Potassium Acrylate Research Articles

Modification of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers as a source of potassium and its impact on onion plant

This research study aims to improve the productivity and vegetative growth characteristics of onion to meet local demands and the volume of exports. This was done by the application of foliar nano-fertilizers based on cellulose nanofibers (CNF). TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) -oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TO-CNFs) were fabricated using the TEMPO-oxidized method in the presence of sodium or potassium hydroxide to obtain sodium carboxylate TO-CNFs (N-CNF) and potassium carboxylate TO-CNFs (K-CNF), respectively. Also, potassium acrylate was used in grafting N-CNF to get potassium polyacrylate-g-sodium carboxylate TO-CNFs (G-CNF). The prepared CNFs were described via various techniques such as FTIR, SEM, TGA, and XRD. X-ray analysis demonstrated that N-CNF, K-CNF, and G-CNF consisted of a crystalline domain of crystallinity index 0.45, 0.41, and 0.55, respectively. K-CNF showed marginally lower thermal stability than N-CNF influenced by its crystalline properties. The vegetative growth and the yield of onion plants, plus the content of photosynthetic pigments, minerals, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, as well as total phenols, flavonoids, and indoles, were studied. The results showed that the application of K-CNF as a foliar nano-fertilizer improved the onion yield and the content of elements, protein, total soluble solid, phenols, and indoles as well as the content of cellulose and lignin

Alternative use of the hydrogel 3005K4® copolymer with ligninolytic enzymes for treating contaminated soil

In this study, we found that a copolymer of acrylamide and potassium acrylate (Hydrogel 3005K4®) in two particle sizes (1-2 mm and 2-4 mm) could absorb conditioned Galhaup media recovered from Trametes versicolor growth containing ligninolytic enzymes. It was found that the most efficient absorption capacity of the copolymer in the presence of the conditioned medium was using a 0.2:10 weight/volume (w/v) copolymer-conditioned medium ratio for both particle sizes. This ratio is a quarter of its absorption capacity in distilled water. A different desorption behavior of the medium was also observed, depending on whether the copolymer was exposed to the soil, water, or air. The ligninolytic enzyme media absorbed by the Hydrogel 3005K4® showed slower desorption of conditioned medium in soil for 10 days and faster desorption in air and water between 24 and 72 h. The enzymes were capable to preserve the activity after absorption. The versatility of this vector holding the enzymes may be attractive for reduce the presence of organic compounds (pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, synthetic and natural dyes) on soil as part of a bioremediation technique, with a possibility of being reused.

Effects of several superabsorbent polymers on soil exchangeable cations and crop growth

Owing to their excellent water absorption and water retention properties, superabsorbent polymers have become an important technology for realizing agricultural water savings. To explore the exchange pathways of exchangeable cations in soil caused by different superabsorbent polymers and their effects on crop nutrient uptake and growth, three types of superabsorbent polymers, sodium acrylate, potassium acrylate and acrylamide–sodium acrylate, were used in this project to study the effects of different dosages on crop growth, root morphology and the distributions of Na+, K+, Ca2＋ and Mg2+ in the root tips. The results were as follows: among all the treatments, the inhibition effect of the sodium acrylate superabsorbent polymer was the most obvious. Compared with CK, the biomass decreased by 70.3% (AN2), the root length and root surface area decreased by 62.7% and 61.1% respectively, plant K+ and Na+ increased by 18.5% and 2423% respectively, and Ca2+ and Mg2+ decreased by 27.6% and 18.7% respectively. Adsorption experiments with Ca2＋ and Mg2+ further proved that the superabsorbent polymers adsorbed more than 95% of the Ca2＋ and Mg2+ in the soil while releasing Na+ and K+ into the soil after swelling.

2-Hydroxyethyl substituted cationic surfactants with dodecyl hydrophobic chain: Properties and application

Different head-group containing ionic-liquid cationic surfactants (ILCS) are synthesized by the reaction of 1-bromododecane and various alkylethanolamines ([mono(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, methyldiethanolamine, di(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, 2-(methylamino)ethanol, N-2-(dimethylamino)ethanol, 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol]), which hold 2-hydroxyethyl group functionality. By tensiometric and conductometric measurements, surface parameters of the synthesized ILCSs are investigated. Variation of the colloid-chemical parameters with a change in the head group (e.g., replacing methyl-with ethyl- and 2-hydroxyethyl fragments) is recorded. The synthesized ILCSs antimicrobial properties are studied. Microbial assay analysis shows that C12DEA is the most effective biocide relative to other ILCS. New polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexes are also synthesized via stepwise procedure: Acrylic acid and potassium acrylate are polymerized and obtained polymer is propoxylated, then exploiting di(2-hydroxyethyl)amine and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, the synthesized propoxylated acrylic polymers are neutralized. Our studies reveal that the synthesized polyacrylate surfactant complexes are promising substances for oil recovery.

Adhesion of Polymer to TiO2 Particles Decreases Photocatalytic Activity of Polyelectrolyte Hydrogel Photocatalyst

AbstractA comparative study on the photocatalytic activity was done for TiO2/poly(acrylamide‐co‐potassium acrylate) composite hydrogels with varying content of potassium acrylate monomer units. The presence of the acrylate units led to the increase in the swelling ratio of hydrogel and to the enhancement of the diffusion of the methyl orange probe dye to the surface of the embedded TiO2 particles. However, the photocatalytic activity was not improved. Microcalorimetry data showed that while the enthalpy of polymer adhesion to the TiO2 particles surface was positive in the case of polyacrylamide and it became negative if acrylate units were included in the polymer network. Likely, the adhesion enhancement occurred due to the electrostatic interaction among acrylate monomer units and surface of TiO2 particles. As a result of polymer adhesion to the active surface of the catalyst particles was partly blocked and the photocatalytic activity of the composite hydrogel diminished.

Effect of the application of organic amendment and microorganisms that promote plant growth on tomato production (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

It is important to conserve and improve water use efficiency and crop productivity in arid and semi-arid zones. For which, the use of beneficial microorganisms and water retainers can help in the tolerance of plants to drought conditions. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the effect of inoculation with MPCV- plant growth promoting microorganisms (Azospirillum brasilense and mycorrhizal fungi) and the application of organic amendment of potassium acrylate on the production of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.). A greenhouse trial was carried out with a completely randomized experimental design with 4 treatments (T1: Control without application of amendment or MPCV; T2: application of K acrylate amendment; T3: with MPCV inoculation; T4: with joint application of K acrylate amendment and MPCV), with 15 replicates. The highest production and size of tomato fruits was achieved with the inoculation of MPCV (T3) and with the application of K acrylate (T2) individually. The inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and mycorrhizal fungi, and the application of the organic amendment of potassium acrylate at the time of transplanting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) improves growth and increases its production.

Hydrogel composed of potassium acrylate, acrylamide, and mineral as soil conditioner under saline conditions

Hydrogels have potential as soil conditioners due to their high capacity to retain water and mitigate soil salinity. However, investigations under saline conditions are necessary because there are losses in both water absorption and salinity mitigation depending on the composition of hydrogel and ions involved in salinity. In this work, we studied a commercial hydrogel in two experiments. The first experiment was conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the absorption by the hydrogel of water with electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 dS m–1, promoted by NaCl. The second experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme (with and without hydrogel × EC of the first experiment). Although salinity reduced water absorption by hydrogel by 84 %, the polymer applied in a sandy soil under saline conditions reduced water losses by 58 %. However, hydrogel did not increase the final soil moisture (~ 0.10 g g–1). The polymer reduced Na+ concentration in leachate from 1,499 to 1,219 mg L–1 at the highest salinity level (4.5 dS m–1), but it increased Na+ soil availability by 0.1 mg kg–1 in comparison with polymer absence. Hydrogel application increased Na+ content in plants from 9 to 13 mg kg–1 at the highest salinity, while K+ content was 10 to 16 mg kg–1 lower than that observed without a polymer. Hydrogel 0.07 % (w/w) reduced maize biomass, indicating damage by monovalent ions, compromising the polymer potential under salinity.

Electrochemical reactor for sustainable transformation of bio-mass derived allyl alcohol into acrylate and pure hydrogen

Acrylic acid is widely used in the chemical, polymer, cosmetic and food industries. Typically, it is produced through processes with a high environmental impact. In this paper, we demonstrate the co-production of the potassium acrylate salt and hydrogen gas from allyl alcohol in a liquid flow fed anion exchange membrane electrolysis cell operating at 60 °C and ambient pressure. We compare in electrolysis cell tests, two electrocatalysts Pd/C and Pd-CeO2/C evaluating the activity and selectivity for acrylate production. Electrolysis cell parameters are tuned obtaining a maximum conversion of allyl alcohol of 96% and a selectivity to acrylate of 50% at an operating cell voltage of 1 V. Operating at a lower cell potential (0.7 V) the selectivity for acrylate increases to 74%. Hydrogen gas is produced in the separated cathode compartment at an energy cost of 26 KWh kgH2-1, which is around half when compared to state-of-the-art water electrolyzers. The electrochemical oxidation mechanism of allyl alcohol is also studied and discussed, providing for the first time an insight into the pathways for formation of acrylate with respect to the other principle oxidation products (propionate and 3-hydroxypropionate).

Rapid Degradation of Superabsorbent Poly(Potassium Acrylate) and its Acrylamide Copolymer Via Thermo-Oxidation by Hydrogen Peroxide

Superabsorbent poly(potassium acrylate) (P(KA)) and poly[acrylamide-co-(potassium acrylate)] (P(Am-co-KA)) were synthesized and their effective degradation via chemical and biological processes were pursued. Significant reductions in dry mass and water absorbency were observed after P(KA) (53% and 54%, respectively) and P(Am-co-KA) (43% and 40%, respectively) were buried in the soil for ten weeks, indicating their partial biodegradation. Although the living fungal culture failed to degrade the polymers, digestion by its crude peroxidase (20 U/g, 16 h) significantly decreased the dry mass (15%; 15.0 ± 0.3 g) and water absorbency (13%; 16.0 ± 1.0 g/g) of P(KA). Chemical oxidation using H2O2 at high temperature with/without peroxidase efficiently liquidized both polymers specifying significant changes of their structures. The maximum degradation of P(KA) (99.84% weight loss) was obtained when incubated with 12.8% (v/w) H2O2 at 65 °C for 7.3 h while 98.43% weight loss was achieved after P(Am-co-KA) was incubated with 14.8% (v/w) H2O2 at 68 °C for 9.2 h. To assess the phytotoxicity of the degraded products, their effect on seed germination was determined. No significant inhibition was observed in mung bean germinating on both the untreated polymers and their oxidized products. On sweet corn, the degraded products were apparently less inhibitory than did the untreated polymers. These results suggested that the rapid and efficient degradation of polyacrylate and its copolymer by the thermo-oxidation of H2O2 could be applied for a larger scale of superabsorbent waste management.

PROPERTIES OF WATER-SWELLABLE COMPOUNDS BASED ON NITRILE RUBBER WITH VARIED ACRYLONITRILE CONTENT

ABSTRACT This article examines the development of water-swellable rubbers for oil and gas production packer equipment. The object of the investigation is to document the effect of rubber's acrylonitrile content on the swelling of the elastomers modified with sodium-carboxymethyl cellulose and a copolymer of acrylamide and potassium acrylate. After testing the samples at room temperature, the most influential factor in a material's swelling was discovered to be the mineral content in the liquids imitating well fluids. NBR polarity stemming from the inherent acrylonitrile (CN-group) level was not explicitly detected to affect the swelling rate and maximum ratio under the described conditions of the experiment. It was determined that in sodium chloride aqueous solutions with concentrations from 3 to 22%, swelling of nitrile rubber mostly depends on its cross-linking degree.

PPH (potassium polyacrylate & hectorite) composite materials – A new fire accident emergency method for thermal protection of adjacent tanks

When a chemical tank fire happens in a storage area, it is very important to protect adjacent tanks so as to decrease fire accident losses. In this paper, a new thermal protection method was put forward based on a PPH (potassium polyacrylate & hectorite) thermal insulation composite material spraying on an adjacent tank under fire. Firstly, the PPH material was prepared successfully by a polymerization reaction of potassium acrylate, hectorite, NaHSO3 and (NH4)2S2O8. Secondly, thermal insulation performance of the PPH material was characterized by heat transfer process at high incident heat flux using cone calorimeter. The results show that thermal insulation performance of the PPH material is affected by a content change of (NH4)2S2O8, NaHSO3 and hectorite in formulations. The content of (NH4)2S2O8 0.14 wt%, NaHSO3 1.38 wt% and hectorite 1.4 wt% was an optimum formulation ratio to obtain best thermal insulation performance. Finally, possible thermal insulation mechanisms of the PPH material were presented using SEM, TG and TG-IR techniques. One of the thermal insulation mechanisms is the incident heat flux absorbed by water evaporation from the PPH material. Another is the thermal protection of the char formed from the PPH material at high incident thermal radiation, which can prevent heat and mass transfer.

WATER-SWELLING ELASTOMERS BASED ON ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE RUBBER

This paper is dedicated to the investigation of water- and oilswelling ability of the elastomeric material based on nonpolar ethylene-propylene rubber, modified by water swelling agents such as combination of copolymer acrylamide with potassium acrylate and sodium-carboxymethyl cellulose. It was found that the maximum volume increase of the sample recorded during it`s exposure in water and is equal 1250 %, in 10 % and 22 % aqueous solutions of sodium chloride is up to 280 % and 210 %, in oil and the Polyekonol-Flora drilling system 70 % and 80 %, respectively.

The Characteristics of Swelling Pressure for Superabsorbent Polymer and Soil Mixtures.

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are used in agriculture and environmental engineering to increase soil water retention. Under such conditions, the swelling pressure of the SAP in soil affects water absorption by SAP, and soil structure. The paper presents the results of swelling pressure of three cross-linked copolymers of acrylamide and potassium acrylate mixed at the ratios of 0.3%, 0.5% and 1.0% with coarse sand and loamy sand. The highest values of swelling pressure were obtained for the 1% proportion, for coarse sand (79.53 kPa) and loamy sand (78.23 kPa). The time required to reach 90% of swelling pressure for each type of SAP differs. Samples of coarse sand mixed with SAP K2 in all concentrations reached 90% of total swelling pressure in 100 min, while the loamy sand mixtures needed only about 60 min. The results were the basis for developing a model for swelling pressure of the superabsorbent and soil mixtures, which is a fully stochastic model. The conducted research demonstrated that the course of pressure increase depends on the available pore capacity and the grain size distribution of SAPs. The obtained results and the proposed model may be applied everywhere where mixtures of SAPs and soils are used to improve plant vegetation conditions.

Synthesis, characterization, and photopolymerization of (meth)acrylate‐functional polyisobutylene macromers produced by cleavage/alkylation of butyl rubber

AbstractLinear, multi‐functional polyisobutylene (PIB) macromers bearing pendent and terminal (meth)acrylate moieties were prepared via electrophilic cleavage/alkylation of butyl rubber in the presence of (3‐bromopropoxy)benzene, followed by displacement of the resulting bromide moieties with potassium (meth)acrylate. Number average functionality (Fn) ranged from 2.8–7.9; functional equivalent weights ranged from 2.3–4.7 kg/mol. For comparison, a three‐arm, end‐functional PIB triacrylate with equivalent weight of 3.3 kg/mol was also synthesized via living polymerization and end quenching with 4‐phenoxy‐1‐butyl acrylate. All polymers were photocured using Darocur 1173 photoinitiator, and curing kinetics were monitored by real time Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. All systems reached ~100% conversion by 1,800 s, but the linear macromers displayed slower curing rates compared to the PIB triacrylate. The curing rate of linear macromers increased as molecular weight decreased. Cured networks were characterized using dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile testing. Tensile strength varied from 0.15–0.80 MPa. Young's modulus varied from 0.13–1.8 MPa. Strain at break for most networks ranged from 34–54%, but the network derived from the lowest molecular weight PIB reached 113% at failure. Percent extractables, measured using solvent extraction, was about 2% for linear macromers and about 4% for PIB triacrylate.

Hidrogel acrilato de potasio como sustrato en cultivo de pepino y jitomate

La agricultura es la base de la alimentación, se desarrolla en suelo e hidroponía. La hidroponía se explica cómo cultivos sin suelo, en soluciones nutritivas, para el caso del tomate y del pepino es en sustrato. Los sustratos han incrementado la productividad, con uso eficiente de agua y fertilizantes. Si la agricultura consume 70% de agua y en gasto 30% es fertilizantes, el objetivo de este trabajo fue utilizar hidrogel de acrilato de potasio por su capacidad de disminuir la pérdida de fertilizantes como ser reserva de agua, permitiendo mantener la producción de tomate y pepino. La investigación se realizó en Querétaro en 2017. Se evaluó diferentes capacidades de saturación del hidrogel para sus propiedades, la mezcla de sustrato y el rendimiento de tomate y pepino, encontrando diferencias significativas.

Synthesis of ZnO/SiO2-modified starch-graft-polyacrylate superabsorbent polymer for agricultural application

A bio-based superabsorbent polymer (SAP) for agricultural application was synthesized from modified starch (MS) to enhance its antibacterial property and biodegradability. The starch was modified by zinc oxide and tetraethyl orthosilicate via a sol-gel reaction under an acidic condition. Structural and morphological examinations were used to confirm the modification. The MS showed a good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with 61.9 % and 99.9 % reduction in viable cells, respectively, after a 1 h exposure. The MS was then graft copolymerized with potassium acrylate monomer to synthesize a new MS-g-polyacrylate (PA) SAP. The grafting reaction was confirmed and the main factors for agricultural applications along with its biodegradation and antibacterial properties were achieved. The MS-g-PA SAP exhibited an excellent reusability and biodegradation. Importantly, the MS-g-PA SAP did not impose growth inhibition of mung bean (Vigna radiata), but provided some transient drought relief.

Synthesis and Study of Mechanical Properties of Polyelectrolyte Ferrogels Based on Strontium Ferrite Particles

Ferrogels have been synthesized on the basis of a copolymer matrix of acrylamide and potassium acrylate filled with magnetic particles of strontium ferrite SrFe12O19, the distribution of which was set by applying magnetic field of 15 and 420 mT. It has been shown that the degree of swelling of ferrogels decreases with the introduction of particles. It has been shown that the application of a magnetic field forms chain structures in bulk ferrogel, which contribute to an increase in the elastic modulus.

Controlled synthesis of azobenzene-containing block copolymers both in the main- and side-chain from SET-LRP polymers via ADMET polymerization

Novel ABA triblock copolymer contained azobenzene (azo) chromophores both in the main- and side-chain was designed and synthesized via combination of single electron transfer-living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) and acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization. The α-bromoester end group of side-chain azo-polymer prepared in SET-LRP system using acrylate bearing azo group as monomer was reacted with potassium acrylate to yield azo-polymer with the chain end of α-acrylate, which acted as a monofunctional macromolecular chain stopper for subsequent ADMET polymerization of azo-functionalized α,ω-diene monomer to finally controllable synthesize ABA triblock azo-copolymer. The diluted solutions of main-chain ADMET azo-homopolymer, side-chain SET-LRP azo-homopolymer, and main-side chains azo-copolymer exhibited different photoisomerization behaviors (maximum absorption and rate of photoisomerization) under the irradiation of UV and visible light. All these interesting results could provide a guide for the design of photosensitive materials.

The Characteristics of Absorbency Under Load (AUL) for Superabsorbent and Soil Mixtures

Various applications of superabsorbent polymers (SAP) include the use of these materials in agriculture and environmental engineering to increase soil water retention. Under such conditions, there is water absorption of the SAP in soil under load. This paper presents the results of absorbency under load (AUL) of a cross-linked copolymer of acrylamide and potassium acrylate mixed at ratios of 0.3%, 0.5% and 1.0% with coarse sand and sandy loam. The mixtures were subjected to loads equivalent to 10, 20 and 40 cm of soil. The highest differences in AUL values for both soils, compared to the control sample, were obtained after 24 hours and at a maximum load of 5.9 kPa, which corresponds to a load of a 40 cm thick topsoil layer. The AUL was 71.4 g∙g−1 for coarse sand and 52.7 g∙g−1 for sandy loam with a 1.0% SAP addition, which corresponded to 24.0% and 18.0%, respectively, of the absorption in the control sample. All the conducted tests revealed a significantly low rate of water absorbency, which is especially important for capturing the water that infiltrates into the soil profile. The results demonstrate that water absorption by SAPs decreased with the increase in SAP addition.

Crystal Structures of Missing Links in the Early History of Solid-State Reactions: The Group IA Acrylates and Methacrylates

The crystal structures of potassium acrylate and related compounds studied by the group of Herbert Morawetz (1915-2017) have remained unknown for 60 years. 60Co γ-irradiation of potassium acrylate, the most reactive of all materials studied, affords high yields of polyacrylate, with molecular weights in the range 120,000 – 400,000. At the present time, the only alkali metal salts of acrylic and methacrylic acid whose structures appear in the Cambridge Structural Database are those of lithium. We report five new crystal structures: potassium acrylate (1), potassium methacrylate (2), potassium hydrogen dimethacrylate (3), rubidium hydrogen dimethacrylate (4), and sodium dihydrogen trimethacrylate (5). The discussion focuses on metal coordination, proposed reaction pathways for radical polymerization in the solid state, and possible reasons for differences in acrylate vs. methacrylate reactivity.