Potassium Acetate Research Articles

Synergistic lattice regulation of additive and interface engineering to realize high efficiency CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cell

The CsPbI2Br material has gained recognition as an exceptional candidate for both single- and multi- junction solar cells due to its remarkable thermal and light stability, along with its suitable band gap. However, despite these inherent advantages, CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells (PSCs) still encounter significant energy losses, which impede the further enhancement of their efficiency. Although various approaches involving additives and interface engineering techniques improved device performance, the influence of these methods on the perovskite lattice is frequently overlooked. Herein, synergistic lattice regulation through the combination of potassium acetate (KAc) as electron interface layer and methylammonium chloride (MACl) as perovskite additive, was proposed. The MACl dopant effectively increases the crystallinity and grain size of CsPbI2Br film by retarding the crystallization rate of perovskite, resulting in the enhancement in short-circuit current density (Jsc) of PSCs. Unfortunately, unlike the behavior observed in inorganic–organic perovskites, the introduction of Cl‾ from MACl into the interstitial positions leads to lattice expansion in CsPbI2Br, resulting in reduced open-circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF). However, the incorporation of K+ replacing Cs+ effectively mitigates lattice distortion phenomena. Consequently, the CsPbI2Br PSCs, benefiting from the complementary effects of the MACl additive and KAc interfacial layer, exhibit an outstanding champion power conversion efficiency of 17.11 %. This research offers profound insights into the impact of ions introduced through additive and interface engineering on perovskite lattice stress.

Safe cycling in winter: Results of a case study on the role of de-icing in the city of Hamburg, Germany

Introduction: In parts of Europe and North America, cycling volumes decrease in winter due to a reduction in subjective safety. To counter this, high-quality winter maintenance is required on cycle paths. At the moment, grit and sodium chloride are considered state-of-the-art gritting/de-icing materials in Germany. However, grit has to be removed after winter because it poses a serious injury risk on dry streets, and, in various German cities, using sodium chloride is prohibited on segregated bike paths due to the harmful impact on surrounding trees. Therefore, there is a need for alternative gritting/de-icing materials. Method: We used a mixed-methods approach consisting of qualitative and quantitative surveys together with laboratory investigations and a life cycle assessment to find suitable alternatives to sodium chloride and grit for use on segregated bike paths, and tested four de-icing materials (sodium chloride as a reference, sodium formate, calcium magnesium acetate or CMA, and potassium acetate) at two sites in Hamburg, Germany. The tests were accompanied by on-site cyclist surveys. Results: The results show that the use of alternative (non-sodium chloride) de-icing materials either reduces or eliminates negative impacts on the environment at a local level, for example on trees along the cycle path. However, this reduction goes hand in hand with increasing negative environmental impacts at a global level due to higher overall emissions associated with the tested alternative de-icing materials. Regarding cyclists’ safety, sodium formate was the only de-icing material which delivered comparable results to sodium chloride and should therefore be tested in extended conditions. Conclusions: Further research is needed on the large-scale application of the investigated de-icing agents on cycle paths in different cities, along with a survey of a larger number of cyclists. A final evaluation of the environmental aspects can only be made when the supply and production conditions for large-scale use are clear. Practical Applications: Basically there are two options for the practical application of de-icing materials: The usage of the costlier alternatives with better properties at a local level in the hope of fast development towards a better global GHG footprint in their manufacturing processes, or sticking to the use of grit and sodium chloride (where it is possible) while committing to improving clean-up after the snow and ice melt to prevent unsafe road conditions in spring.

Tunability of zinc electrochemistry in potassium acetate: effects of supporting electrolyte concentration

Tunability of zinc electrochemistry in potassium acetate: effects of supporting electrolyte concentration

Microporous and Grain-Sized Design of High-Yield Porous Carbon Materials by Using Potassium Acetate and p-Phenylenediamine

Microporous and Grain-Sized Design of High-Yield Porous Carbon Materials by Using Potassium Acetate and <i>p</i>-Phenylenediamine

Effect of the Type and Concentration of Salt on Production Efficiency in Smart Water Injection into Carbonate Oil Reservoir Rocks.

Smart waterflooding is one of the most practical emerging methods of enhanced oil recovery in carbonate reservoirs. In this study, the effect of salt type and its concentration in smart water on oil recovery from a carbonate reservoir rock is investigated. A series of experimental measurements, including zeta potential (ZP), interfacial tension (IFT), and contact angle (CA), were conducted to examine the effect of ions on the oil/brine/rock interaction. IFT, ZP, and CA were also used as screening methods to select effective solutions for flooding experiments. The results of the study show that synthesized brines containing sodium acetate and potassium acetate salts have a significant effect on the reduction of IFT; however, rock surface wettability due to such brines is insignificant. The presence of organic salts in the injected water can alter the properties of the fluid and rock surface, leading to improved oil recovery. The salts can reduce the interfacial tension between the oil and water phases, making it easier for the water to displace and mobilize trapped oil. This effect is particularly beneficial in reservoirs with high oil-water interfacial tension as it enhances the capillary forces and improves the sweep efficiency. Smart water with sodium acetate (MSW.NaOAc) caused a 7% increase in oil production in the tertiary injection process due to IFT and CA reduction. The secondary injection of MSW.NaOAc led to an oil production efficiency of 76%, which is 10% higher than that of the secondary injection of seawater (SW), confirming the effectiveness of acetate ions in enhancing oil recovery. Doubling the concentration of sulfate ions in modified SW (MSW.NaOAc.2S) caused a 19% increase in oil production in tertiary injections after SW flooding. The secondary injection of MSW.NaOAc.2S produced a 13% increase in the recovery factor compared to SW flooding in the secondary mode. The main driving mechanism for oil mobilization was found to be wettability alteration, which is supported by the analyses of CA and ZP. This study confirms that the salt type and concentration present in a brine solution play a vital role in the movement of trapped oil in carbonate reservoirs.

The potassium acetate additive enhances the stability of the FA0.75MA0.25SnI3 precursor solution and the performance of corresponding perovskite solar cells

Although Sn-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved excellent conversion efficiency, the issue of easy oxidation of Sn2+ still needs to be addressed. This paper believes that the antioxidant ability of PSCs can be improved starting from the precursor solutions. In this work, potassium acetate (KAc) is first added to FA0.75MA0.25SnI3 precursor solution to suppress the oxidation of Sn2+ and to prepare a high-quality KAc-FA0.75MA0.25SnI3 composite film. The KAc-FA0.75MA0.25SnI3 film has better crystallinity and optical absorption, reduced defect density and unnecessary non-radiative recombination while suppressing Sn2+ oxidation. Finally, the PSCs based on KAc-FA0.75MA0.25SnI3 film achieved an excellent power conversion efficiency of 9.62% and a long-term stability of over 850 h to retain 80% of its initial efficiency.

A dual-acetate synchronous catalysis-activation strategy towards regulable porous graphitic carbon for high-energy supercapacitor with acetate water-in-salt electrolyte

Supercapacitors are one of the most extensively studied energy storage devices due to their many unique advantages. The design of electrode material and electrolyte is the key to building high-performance supercapacitors. In this work, high-energy aqueous supercapacitors are constructed by optimizing these two factors. On the one hand, a dual-acetate (nickel/potassium acetates) synchronous catalysis-activation strategy is developed for the first time to prepare porous graphitic carbon from commercial super absorbent polymer as electrode material. Compared with the porous carbon activated by potassium acetate alone and the graphitic carbon catalyzed by nickel acetate alone, the porous graphitic carbon shows much more remarkable electrochemical performance. On the other hand, the impacts of water-in-salt and salt-in-water electrolytes of aqueous potassium acetate on energy storage properties of supercapacitors are investigated comparatively. The water-in-salt electrolyte of 22 M potassium acetate has a significant effect in broadening voltage window up to 2.95 V. When the operating voltage window is extended from 1.6 to 2.2 V, the energy density can be increased from 17.1 to 40.6 Wh kg−1. Moreover, both the porous graphitic carbon electrode and potassium acetate water-in-salt electrolyte are conducive to the slow self-discharge capability.

Factorial Mixture Design for Properties Optimization and Modeling of Concrete Composites Incorporated with Acetates as Admixtures

Nowadays, admixtures are used with the aim to provide strength and durability to concrete with less water use. New and low-cost admixtures gained a large amount of consideration to mitigate the problems associated with concrete’s durability and service life without upsetting its strength properties. The current work investigates the effect of three types of acetates on the workability, density, and compressive strength of concrete, which is used in structures of the Iraqi ports that suffer from corrosion damages and deterioration owing to the aggressive marine environments. Potassium acetate (KA), calcium acetate (CaA), and ethyl acetate (EA) are incorporated with different doses (1.38–5.6 wt.% of cement) in concrete mixtures using different water/cement ratios (0.48–0.54) based on an espoused central composite experimental design. The experimental results confirmed that the average workability increased with increasing the acetate dose, particularly with CaA. The density and compressive strength of 28 days of water-cured mixtures increased with increasing acetate dose following the order: Ca &gt; K &gt; Ethyl acetate and decreased with increasing w/c ratio. The high rise in compressive strength and workability linked to control mixtures was 30.8% and 77.3% as well as 15.7% and 64.3% for the mixtures incorporated with 5.6 wt.% CaA and KA, respectively. While it was 14.2% and 58.3% for the mixtures incorporated with 3.5 wt.% EA. RSM was employed to optimize and model the design and hardened properties of concrete mixtures. ANOVA results predicted the same trend, which was obtained from the experimental results. The mathematical models were valued with high-regression coefficients. The highest compressive strength of 42.68 MPa has been achieved for a concrete mixture of 0.48 w/c ratio by the incorporation of 5.1 wt.% CaA through a model with R2 96.97%. The relatively low-cost acetate admixtures, particularly CaA, seemed promising for the fabrication of concrete with outstanding properties.

Water Activity Prediction and Moisture Absorption Isotherms in Plant Food Preservation

The fraction of the water content in a meal (P) to the humidity of pure water is used to represent water activities (aw) (P0). It foretells if water would likely transfer from the packaged food into any potential microorganisms' cells. aw= P/P0. The difference in between vapour temperature of the meal when it is in perfect equilibrium with the air waves around it and the vapour pressure of distilled water in the same circumstances is the food's moisture activities (aw). SPSS statistics is a lithium chloride monohydrate, Potassium acetate, Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate, Sodium chloride, Cadmium Chloride, Potassium Chromate, Lithium sulfate, Sodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium sulfate. The Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is 0.424 which Indicates 40 % reliability. From the literature review, the above 40% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be Considered for analysis. the outcome of Cronbach's alpha reliability Models is of total cranberry Alpha score is 0.424, which Denotes a 40% dependability level. The 40% Cronbach's Alpha value model mentioned above from the literature Review may be used for analysis.

Synthesis of Aliphatic Nitriles via Desulfonylative Smiles Rearrangement

AbstractHerein, we demonstrate the synthesis of aliphatic nitriles from N-acyl (2-nitrophenyl)sulfonamides via a desulfonylative Smiles rearrangement. The developed reaction routes provide a variety of aliphatic nitriles containing primary, secondary, and tertiary carbon centers in good-to-excellent yields. Our method requires the use of the easy-to-handle reagent potassium acetate and solvent 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, and it does not rely on toxic metal cyanides or transition metals. The process is suitable for large-scale reaction and for one-pot syntheses starting from an acyl chloride or a carboxylic acid.

Evaluation of cytogenotoxic effect of potassium acetate on Allium cepa L. root tips

Potassium acetate is a food additive used for preserving and regulating acidity (buffering agent) of processed food. The continuous use of food additives in our various foodstuffs made it necessary to test their possible toxicity. This research aims to test the cytogenotoxic effects of the food additive potassium acetate (E261) by using Allium cepa test system. The parameters tested were: root length, root number, mitotic index, and mitotic abnormalities. The concentrations of potassium acetate were: 0,00% (control), 0,05%, 0,10%, 0.15%, 0,20%, and 0,25%. The onions were incubated in different concentrations of potassium acetate for 72 hours. The roots were then taken and spread on a microscopic slide by squash method. The results showed that the tested food additive had a positive effect on root length, root number, and mitotic index at 0.05%. However, it had mitodepressive effect at higher concentrations and also decreased root length and root number as compared to the control. Total mitotic abnormalities increased with increasing the food additive concentration. The different mitotic abnormalities observed were laggard chromosomes, C-mitosis, multipolar anaphase, sticky metaphase, binucleate, sticky anaphase, and micronuclei. The highest effect of the test material was observed at 0.25% potassium acetate. These results suggest that this food additive is mutagenic and can be harmful if used in high concentrations in food. Keywords: Food additive, Meristematic cells, Mitotic index, Abnormalities

Exergic performance of plate evaporator coated with nanoparticles for fish preservation

ABSTRACT A theoretical analysis is conducted using a nano-coated plate evaporator surface for fish preservation. Copper and alumina nanoparticles mixed with the base material (Steel) are considered for the evaporator material. Different brines (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, potassium acetate, and calcium chloride) act as secondary refrigerants. Various performance parameters (pumping power, exergy rate change, irreversibility, exergic efficiency, non-dimensional exergy, and irreversibility distribution ratio) based assessment has been performed. The maximum percentage reduction in non-dimensional exergy and irreversibility, and maximum percentage rise in exergy rate change, irreversibility distribution ratio, and exergic efficiency have been acquired for propylene glycol brine. The pumping power decreased by 2.5% for alumina-copper hybrid nanoparticle-based material. The irreversibility and non-dimensional exergy have been reduced by 1.5%, whereas the exergy change rate, exergic efficiency, and irreversibility distribution ratio enhanced by 0.5%, 0.5%, and 2.5%, respectively, for PG brine (percentage-wise). The study reveals that the surface coated with nanoparticles provides better exergic performance.

Interfacial and Doping Synergistic Effect of Versatile Potassium Acetate toward Efficient CsPbI2Br Perovskite Solar Cells

The functional material-based interface and additive engineering are considered as valid approaches to enhance the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, most of these materials have been reported to play only one role in PSCs. Herein, we applied versatile potassium acetate (KAc) as the cathode buffer layer (CBL), electron transporting layer (ETL), and perovskite additive in all-inorganic CsPbI2Br PSCs, respectively. All the KAc-incorporated devices yield higher efficiency than the control device. Especially, we achieve the interfacial and doping synergistic effects by introducing KAc CBL between SnO2 ETL and CsPbI2Br perovskite. For the interfacial effect, the KAc CBL can passivate the Sn-related defects and optimize the interfacial energy-level alignment at the SnO2/CsPbI2Br contact. For the doping effect, KAc is partially doped into CsPbI2Br during spin-coating of the perovskite precursor solution due to its good solubility in the solvent of perovskite precursor, which results in the passivation of uncoordinated Pb2+ in the perovskite layer. Owing to the interfacial and doping synergistic effect, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) increases noticeably from 12.91% to 15.71% after inserting KAc CBL. Furthermore, the device with KAc CBL exhibits superior long-term thermal stability. The findings offer a versatile material to simultaneously passivate interfacial and bulk defects and thus enhance the performance of all-inorganic PSCs.

Visible-Light-Induced Photoreduction of Carborane Phosphonium Salts: Efficient Synthesis of Carborane-Oxindole-Pharmaceutical Hybrids.

Visible-light-induced photoreaction of carboranes is an effective approach to prepare carborane-containing compounds. While several methods involving boron-centered carboranyl radicals have been established, those for carbon-centered carboranyl radicals are underdeveloped, except for the UV-light-promoted photohomolysis. Herein, we describe a simple but effective approach to access carbon-centered carboranyl radicals by photoreduction of carborane phosphonium salts under blue light irradiation without using transition metals and photocatalysts. The utility of the method was demonstrated by successfully preparing a range of carborane-oxindole-pharmaceutical hybrids by radical cascade reactions. Computational and experimental studies suggest that the carbon-centered carboranyl radicals are generated by single-electron transfer of the photoactive charge-transfer complexes between the salts and the additive potassium acetate.

Visible‐Light‐Induced Photoreduction of Carborane Phosphonium Salts: Efficient Synthesis of Carborane‐Oxindole‐Pharmaceutical Hybrids

AbstractVisible‐light‐induced photoreaction of carboranes is an effective approach to prepare carborane‐containing compounds. While several methods involving boron‐centered carboranyl radicals have been established, those for carbon‐centered carboranyl radicals are underdeveloped, except for the UV‐light‐promoted photohomolysis. Herein, we describe a simple but effective approach to access carbon‐centered carboranyl radicals by photoreduction of carborane phosphonium salts under blue light irradiation without using transition metals and photocatalysts. The utility of the method was demonstrated by successfully preparing a range of carborane‐oxindole‐pharmaceutical hybrids by radical cascade reactions. Computational and experimental studies suggest that the carbon‐centered carboranyl radicals are generated by single‐electron transfer of the photoactive charge‐transfer complexes between the salts and the additive potassium acetate.

Potassium Acetate Passivated SnO2 Interface for High‐Efficiency Two‐Step Deposited Perovskite Solar Cells

AbstractThe quality of the tin dioxide interface has an important impact on the performance of perovskite solar cells. Herein, a facile potassium acetate strategy to effectively treat the SnO2/perovskite interface and enhance the film quality of perovskite crystals is used. The defect density at the interface can be reduced, thereby suppressing the nonradiative recombination of excitons. Enhanced performance of the two‐step deposited perovskite device is obtained with an open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.173 V, a fill factor of 78.31%, and a power conversion efficiency of 23.63%.

A breakthrough adsorption study of modified activated carbon using different environmentally-friendly activating agents

Adsorption using solid adsorbents is a promising technique for capturing carbon dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) to reduce greenhouse gas emission. In the present work, palm shell-based activated carbon was functionalized with eco-friendly activating agents including potassium carbonate, potassium acetate, binary deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride and ethylene glycol, and ternary DES composed of choline chloride, urea and ethylene glycol by impregnation method. Post-combustion CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; adsorption performance of the functionalized adsorbents was evaluated in a fixed-bed adsorption column under varying adsorption temperature (25-55°C) and inlet CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration (15-20%), followed by a cyclic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; adsorption study to determine the regeneration ability of the adsorbents. The results revealed that activated carbon modified with potassium acetate (ACPA) exhibited remarkably high CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; adsorption capacity of 116.5 mg/g and breakthrough time of 54 min at 25°C and 15% inlet CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration. Furthermore, ACPA demonstrated good regeneration ability even after seven adsorption-desorption cycles. Interestingly, it was found that activated carbon modified with ternary DES (AC-DES 4) exhibited significantly higher adsorption capacity than activated carbon modified with binary DES (AC-DES 2). It is worth mentioning that the present work is the first study that uses ternary DES as activating agent for such purpose.

A Novel Carbon Dioxide Desorption Phenomena using Potassium Acetate Aqueous Solution

A novel CO2 absorbent, 50–75 wt.% aqueous potassium acetate solution (AcK(aq)), which showed a CO2 absorption capacity of ~ 0.2 mol CO2/mol, and could almost immediately completely desorb CO2 on addition of 40 wt.% H2O at 30 ℃ was investigated. This novel phenomenon seemed contrary to the Le Chatelier's principle because H2O is reactant in this system. After characteristics of products by FTIR and XRD diffraction pattern, the novel desorption behavior was attributed to the acid-base reaction between KH(CH3COO)2 and KHCO3 precipitates within the absorbent sludge. As H2O was added, both compounds re-dissolved and CO2 was released. A similar observation was made when the absorbent sludge was heated to temperatures above 60 ℃, owing to an increase in solubility with temperature. The mechanism of CO2 captured and released by AcK(aq) was proposed in this study. This novel energy-saving CO2 absorption and desorption behavior reveals that AcK(aq) has a high potential for application in the commercial production process.

Regioselective cycloruthenation of N‐(benzylidene)benzylamines: Enantiopure catalysts for transfer hydrogenation

The reaction between N‐(benzylidene)benzylamines (p‐RC6H4CH=NCH2C6H5; R = Cl, H, NO2, F, OMe), [RuCl2(η6‐p‐cymene)]2 and potassium acetate has cleanly furnished the corresponding cycloruthenated complexes C1–C5. The process is completely regioselective, with the formation in all cases of the endo‐derivative, independently of the substituent of the aromatic ring. The five‐membered endo‐metallacycles C6 and C7 can also be obtained from the enantiopure imines (RC)‐p‐RC6H4CH=NCHMeC10H7 (R = Cl, H, respectively) working under similar conditions. The crystal structures of the seven metallated compounds have been determined by X‐ray diffraction. These complexes are active as catalyst precursors for the reduction of acetophenone and benzophenone by transfer hydrogenation. An enantiomeric excess of up to 77% at room temperature has been obtained with the complex C7 in the reduction of acetophenone.

Transform of Kaolinite in Iraqi Kaolin Clay to Halloysite by Intercalation Reaction

The kaolinite of the Duikhala Deposite in the Iraqi Western Desert underwent intercalation with potassium acetate (KAc) and was subsequently washing with water several times. More than 70% of intercalation was achieved and checked using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique by observing a decrease in the peak intensity 7.2 Å and the appearance of the peak intensity at 14 Å after two days of intercalation. The surface area and cation exchange capacity were increased in the treated sample compared to the untreated one. Transmission electron microscopy images of the treated sample of kaolinite, after 35 cycles of repeated intercalation and washing, showed that the kaolinite lamellar were wrapped along the main crystal directions and transformed into the nanotube shape halloysite mineral.