection, improve perovskite morphology, suppress non-radiation recombination, and reduce the hysteresis effect. The optimal device with NTAK modification achieved an effective power conversion efficiency of 21.02%. This was a successful attempt to improve the buried interface.

NEW MOLLUSCOCIDES FOR THE PREVENTION OF FASCIOLOZ, SHISTOSOMOSIS (ORIENTOBILGAR- CIOSIS) AND PARAMPHISTOMATIDOSES

The article presents the results of the search and development of methods for the use of new molluscicides available to practical veterinary specialists and livestock breeders. It was found that mineral fertilizers widely used in agriculture – ammonium sulfate and potassium chloride have a sulfficiently high (95–100 %) molluscicidal effect against freshwater mollusks Lymnaeа and Planorbis, intermediate hosts of pathogens of fascioliasis, schistosomiasis, (orientobilharziasis) and paramphistomiasis in cjncentrations of 0,1–0,2 %. A significantly highmolluscicidal effect was established from the use of (potassium permanganate) and hydrogen peroxide, which shower 100 % efficacy at concentrations of 1:400000 and 1:40000. Table salt and tea soda have a certain molluscicidal property, in concentra-tions of 1:200–1:250 in relation to the volume of water in the reservoir.