Posture In Adolescents Research Articles

The Importance of Body Posture in Adolescence and its Relationship with Overall Well-being

Abstract Adolescence is a phase of life with specific health and developmental needs. This is the time to develop self-image and self-esteem, learn to manage emotions and relationships, acquire attributes and abilities, and also physiologically form body posture. An efficient, erect posture of the human body is defined as the alignment of particular body segments that are not affected by pathological changes. Body posture is influenced by a variety of physiological, occupational, and biomechanical factors. It is very important to know these factors and their influence on posture to prevent the appearance of postural deviations and its consequence in their daily lives. This study is a review of articles related to the formation, defects, and corrective measures of body posture during adolescence and identifying its relationship with different aspects of health. This study identified 207 studies on the various aspects of posture in children and adolescents using search engines such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed, of which 11 studies met the eligibility criteria for the review. Postural defects are no longer confined to medicine and affect society as a whole. It plays a significant role in defining the social personality of an individual and is responsible for his upbringing. Since these disorders are prevalent in children, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of prevention programs. Thus, children should be taught the habit of maintaining proper posture along with increasing their physical activity levels and promoting healthy lifestyles.

Evidence-Based Corrective Exercise Intervention for Forward Head Posture in Adolescents and Young Adults Without Musculoskeletal Pathology: A Critically Appraised Topic.

Habitual overuse of cellphones is on the rise among adolescents and young adults. Those who maintain a flexed neck posture when using a cellphone for extended periods possess an elevated risk for developing forward head posture (FHP). Chronic FHP can lead to painful medical disorders affecting the head, neck, and shoulders. Both stretching and strengthening exercises are advocated interventions to address this postural abnormality; however, due to a wide range of corrective exercise programming in the literature, the decision for which exercises to prescribe for this condition can be challenging for clinicians. For adolescents and young adults without musculoskeletal pathology, what are the most frequent stretching and strengthening exercises incorporated into effective FHP intervention programs supported by current randomized control trials? A combined total of 5 stretches and 8 strengthening exercises were identified across 3 studies of level 1b evidence that successfully impacted FHP using a combined stretching and strengthening corrective exercise intervention. The supine chin tuck and a sternocleidomastoid stretch were utilized in all 3 studies, while scapular retraction and a pectoralis stretch were included in 2 of the 3 studies. Based on the results of this appraisal, the most frequent stretches and strengthening exercises incorporated into effective FHP intervention programs supported by current randomized control trials focused on adolescents or young adults without musculoskeletal pathology include a sternocleidomastoid stretch, pectoralis stretch, the supine chin tuck, and scapular retraction. There is "Good" to "Excellent" evidence from 3 level 1b randomized control trials to support the inclusion of a sternocleidomastoid stretch, pectoralis stretch, the supine chin tuck, and scapular retraction exercises into a corrective exercise program to address forward head posture.

EVALUATING CRANIOCERVICAL POSTURE BY USING A PHOTOGRAPHIC POSTURAL ANALYSIS in ADOLESCENTS with DIFFERENT MALOCCLUSIONS

ABSTRACT
 Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the craniocervical posture in adolescents with different malocclusions using a practical photographic posture analysis method. 
 
 Methods: Thirty-two adolescents (10-15 years) were recruited. The subjects were divided into three groups according to Angle Classification as Angle Class I (10 subjects), Angle Class II (12 subjects) and Angle Class III (10 subjects). Craniocervical postural assessments were conducted using a ‘photographic posture analysis’ method based on three substantial postural angles (sagittal head angle, cervical angle and shoulder angle).
 
 Results: No statistically significant differences were detected between three groups (p>0.05), however, sagittal head and shoulder angles were signifacantly lower in the Class II and III groups when compared to Class I. 
 
 Conclusion: According to our results, by using the photographic method, no difference was detected in craniocervical posture in adolescents with different malocclusions.

Posture of Adolescent and the Relationship with Body Mass Index, Sex, and Physical Activity.

Background: The increase in overweight and the physical inactivity in children and adolescents in the last years have been causing constant concerns. The comprehension of the postural patterns contributes to the prevention of postural deviations that could predispose to future pain and disabilities. The aim of this study was to assess the association between posture, sex, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity to understand the relationship of these factors with the posture of adolescents. Methods: We evaluated 217 adolescents of both sexes between 11 and 15 years of age who were students in municipal schools in São Paulo. The posture was assessed by photogrammetry, Foot Posture Index, Flexicurve, and the Scoliometer®. Physical activity was evaluated by the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children and Adolescent. Results: The group of adolescents with obesity presented a higher angle of lumbar lordosis and the overweight group showed greater anteriorization of the head when compared with the group with normal weight. The females presented greater head anteriorization, Q angle and lumbar lordosis, and the males presented greater projection of the trunk and body forward. The group with sedentary habits showed greater abduction of the scapulae. Conclusions: We concluded that BMI and sex had the highest relationship with the posture of adolescents. Further studies are needed to clarify the association between physical activity and posture. Our results may assist future studies and support preventive and therapeutic actions in the treatment of adolescents' postural changes.

Characteristics of physical qualities and vegetative regulation in adolescents with postural disorders

Objective. To characterize the physical qualities and autonomic regulation in adolescents with postural disorders.
 Material and methods. 124 teenagers aged 16-17 including 58 boys and 66 girls were examined. There were 2 groups of patients: with postural disorders in the sagittal (n = 57) and frontal plane (n = 67). The examination program included an assessment of physical development, somatotype, general endurance and static endurance of the large muscles of the back and trunk, autonomic regulation by analyzing heart rate variability, levels of personal and situational anxiety, as well as self-esteem.
 Results. Adolescents with impaired posture in the sagittal plane are characterized by the predominance of the asthenoid somatotype, a high frequency of body weight deficiency, a decrease in overall endurance, as well as endurance of the back and abdominal muscles, and a predominance of the activity of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system. In this category of patients, the thoracic and muscular types of physique predominate in the frontal plane of postural disorders, and there is a significant asymmetry in the static endurance of the lateral muscles of the trunk, and an increase in the functional activity of the sympathetic autonomic nervous system. In both of these variants of postural disorders in adolescents, there is a high frequency of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia, sympathetic hyperreactivity, personal and situational anxiety, and a decrease in self-esteem.
 Conclusions. Features of physical qualities, vegetative regulation and psychological sphere should be taken into account when developing differentiated programs for correcting posture in adolescents, depending on the plane of its violation.

Age, Sex, Body Mass Index, and Laterality in the Foot Posture of Adolescents: A Cross Sectional Study

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between the right and left foot posture in terms of body mass index (BMI), sex, and age in adolescents aged 10 to 14. MethodsA total of 1400 adolescents were included. For assessment, the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) was used. Each foot was assessed and ranked as supinated, normal, or pronated by the sum of the FPI-6 criteria. Each criterion was scored on a scale of –2 to +2, with negative for supinated and positive for pronated posture. A linear mixed model with repeated measures was used for statistical analysis. ResultsSex, BMI, and right and left foot are associated with FPI-6. The total score attributed for male sex (β = 0.29, P = .04) and the left foot (β = 0.73, P < .001) was higher (male right foot: mean ± standard deviation [SD], 3.09 ± 2.84, male left foot: 3.76 ± 2.80; female right foot: mean ± SD, 2.28 ± 2.61, female left foot: 3.45 ± 2.66; laterality for left foot: mean ± SD, 3.55 ± 2.71, laterality for right foot: mean ± SD, 2.82 ± 2.7). On the other hand, the correlation coefficient for the BMI was negative (β = -0.08, P = < .001), which means that the higher the BMI the lower the score attributed to the FPI-6. ConclusionsThe FPI-6 is positively related to the male sex and the left foot—that is, the predicted score is higher, so the feet tend to present with a tendency to pronation. Although BMI is associated with FPI-6, it was not possible to establish a relationship between high BMI and pronation of the feet.

A Systematic Review of the Impact of Sports on Body Posture in Adolescents

Purpose: A correct body posture plays an important role in people’s health, especially for children and adolescents who are in intensive development. Exercise regularly can increase their health, but there is also an adverse influence on children and adolescents. Thus this review evaluates the impacts of basketball, volleyball, football, gymnast training on the body posture of adolescents. Methods: The literature collect was complete through databases which included Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Eight of 480 studies met the inclusion criteria. The collecting articles have assessed the impact of the sport of basketball, volleyball, football, and gymnast on body posture. Result and Conclusion: According to the analysis, the sport of basketball and volleyball play a negative effect on adolescent’s body posture and deviation of body posture increase as training time longer. Further research is required to be done to investigate football training to affect body posture because no studies are confirming the effect of football on body posture. However, gymnast training showed a symmetrical body posture, but the changes of the spine in the sagittal plane in adolescents are worthy of attention. Therefore, it is important to notice that the training program not only aims at the outcome but also promote the harmonious development of the adolescent.

Three-dimensional evaluation of pelvic posture in adolescents with and without a history of low back pain

Background/aim: This study aimed to evaluate the three-dimensional (3D) profile of pelvic posture and postural displacements of the pelvis in adolescents with and without a history of low back pain (LBP). Materials and methods: Thirty-two adolescents participated in this study. Participants were asked if they had ever suffered LBP at some point in their lives. Participants were divided into two groups: with a history of LBP (LBP group) and without a history of LBP (control group). For 3D evaluation of pelvic posture, the PosturePrint system was used. Three digital photographs were obtained in an upright stance (anteroposterior, left-right lateral) and analyzed. Postural displacements of the pelvis were calculated as rotations in degrees and translations in millimeters. The posture index, which is the total postural displacements score, was recorded. Results: Overall, 40.6% of the participants reported a history of LBP, while 59.4% of the participants did not. Although the 3D profile of pelvic posture, postural displacements of pelvis, and posture index score were similar between groups, the majority of participants in both groups had altered pelvic and total body posture. Conclusion: The findings suggest that adolescents with LBP have a profile of pelvic posture similar to those of healthy adolescents without a history of LBP.

Therapy of poor posture in adolescents: Sensorimotor training increases the effectiveness of strength training to reduce increased anterior pelvic tilt

AbstractBackground: Increased anterior pelvic tilt is one important contributor to poor posture in children and adolescents and caused by muscular imbalance. This study aims at identifying the extent to which a sensorimotor training reduces anterior pelvic tilt more effectively than pure strength and stretch training alone. Methods: 54 male adolescents (age 13–17) with an increased pelvic tilt angle >14° were matched to three groups (strength training STR, strength + sensorimotor training STR + SENS, control CON). Maximum isometric torques for knee flexion (HA), trunk flexion (RA), and trunk extension, and pelvic tilt were measured before and after a 12 week physical therapy schedule. Two-way mixed ANOVA were calculated. Results: For STR and STR + SENS the relative torque of HA and RA increased significantly (p < 0.05) between pre- and post-test. Significant improvement of the pelvic tilt angle was identified in both training groups, with STR + SENS exhibiting a significantly larger degree of improvement....

Effects of a Resistance and Stretching Training Program on Forward Head and Protracted Shoulder Posture in Adolescents

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 16-week resistance and stretching training program applied in physical education (PE) classes on forward head posture and protracted shoulder posture in Portuguese adolescents. MethodsThis prospective, randomized, controlled study was conducted in 2 secondary schools. One hundred and thirty adolescents (aged 15-17 years) with forward head and protracted shoulder posture were randomly assigned to a control or experimental group. Sagittal head, cervical, and shoulder angles were measured with photogrammetry and Postural Assessment Software. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Assessment was used to assess shoulder pain, and neck pain during the last month was self-reported with a single question. These variables were assessed before and after a 16-week intervention period. The control group (n = 46) attended the PE classes, whereas the exercise group (n = 84) received a posture corrective exercise program in addition to PE classes. ResultsA significant increase in cervical and shoulder angles was observed in the intervention group from pretest to posttest (P < .05). For the shoulder pain scores in both groups, there were no significant changes after the 16 weeks. ConclusionsA 16-week resistance and stretching training program decreased forward head and protracted shoulder postures in adolescents.

Effects of a tailor-made girdle on posture of adolescents with early scoliosis

Spinal curvature and postural deviation are commonly found in female patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of applying a tailor-made posture correction girdle on patients with early scoliosis with the aim to help them to improve their imbalanced posture and reduce the likelihood of curve progression. A total of 10 subjects who were female adolescents with symptoms of early scoliosis were recruited through a school-screening program to undertake a 3-month wear trial with the posture correction girdle. The Vicon motion capture system has also been employed to evaluate the short-term effectiveness of this therapeutic girdle on posture correction. The results show that the imbalanced posture of the subjects improves after the 3-month wear trial, and the effect is particularly significant for the acromion in the frontal plane in a standing posture. Posture could be improved with posture training. This study shows that there is an improving trend in posture and effectiveness of motion control through the use of the posture correction girdle.

FRI0586-HPR Three Dimensional Evaluation of Pelvic Posture in Adolescents with A History of Low Back Pain

BackgroundIt is known that adolescent low back pain (LBP) is a significant public health problem and 29-71% of the adolescents suffer from LBP in a period of their lives (1)....

Влияние физической реабилитации на опорно-двигательный аппарат и иммунную систему подростков с нарушениями осанки

Purpose: to study the effect of physical rehabilitation of posture in adolescents 11–14 years on the musculoskeletal system, the concentration of T and B lymphocytes and immunoglobulins their blood. Materials and Methods: the analysis of changes in functional manifestations of muscle groups of the back and abdomen, spine mobility and components of humoral and cellular immunity in children aged 13–14 with kyphotic posture (17 boys and 21 girl). Results: physical rehabilitation was the use of the system of physical exercises and dynamic statically nature, designed to strengthen the muscles of the torso. In a complex with these exercises used a course of laser biostimulation of biologically active points. After this course received an increase in endurance in the muscles of the back and abdomen, as well as the mobility of the spine. Conclusions:analysis of components of the immune system (Ig A, Ig M, Ig G) and T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes shows the growth of its activity is treated as an increase in capacity of the organism to resist children. In this regard, the influence of the factors used in our physical rehabilitation can be regarded as stressor, but conditioning, in the end, positive results for dealing with violations of posture in adolescents.

Neck/shoulder pain, habitual spinal posture and computer use in adolescents: the importance of gender

Neck/shoulder pain is a common complaint, with evidence suggesting rates in adolescence have increased in line with increased computer use. The study aimed to examine the influence of gender on relationships between computer use, habitual posture and neck/shoulder pain. Adolescents (n = 1483) participating in the 14 year follow-up of the Raine Study cohort were surveyed for computer use, habitual sitting posture and neck/shoulder pain. Females used computers less than males (52% vs. 45% used for up to 7 h per week). Females sat much more upright than males with greater anterior pelvic tilt (9.4° vs. 0.4°). Females reported a higher 1 month prevalence of neck/shoulder pain (34.7%) than males (23.1%). A multivariate model showed neck/shoulder pain risk was increased in females (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.70–4.00) and with computer use (OR 1.19, CI 1.01–1.40). Computer use is related to neck/shoulder pain and posture in adolescents but this relationship is different in boys and girls. Statement of Relevance: This study showed the confounding effect of gender on the relationships among computer use, posture and neck/shoulder pain and thus the need to consider genders separately in research and practice aiming to optimise young people's use of computers.

Sitting spinal posture in adolescents differs between genders, but is not clearly related to neck/shoulder pain: an observational study

Is neck/shoulder pain in adolescents related to their sitting spinal posture, taking account of gender? Cross-sectional survey and direct observation. 1597 adolescents from the 'Raine' birth cohort study (781 females, 816 males) with a mean age of 14.1 years (SD 0.2). Neck/shoulder pain prevalence and gender was measured by survey. Spinal posture (7 angles) during sitting was measured from photographs. Life, month, and point prevalence for neck/shoulder pain among adolescents were 47%, 29%, and 5% respectively. Life prevalence was 10% higher in females than in males and month prevalence was 12% higher. When looking straight ahead, females sat with 2 degrees (95% CI 1 to 3) less neck flexion, 2 degrees (95% CI 0 to 3) less craniocervical angle, 7 degrees (95% CI 6 to 8) less cervicothoracic angle, 13 degrees (95% CI 12 to 14) less trunk angle, 10 degrees (95% CI 8 to 12) less lumbar angle, and 9 degrees (95% CI 7 to 11) more anterior pelvic tilt than males. Adolescents with neck/shoulder pain sat with 2 degrees (95% CI 1 to 3) less trunk angle, and 1 degree (95% CI 0 to 2) less cervicothoracic angle than those without pain. After controlling for gender, OR for neck/shoulder pain ever predicted by any angle ranged from 0.99 to 1.00 (range of 95% CI 0.98 to 1.01). Neck/shoulder pain is highly prevalent in Australian adolescents. Sitting spinal posture differs between males and females and differs slightly between those with and without neck/shoulder pain. However, posture was not predictive of neck/shoulder pain ever after controlling for gender.

Posture in Adolescents and Adults

Static posture is inactive postureposture when one is at rest without anticipated action. It includes lying, sitting, and standing, and the variations of these positions, either relaxed or under tension. Dynamic posture is posture when one is in action or in preparation for action. It includes the transitions between the static positions of lying, sitting, and standing, and also such activities as walking, running, climbing, jumping, dancing, swimming, pushing, and lifting. Poor posture is unsightly, tiring, and inefficient. Good posture looks well, conserves body energy, and it also favors optimum or maximum performance.

Posture in Adolescents and Adults

Posture in Adolescents and Adults

Posture in Adolescents and Adults

Static posture is inactive postureposture when one is at rest without anticipated action. It includes lying, sitting, and standing, and the variations of these positions, either relaxed or under tension. Dynamic posture is posture when one is in action or in preparation for action. It includes the transitions between the static positions of lying, sitting, and standing, and also such activities as walking, running, climbing, jumping, dancing, swimming, pushing, and lifting. Poor posture is unsightly, tiring, and inefficient. Good posture looks well, conserves body energy, and it also favors optimum or maximum performance.