post-World War Research Articles

Do Tax Increases Tame Inflation?

The answer is “yes” for personal income taxes but “no” for corporate income taxes. Using narrative-identified US federal tax changes post-World War II and disaggregated sectoral data on consumer and producer prices, we show that higher average personal income tax rates lower prices across a broad range of sectors, but higher average corporate tax rates do not. There is also significant sectoral heterogeneity in the size of the effects. Finally, only personal tax increases lower inflation expectations, while corporate tax increases lead to persistent declines in stock prices. Our results are consistent with personal taxes affecting aggregate demand and corporate taxes persistently affecting supply conditions.

성난 젊은 세대들

This study first examines the global youth crisis, symbolized by the term “Ikea Generation”, referring to young people in temporary employment who are easily used and discarded. It traces the origin of this phenomenon back to the works of the “Angry Young Men” in post-World War II Britain during the 1950s. This article compares it to contemporary South Korean youth culture. The study then analyzes three representative novels of the Angry Young Men generation: Kingsley Amis's Lucky Jim, John Braine's Room at the Top, and Alan Sillitoe's Saturday Night and Sunday Morning. After examining their contributions, the conclusion suggests Richard Hoggart's vision of the “cultured, political, and intellectual working-class minority” as a source of hope and alternative for the angry youth, as emphasized in his work The Use of Literacy.
 In particular, the conclusion highlights that just as the Red Brick universities in the UK helped eliminate the literacy gap among the working class and improved social mobility and growth, digital literacy can emerge as a new opportunity for social mobility among South Korean youth. The study emphasizes the need for national support and policy for this digital literacy for the Korean youth generation.

The Consequences of Fully Remote Interpretation on Interpreter Interaction and Cooperation

The emergence of conference interpreting as a profession, with the related formal attributes of a professional association, a code of ethics, and professionally-run training institutions, coincided with and was facilitated by the spread of simultaneous interpretation (SI) in the post-World War II period. SI enabled the increase in interpreted events and in the number of languages interpreted, thus accompanying the development of a multilingual institutional architecture. Whilst it also marked the beginning of a trend towards the greater distancing of interpreters from meetings, it led to greater proximity with peers, with the formation of interpreter teams. This helped to shape and consolidate informal professional attributes, such as a set of self-beliefs and norms. The greater physical distance of interpreters from the actual event has culminated in remote interpreting configurations of different types, the most extreme being full remote where interpreters interpret from their computers in separate locations. On-site interpreter interaction encompasses many features, including practical forms of mutual assistance, but it also involves face-saving techniques, the sharing of knowledge and expertise, the alleviation of performance-related tensions and reinforcement of professional cohesion. Professional cohesion is understood here as compliance with a shared set of norms and adherence to shared beliefs, creating a feeling of belonging to and identification with the profession. The use of remote interpreting involving interpreter home-working (henceforth called full remote) marks a sharp break with on-site teamwork, rendering some forms of cooperation difficult. In the following, we wish to consider how this might impact interpreter interaction and professional cohesion. To do so, a preliminary investigation of seven meetings has been conducted – two with interpreting on-site and five with interpreters in fully remote mode, with a view to identifying trends and patterns in interpreter exchanges in each. Preliminary observations indicate a notable reduction is some forms of interaction and cooperation. The intention of the article is to open up a new area of investigation and a new angle on the impact of remote interpreting on interpreters and the profession.

Citizen Justice: The Environmental Legacy of William O. Douglas—Public Advocate and Conservation Champion. By M. Margaret McKeown

In this well-crafted book, M. Margaret McKeown portrays former Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas as a citizen justice. Never content with the role of an aloof judge on the high court, Douglas was an ardent advocate of public policy, especially concerning the natural world. In the post-World War II years, when Americans were embracing outdoor recreation and environmental protection as never before, Douglas found a favorable atmosphere for his activism to protect wilderness, wildlife, and the air and water. McKeown ably shows how Douglas attained a fierce independence during his upbringing near the mountains of Washington, and from the people and culture in the Pacific Northwest. After directing the Securities and Exchange Commission late in the New Deal, he accepted Franklin Roosevelt’s nomination to join the Supreme Court and served from 1939 until 1975. Douglas advocated nature protection in such popular publications as Reader’s Digest, Life, and Playboy, and in his own books, among them A Wilderness Bill of Rights and My Wilderness: The Pacific West (1965). McKeown emphasizes Douglas’s fearlessness and political savvy, that he knew what buttons to push in the corridors of power in Washington. He frequently needled officials of the Forest Service and National Park Service, reminding them of their obligation to safeguard public lands. Through his contributing efforts to the Wilderness Society, the Sierra Club, and other organizations, he gave the fledgling environmental movement respectability in the face of greater powers. His best-known activism was during the 1950s when he led hikes along the old C & O Canal in Maryland and on a Pacific Coast beach in Olympic National Park—both threatened by proposed highways. In the end, both roadways were shelved and the landscapes protected.

PARA-ANTISOCIALITY: HATRED, CELEBRITY, PROJECTION, ATTRACTION, IMPOTENCE, AND CATHARSIS IN LIMINAL SOCIETIES

The last three decades of media expansion and technological innovation, encompassing the 24-hour media news cycle, the original desktop- and later site-based internet, gaming, social media, and the smartphone, have radically altered the means by which citizens of the developed and developing world access information and how they construct and maintain relationships. As the reach, robustness, ubiquity, and engagement potential of the two-dimensional world have expanded, those of the three-dimensional world have diminished (an effect accelerated during the COVID and post-COVID eras). As one world atrophies, a new one rushes in to fill the void. Celebrity culture; neoliberal economic policies; the decline of family, community, and organised religion; and the post-World War II suburbanisation and aesthetic sterilisation of shared spaces have all contributed to the decay and fragilization of the antecedent meat space (in-person) bonds. In their place, has risen the parasocial relationship—that between audience and performer or, in more modern terminology, content creator and content consumer. Why celebrities/content creators are loved is not the question to be posed herein. Notoriety, adulation, status, physical attractiveness, and charm—these all do much to explain why the famous and would-be famous alike are regarded with affection. Why they are hated—as they often are, if only by a portion of their audience—is less clear. This paper will examine the origins and utility of antagonistic parasocial relationships as well as the extent to which para-antisociality is harmful to content creators and consumers and what (if anything) can and should be done to manage hostility in parasocial relationships.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0009/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

GEO-ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE GLOBAL MARKET: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS (PANDEMIC AND MILITARY&POLITICAL SHOCKS, 2010–2022)

Noting that many articles and fundamental reports are devoted to the problems of geo-economic and geopolitical transformations, the author offers his view on some of the main trends of such changes and the causes that determine them. The question of the formation and transformation of geo-economic structure of the world economy in current conditions – in the period after 2008-2009 global financial crisis, with the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian Federation’s ongoing war against Ukraine – is considered. The actions of the collective West, caused by the historical challenge from countries of Asian and so-called Euro-Asian civilizations in the form of rapid economic growth (sometimes, a "jump") in a number of former "third world" countries, are analyzed. Three groups of main causes that led to the aforementioned changes in the pace and direction of geo-economic restructuring are identified and analyzed: fundamental (civilizational), pandemic (related to the economic consequences of COVID-19 pandemic), and military & political (Russian Federation’s military aggression against Ukraine). Although on the surface the effects of causes that emerged during the last decade are seen, in reality they only boost the effects of the root causes that determine the long-term trends. Given that Ukraine has found itself at the center of a clash of interests between several important actors of global politics and economy at once, inevitable changes in the geo-economic position of Ukraine in the post-war world are expected, which may lead to its qualitatively new role in the global economy, provided that the authorities and society understand new historical prospects and work persistently on relevant priorities.

Looking at the voices of the child. Ideas, challenges, and derailments in the educational space of the past

In this article first the perspectives of children in early modern Europe’s educational space will be explored by looking to children through the eyes of artists and by reading the warning against child maltreatment in an influential educational tractate, written by the famous humanist Erasmus. Then we will turn to the nineteenth century paradox: on the one hand a longing after more educational discipline in the school and in residential institutions, and on the other hand more attention for the child’s perspective by pedagogues such as Friedrich Fröbel and Ellen Key. Finally it will be asked to which extent warnings by Erasmus and other humanists were taken seriously five hundred years later by looking at recent research on post Second World War child maltreatment and abuse in out-of-home child care.

Christopher R. Seitz. Essays on Prophecy and Canon

Christopher R. Seitz. <i>Essays on Prophecy and Canon</i>

Economic Assimilation of the “Third Generation”: An Intergenerational Mobility Perspective

Grandchildren of post-World War II immigrants have started entering the labor market in Western Europe. Are they on a multigenerational path toward full economic assimilation, much like the European migrant groups in US classical assimilation theory? This paper assesses the degree of economic assimilation of third-generation descendants of immigrants with divergent initial socioeconomic positions in the Netherlands. Given the diversity in starting positions of various migrant groups, we fully account for parental (economic) disadvantages from an intergenerational mobility perspective by making use of rich register data. Looking at adult children aged 20–30 and their (grand)parents, we quantify the Dutch-third-generation gap in incomes and wealth by employing a rank–rank analysis to identify ethnic disparities in absolute and relative intergenerational income mobility. Our analysis reveals that third-generation descendants of immigrants generally reach parity with their native-Dutch counterparts, regardless of their initial position when we control for socioeconomic conditions. The results signify a diminishing role of group-specific barriers across generations for all groups. As such, the third-generation descendants of disadvantaged migrants appear to be on a track toward economic assimilation, regardless of their ethno-national origin. Our conclusion highlights implications for policy and public debates on ethnic disparities.

The New Labor Activism, a New Labor Sociology

This symposium issue of Work and Occupations on “The New Labor Activism” develops a new generation of labor sociology research for comprehending and sustaining the contemporary labor mobilization in the U.S., the largest labor mobilization since the 1930s. The symposium responds to the question raised in the June, 2022 report of the Worker Empowerment Research Network about the sustainability of the new labor activism. The symposium essays focus on the themes of “history,” “intersectionality,” “worker agency,” and “hierarchy” and continue the post-World War II transition of the field from a union-centered toward a worker-centered labor sociology.

On Legal and Legitimate Wars in the Transforming Public Sphere: Social Contract Theory’s Confusion about War Declarations

This paper examines the discursive conditions that make war legal and legitimate. In the Post-World War II period, when countries do not declare war, the gap between legality and legitimacy has widened, and wars are often neither. While other studies of war-declaring typically focus on the relations between states, this paper focuses on relations between citizen and government. In the absence of discursive declarations of war, it is unclear whether citizens are able to consent to war-making decisions. The paper surveys communicative blockages and suggests areas in which improved communication could make war legal and legitimate.

Domesticity at War: Bringing the War Home in Martha Rosler's "House Beautiful" Wartime Photomontages

The uneven, sometimes violent relationship between “here” and “elsewhere” is evoked powerfully in Martha Rosler’s House Beautiful: Bringing the War Home—two linked sets of photomontages that engage the gender and racial politics of domesticity in the US as well as the geopolitics of empire. Troubling mythologies of warfare and documentary realism with dazzling wit and critical fury, these works refer materially and specifically to places and times of war in solidarity with protest movements while also raising questions of historical linkages and political accountability. Suturing their times and spaces into discontinuous contact, the two series bring together seemingly incommensurate elements—exquisite domestic interiors, glamorous consumer commodities often associated with conventional femininity, and the landscapes and bodies damaged and destroyed by warfare--to produce images of great immediacy and visceral power. Across the long arc of the wars waged by the US from Vietnam to Iraq and Afghanistan, Rosler has shown us how the modernist aestheticization of US domesticity in the affluent post-World War II era promised personal empowerment and hopeful futures yet, emerging from warfare itself, only brought about more war.

AIPAC’s founding and the evolution of aid to Israel

ABSTRACT This exploration delves into the intricate history of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), navigating its genesis and the concurrent establishment of U.S. aid to Israel. The narrative unfolds against the post-World War II backdrop, exploring pivotal moments involving key figures like Isaiah L. Kenen, Abba Eban, and Louis Lipsky. As the Israeli embassy grappled with challenges in securing financial aid, Kenen’s vision crystallized into the creation of a domestic lobby group. AIPAC, initially known as the American Zionist Committee for Public Affairs (AZCPA), emerged, meticulously navigating the American legislative landscape to advocate for Israel. The lobby’s focus on bipartisan support, strategic alliances, and grassroots efforts paved the way for the landmark Morse–Taft Act, representing the first-ever U.S. financial aid to Israel. The narrative unfolds with a spotlight on Kenen’s strategic maneuvering, demonstrating how he deftly linked Israel’s aid to a broader regional approach, garnering support and mitigating opposition. The bill’s journey through Congress, from committee discussions to public endorsements, reflects Kenen’s orchestration of a multifaceted campaign.

Emergence and History

Emergence and History

Delta of Power: The Military-Industrial Complex by Alex Roland

Reviewed by: Delta of Power: The Military-Industrial Complex by Alex Roland Jonson Miller (bio) Delta of Power: The Military-Industrial Complex By Alex Roland. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2021. Pp. x + 291. Delta of Power is partly an updating of Alex Roland's 2001 Military Industrial Complex, published in the joint AHA/SHOT Historical Perspectives series. The second half of the book is a new analysis of the military-industrial complex (MIC) after the Cold War. As part of the SHOT/Johns Hopkins University Press Technology in Motion series, Delta of Power is directed significantly at students, providing a full, detailed history of the MIC, as well as presenting the state of the field by engaging the principal historiographic questions and debates. The book succeeds in that purpose, but Roland goes further, also contributing an argument about the continuation of a transformed post–Cold War MIC. Though there have been many books and articles identifying military-industrial complexes in pre–Cold War America and around the world, Roland pushes back on them, saying America's MIC was unique. It "cut a swath through American history unmatched by the experience of any other nation." Moreover, "no country was shaped as forcefully by the science and technology of war" (p. 39). Drawing on policy and social science literature, Roland argues that the MIC survived the Cold War but as a smaller part of the American economy, contributing much less research and development and provoking fewer concerns among an increasingly promilitary American [End Page 632] public. Despite decreased spending relative to gross domestic product, the current MIC is in fact bigger than ever, spending more money in real dollars and having expanded to include a post-9/11 intelligence-industrial complex. Roland argues that while the MIC continues to be wasteful and corrupt, it nonetheless works. It has produced expensive, unnecessary weapons systems, but it has also produced real successes, including the AEGIS ship defense system, drones, MRAP vehicles to protect troops from improvised explosive devices, and intelligence-gathering and processing systems that have protected the United States from foreign terrorist attacks. Echoing military historian Russell Weigley's argument about the "American Way of War," via Thomas Mahnken's 2010 Technology and the American Way of War, Roland places technological decision-making in a post–World War II American military culture that emphasized the quality of the military over quantity. Being unable or unwilling to build a military the size of Soviet or Chinese adversaries, the United States overcame the differences by remaining a generation ahead in weapons design. Moreover, in the post–Cold War period, the United States used an overwhelming technological advantage to minimize American casualties with the use of "stand-off" weapons, such as drones and guided missiles that avoided putting servicemembers in harm's way at all. Nonetheless, the United States recently lost its generational leap over potential peer adversaries, such as China, which now produces "good enough" weapons systems, partly through industrial espionage against the United States. Delta of Power is not, however, primarily a history of technology, or at least it does not make an argument about the construction of technology. Instead, Roland draws on the history of technology to engage and contribute to the MIC literature of journalists, policy scholars, and American political and military history. To do so, he draws on the work of several historians of technology, including Paul Edwards, Paul Forman, David Hounshell, Thomas Hughes, Stuart Leslie, David Noble, Merritt Roe Smith, and, of course, his own considerable contributions, having previously written about the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), military aerospace programs, and military technology in general. Nonetheless, there is no thorough argument in this book about the nature of technology that is equivalent to his 2010 Technology and Culture article, "Was the Nuclear Arms Race Deterministic?" Instead, Roland briefly draws on insights about technological momentum, nontechnical factors in technological decision-making, path dependency in technological development, and more to generate insights into decision-making within the MIC. Although Delta of Power does not—nor do I think it is intended to—provide an argument about technology itself, it is an essential book for historians of technology interested in either...

In with the Old

Abstract At the turn of the millennium, the United Nations (UN) sought a renewed and more broadly defined approach to development. As part of these efforts, the UN began to incorporate sport within official development policies and apparatuses, including the Millennium Development Goals and the United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace. Drawing upon primary research conducted at the United Nations archives, this article seeks to address a gap in the literature pertaining to the history of sport and development by exploring the UN's use of sport for development since its formation in the 1940s. In highlighting the use of sport in post–World War II reconstruction, decolonization, and peace-building, this article helps to illustrate a much longer history of sport for development within the UN and demonstrates how sport has long been connected to dominant development theories and practices.

Celebrating 100 Years of the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologist

In 2022, the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists (RMAG) celebrated its centennial anniversary. Founded on January 26, 1922, RMAG (called Rocky Mountain Association of Petroleum Geologists until 1947) grew out of a desire and need for petroleum geologists in Denver to come together in a collegial environment. Petroleum geology had become an important component of exploration and development, with significant discoveries in the greater Denver Basin (Florence Field) as well as east-central Wyoming (Salt Creek Field) and northwest Colorado (Rangely Field). Through the first 25 years (1922–1947), membership hovered around 50, reflecting an initial boom of World War I through the 1920s, and then surviving the Great Depression and World War II. Post-World War II through the early 1980s, the world saw a huge increase in demand for oil (less-so for natural gas), spurring the “golden years” of Rocky Mountain exploration and development of many now-famous discoveries. Denver grew as a petroleum business center with large (major) to small (independent) companies, leading to steady RMAG membership growth, which peaked at 4,524 in 1984. During this period, RMAG established a legacy of publishing (The Mountain Geologist and the Geologic Atlas of the Rocky Mountain Region, aka “the Big Red Book”), sponsored multi-day field trips and symposia, hosted weekly luncheons with 200–300 attendees at the peak, and maintained a dedicated office staff located in downtown Denver. The legacy “golden” years ended with the “crash” in oil prices in 1985–86, and membership declined about 7% per year until the mid-1990s, levelling out at 1,900 members. Within the ashes of the 1984–1995 period, however, RMAG began its On the Rocks field trip series (1986) and published several sold-out guidebooks. It inaugurated the 3D Seismic Symposium (1995) co-hosted with the Denver Geophysical Society (DGS) and hosted several successful AAPG and Rocky Mountain Section AAPG annual meetings. In the 1990s, natural gas hosted in “unconventional” reservoirs began an exploration/development revolution, spurred on by federal price supports and construction of a major gas pipeline to the West Coast in 1992. By 2000, huge natural gas resources locked in Rocky Mountain “tight gas” reservoirs became economically viable with improved hydraulic fracturing technology and increasing gas prices. RMAG membership began growing along with the increased natural gas-drilling activity, and RMAG offered multiple well-attended symposia and publications highlighting unconventional gas plays. A new boom began in 2008 with the advent of horizontal drilling for oil in the Bakken Shale of the Williston Basin and Niobrara Formation of the Denver Basin, and a massive increase in oil price. Consequently, RMAG membership reached a secondary peak of 2,978 in 2012. However, as oil prices began declining steadily in 2014, membership also decreased. By 2016, oil price decline led to the familiar cycle of company closings and layoffs. In 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic shut down all in-person RMAG activities, heavily impacting the organization. RMAG pivoted to online (virtual) luncheons, symposia, and field trips. Even so, membership declined to about 1200 members in 2022. The challenges that the RMAG will face in the next 100 years will be daunting. Long-term sustainability of the RMAG will require its members and member-leaders to recognize and embrace changes as they occur.

Realism and Reconstruction: A Comparative Perspective

Realism and Reconstruction: A Comparative Perspective

The Nightmare Island: Representations of St. Barthélemy in Swedish Novels

The Nightmare Island: Representations of St. Barthélemy in Swedish Novels

Emerging Post-Suburban Blendscapes in Metropolitan Milan and Amsterdam: Comparing Pioltello and Almere

European peripheries and suburbs are generally seen by scholars and policy experts as part of a polycentric urban-regional network. This conceptually 'cityist' and methodologically 'urbano-centric' narrative often neglects the dynamics that may emanate from and within the periphery itself instead of cities alone. This paper engages with the history, possibilities, and transformative potential of European urban peripheries in their own right. It does this by employing the idea of 'post-suburbia'. On the one hand, the concept of 'post-suburbia' is relatively open and flexible, thus helpful in disclosing novel peripheral conditions and contexts. On the other hand, it captures the relevant places and dynamics of metropolitan integration and the consolidation of regional networks in metropolitan space. First, the paper demonstrates how post-World War II European suburbanization has culminated in diverse, uneven post-suburban landscapes in the urban regions of Milan and Amsterdam, and specifically in Pioltello and Almere respectively. Second, the paper shows the nuances of socio-spatial transformations that have emerged in these two suburban peripheries, as an outcome of suburbanization. This twofold reflection enables post-suburbia as a valuable perspective that can unpack the diversities and complexities of urban regions under constant transformation by accounting for processes of diversification resulting in suburban 'blendscapes'.