Postwar Expansion Research Articles

How Japan's Economy Grew So Fast. The Sources of Postwar Expansion.

How Japan's Economy Grew So Fast. The Sources of Postwar Expansion.

How Japan's Economy Grew So Fast: The Sources of Postwar Expansion. By Edward F. Denison and William K. Chung. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1976. xvi, 267 pp. Tables, Appendixes, Index. $10.95 (cloth); $4.95 (paper).

How Japan's Economy Grew So Fast: The Sources of Postwar Expansion. By Edward F. Denison and William K. Chung. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1976. xvi, 267 pp. Tables, Appendixes, Index. 4.95 (paper). - Volume 37 Issue 1

How Japan's Economy Grew So Fast: The Sources of Postwar Expansion. By Edward F. Denison and William K. Chung. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1976. xvi, 267 pp. Tables, Appendixes, Index. $10.95 (cloth); $4.95 (paper).

How Japan's Economy Grew So Fast: The Sources of Postwar Expansion. By Edward F. Denison and William K. Chung. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1976. xvi, 267 pp. Tables, Appendixes, Index. $10.95 (cloth); $4.95 (paper).

The World Educational Revolution, 1950-1970

This paper's focus is on the extremely rapid expansion of educational enrollments that occurred throughout the world between 1950 and 1970. The universal expansion of education during this period led us to construct diffusion models and to explain this process as a consequence of the population characteristics of educational systems. Estimates of these models show that such a self-generating process explains much of the variation in educational expansion. We then test the effect of economic, political, and social characteristics of countries on educational expansion. The results show that cross-national differences in levels of economic, political, and social development do not explain much of this massive post-war expansion of educational systems. Rather, between 1950 and 1970, education has expanded everywhere as a function of the available population to be educated and of the level of education existing in 1950. We conclude by speculating that the causes of this expansion lie in characteristics of the contemporary world system, since such characteristics would affect all nations simultaneously.

How Japan's Economy Grew So Fast: The Sources of Postwar Expansion, by Edward F. Denison and William K. Chung

How Japan's Economy Grew So Fast: The Sources of Postwar Expansion, <i>by Edward F. Denison and William K. Chung</i>

How Japan's Economy Grew So Fast. The Sources of Postwar Expansion.

How Japan's Economy Grew So Fast. The Sources of Postwar Expansion.

Tales and Legends in Western American Literature

H E C T O R H . L E E California State College, Sonoma Tales and Legends in Western American Literature* Without intending any implication regarding contemporary persons of the female gender one might remark that on the American frontier and in the earlier phases of the Old West women were a very valuable asset, particularly those ladies of the so-called respectable variety. Typical of this shortage of a rare commodity is the story told in the old California mining town of Rough and Ready. Back in the 1850’s one lucky miner had a wife and several children; the rest of the town had none. Added to the miner’s good fortune was the fact that his wife was a gifted cook, and every Sunday afternoon all the other miners would drop in for a visit because they could always count on getting a generous sample of her very tasty pies. But fate took a hand in the game, and the miner died. With proper solemnity his body was carried up the hill to the graveyard, and after a few appropriate words he was duly shoveled in. On the way back to town one of the pallbearers sidled up to the widow and said, “I know it isn’t quite seemly of me to mention it now, but would you consider marrying me?” She twitched her black veil a little and said, “I’m sorry but you’re too late; the preacher has already asked me.” Such a yarn is native to the West and there were thousands like it —wandering tales which, like tumbleweeds, break loose and roll across the landscape scattering seeds for later yarn spinners to pick up. This is, of course, folklore. There were in fact lonely miners and loggers, sodbusters , cowboys and Indians, cattle rustlers, horse thieves, and fast-draw lawmen in the Old West; but we know them, not in their historical reality but as the folk, the story tellers, and the writers have imagined them to be. It is therefore the tales and legends of the West that give western literature its distinctive characteristics. *From a paper delivered at the Western Writers Conference, Utah State Uni­ versity, June 10-13, 1974. It is also issued as a cassette lecture in the Frontier Heritage series, 1974, by Everett/Edwards, Inc., Deland, Florida. 240 Western American Literature If we are to examine the cultural heritage of the American frontier, particularly as it is seen in the literature of the West, we must begin by reviewing our basic assumptions about cultural inheritance and how societal values are transmitted, and about the essential reality of what we call the West. Immediately we discover that we are dealing with traditional matter — the images of reality, the value systems born of both western idealism and pragmatism, and the romantic vision of a land bigger than life where peace and harmony of spirit could be fought for and won from a hostile environment. This is the substance of folk­ lore, and it is from the tales, legends and myths of a region or the societal enclaves within a region that the poet, novelist, or historian must draw if he is to reconcile the bare facts with the human truths that put flesh on the bones and beauty into the face of the image. In geography, time, and human life styles the Old West is like the amoeba: its form changes, its boundaries flow, its nucleus shifts, and yet it is always a living entity. Writers have declared that the Old West was and still is mainly a state of mind, that it became “a West that never was,” except in imagination. Its time span is elastic, dating perhaps from Lewis and Clark who started west in 1804, or the Alamo in 1836, or the gold rush of 1849-50, or the post Civil War expansion of the 1860’s; and its climax may have been the death of Custer in 1876 or the birth of the archetypal cowboy hero in Owen Wister’s The Virginian in 1902. No one cares to say for sure. Actually, time is of little matter here, for we are dealing with ideas that...

Introduction to Comparative Sedimentology of Carbonates

Charles Lyell and Johannes Walther are the 19th century founders of comparative sedimentology, and their philosophies and methods are the basis for most of the advances of the 20th century. A principal result of the post-World War II expansion of comparative sedimentology initiated by the petroleum industry is the increased understanding of sedimentary features in carbonates--textures, structures, and organic elements. Examples of advances include the origin and environments of algal stromatolites, synsedimentary development of dolomite on tidal flats, geometry and internal structure of ooid sand bodies, and early diagenesis in subaerial and submarine environments. The vitality of the comparative approach is attributed to the continuing comparisons of recent and fossil examples. In retrospect, many earlier interpretations of ancient sedimentary features could have been used as guides to finding their recent analogues, i.e., supratidal dolomite, submarine cement in reefs. /P> The postwar expansion of research on facies in carbonates is as lively and productive as that on sedimentary features. The five contributions of this collection explore comparisons of facies from different ages; their leadings and advances in understanding sedimentary features are used to predict future developments in (1) diagenetic facies; (2) facies anatomy of Holocene-Quaternary reefs and platforms; and (3) comparisons of facies patterns within and between geologic periods.

Some Implications of Population Growth for Senior Secondary School Enrolments

The marked post-war expansion in the secondary school population is explained by both the growth in the overall population and by the heightened aspirations and expectations which have resulted in an increasing rate of retention. It is here demonstrated on the basis of a number of apparently tenable assumptions that in the approaching decades both tendencies will continue to put heavy strains upon the school system. A strong case can be put for an appeal to demographers to apply themselves to the problems of educational planning. The area of greatest growth and greatest uncertainty is the 15–18 age group. This is largely a ‘new’ school population, coming from a different socio-economic stratum than the pre-war 8–10 per cent of the age-group from middle-class educated homes who were generally destined for university, or for a predetermined career, and may have very different expectations. Many important policy decisions must be made in relation to this expanded group, but the research evidence available and upon which these can be based, is fragmented and scanty. It is to help alleviate this situation that the research project from which this report is an early product is directed.

Social Mobility and Class Relations in Britain

Trends in social mobility in the U.S.A. suggest that upward mobility has been increasing while downward mobility has been decreasing. In the ten years 1952-62, Blau and Duncan note, 'an increasing proportion from manual origins moved up into white-collar positions, yet there was no compensatory increase in downward mobility from white-collar origins; on the contrary, increasing proportions of those originating at this level remained there'.1 In Britain the way in which the post-war expansion of secondary and higher education seem to have benefited middle-class as much as working-class children would lead one to expect a similar pattern of change in social mobility rates here.2 The questions arise firstly, as to whether this expectation can be confirmed for Britain by direct evidence; and secondly, what the implications of such changes for the structure of society might be.

The Internationalization of Business

The multinational firm which has evolved as the central institution in the tremendous postwar expansion of international business has two basic roles: transmission of resources, especially technological and managerial skills; and organization of unified multi-nation economic activities, notably in fields where there are advantages from the global integration of research and development, logistics, and financing. In pursuit of these roles the multinational firm encounters fundamental obstacles in nationalism and the structure of the nation-state. Nationalistic resistance to outsiders is aroused by the multinational firm which penetrates host nations, exercising control and extracting profits. Its global approach to economic decisions is often at odds with the nation-oriented criteria of governments. Furthermore, its control of critical economic elements, notably technology and investment, weakens the ability of elites to control their own national affairs. Despite these obstacles the multinational firm has expanded steadily because of the basic values of its economic contributions. It seems likely that this progress will continue with a gradual evolution of effective accommodation with nationalism and the nation-state even though there may be periods of greater tension along the way.

Nikolai Vassilyevich Fedorenko

Following the publication of a brief announcement in Physics Bulletin (April 1972 p234) of the death of Professor N V Fedorenko, I feel that readers may be interested to learn a little more of his life and work. In the great post war expansion of the study of electronic and atomic collision processes, the contributions of a few physicists stand out; not only in the development of the techniques, ideas and data that have advanced the subject, but even more in the guidance and inspiration of the world scientific community which has brought about this expansion.

Dollar Deficits and Postwar Economic Growth

T HREE years ago, Seymour Harris wrote that we must solve the problem as a condition for appropriate policies for growth, employment, aid, and defense; and several contributors to his book The Dollar in Crisis called for devaluation of the as the proper and indeed the only appropriate solution to the dollar problem. But economic growth in the postwar period has been universally high by historical standards. It has been especially high in the industrial countries of Continental Europe and Japan, both in comparison with the United States and in comparison with their own past. Real GNP in the six members of the European Economic Community, for example, rose 70 per cent between 1950 and 1960 -an average annual increase of no less than 512 per cent. Japan's growth was even higher. And even postwar United States growth was substantially higher than historical trends until the late fifties. In a year in which the international payments system is under close collective scrutiny by the major industrial countries, it is worth asking what role, if any, international monetary arrangements played in stimulating this growth. Dollar deficits may in fact have made a substantial contribution, and devaluation of the dollar, far from furthering free world growth, could well slow it significantly. Undoubtedly, no single factor can claim credit for postwar growth. The war-induced disturbance to old patterns of behavior and disillusionment with the prewar, static, competitive view of the world clearly fostered receptivity to rapid change in Europe and Japan. Psychological and economic momentum, gathered during the quick restoration of output to prewar levels, contributed to the sense that rapid growth was both possible and desirable. To these intangible factors were added powerful government incentives to business investment and extensive public investment. But surelv one imDortant element in the rapid postwar expansion was the presence of high export demand for European and Japanese goodsan export demand so high that additional output could always be sold profitably as soon as it became available. High demand was due in part to the continuing growth in total world demand. But it was also due to the possibility of substituting European and Japanese manufactured goods for American goods which had sometimes been the only goods available right after the war -in home markets, in third country markets, and even in the United States market. This substitution (in the context of growing markets) proceeded on a grand scale. The share of world exports of manufactures supplied by the six members of the European Economic Community, for example, rose steadily from 33 per cent in 1951 to 46 per cent in 1961 (Japan's rise was from 4 to 7 per cent), while the United States share fell sharply during the same period. United States imports of finished manufactures rose 250 per cent from 1950 to 1960, compared with a rise in United States industrial production of only 45 per cent. European and Japanese goods could be sold easily abroad because the currency devaluations of 1949 and other postwar currency changes made them cheap relative to goods, or very profitable to export at going market prices. Crude comparisons suggest the goods and services of Western Europe had declined in price by 24 per cent relative to the prices of American goods and services between 1938 and 1953.1 In 1950, the total purchasing power of the at official exchange rates was over 30 per cent higher in many European countries than it was in the United States.2 As might be expected, the of the in Europe was considerably greater for local services than for goods which move in international trade. Some products, notably produc-

Nationality, Size of Firm, and Exploration for Petroleum in Western Canada, 1946-1954

This paper presents estimates of the relative importance of Canadian-controlled and non-resident-controlled firms in the exploration for and discovery of petroleum (including natural gas) in western Canada for the years 1946 to 1954, and offers a tentative explanation of the difference in performance of the two groups in terms of the relative sizes of the firms involved. This hypothesis tends to minimize the importance of non-resident control per se in explaining the dominant role of foreign-controlled firms in the early postwar expansion of this industry. If it provides a valid interpretation of this particularly important case it would lend limited support to a more general thesis, namely, that the apparently leading role played by non-resident-controlled firms in Canadian resource developments in the late 1940's and 1950's was due in the main, not to superior entrepreneurial talent or access to superior technological skills, but rather to readier access to massive capital resources. The study therefore has a twofold interest. It is primarily a study of the relationship between size and economic performance in one type of economic activity generally recognized as inherently highly risky. At the same time, however, it makes a minor contribution to the analysis of the role of non-resident-controlled firms in the expansion of the Canadian economy in the late 1940's and early 1950's.

ECONOMIC GROWTH OF POSTWAR JAPAN

t the end of World War II, most Japanese believed that the postwar reA habilitation would be filled v'ith hardships and that it would take many years to attain the prewar level of standard of living. Japan was heavily destroyed by the war and was cut off from the traditional neighbour Asian market. With a national territory reduced to the size of the State of . California, of which not more than 16% is arable, it was considered as an almost impossible task to support her 100.000,000 inhabitants. The postwar revival and expansion was, however, so fast that it astonished the Japanese themselves. In 1953, the per capita real tlational income had reached the average prewar level of 1934-1936, and the rapid economic growth still continued. In 1949 the per capita income was $ 100, in 1959 it was about $300, and in 1961 it reached the $400 mark,1 or about half of that of West European nations but flve times that of Southeast Asian countries. (See Table 1)

The 81-a exchange trunk carrier system

The post war expansion pattern of the telephone industry has created a substantial demand for carrier equipment suitable for exchange trunk connections. There is an increasing demand for these office-to-office connections in extended area service (EAS). It has been the cost rather than technical feasibility that has discouraged extensive use of carrier equipment in the exchange plant. However, if a carrier system is available at a price competitive with cable cost, the demand will support the sort of manufacturing volume that is associated with mass production techniques. It has been the primary design target of the 81-A carrier system to prove-in economically at distances as short as 2 to 3 miles, and thus a substantial market potential is insured.

The Post-War Expansion of Teacher Training in England and Wales

The Post-War Expansion of Teacher Training in England and Wales

Effects of Mergers: Six Studies.

I The Cement Industry:P. Lesley Cook 1. Introduction 2. The Period Before 1900, and the Formation of the Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers Ltd. 3. The Immediate Effects of the Formation of the APCM, 1900-7 4. Price Agreements, 1900-10 5. The Second Combine, 1911 6. 1918-29 7. 1929-34 8. Price Stability, 1934-9 9. 1939-55 10. Conclusions Appendix II The Calico Printing Industry:P. Lesley Cook 1. Introduction 2. Before the Merger, 1850-1900 3. The Formation of the Calico Printers' Association Ltd 4. The Early Years of the Association, 1900-2 5. 1902-14 6. The Declining Industry, 1918-39 7. 1945-54 8. The Role of the Combine (a) 1919-54 (b) Conclusions Appendix: Fixed and Variable Costs III The Soap Industry: Ruth Cohen 1. Introduction 2. Expansive Without Acquisitions, 1885-1906 3. The Abortive Combine, 1906 4. The Period of Acquisitions, 1906-21 5. The Period of Consolation and Rationalization 1921 Onwards 6. Conclusions Appendix: Number of Soap Producers in Great Britain at Selected Dates IV The Flat-Glass Industry:P. Lesley Cook 1. Introduction 2. The Establishment of the Modern Industry 3. 1910-14 4. The Industry Since 1918 a. Major Technical Developments in Sheet Glass b. Major Developments in Plate Glass c. Cost Structure and Market Structure and their Relationship with Price and Output Policy d. Commercial History of the Sheet Glass Trade e. Commercial History of the Plate Glass Trade f. Rolled, Wired, Figured and Cathedral Glass 5. The Subsidiary Activities of Pilkington Brothers 6. Conclusions V The Motor Industry:George Maxcy 1. Introduction 2. The Early Experimental Years, 1896-1901 3. The Period of Small-scale Competition, 1902-22 4. The Beginning of Mass Production, 1923-9 5. Price and Model Competition, 1930-9 6. Post-War Expansion, 1945-55 7. A Comparison with the USA 8. Conclusions VI The Brewing Industry:John Vaizey 1. Introduction 2. The First Period of Mergers, 1886-1901 3. Mergers in a Depressed Period, 1900-14 4. Continuous Concentration 5. Conclusions General Conclusions Index

The Postwar Expansion of the Universities in Britain

The Postwar Expansion of the Universities in Britain

The Postwar Expansion of the Universities In Britain

The Postwar Expansion of the Universities In Britain