Postural Disorders Research Articles

Rational posture as a priority for preserving and strengthening children's health

Relevance. The need to solve a complex socially-significant problem based on postural disorders in more than 80% of the examined children and adolescents determines the study's relevance. The favourable development of the child's body is a good health guarantee, which determines the fundamental reserve of the growing body's vitality. In modern society, health is a necessary condition for the harmonious development of the individual and a significant contribution to the country's development. Our state supports the development of effective methods of diagnosis, treatment, prevention and complex rehabilitation of children and adults with postural disorders to improve children's general health and quality of life. Material and methods. The search for publications was carried out in the scientific search databases CyberLeninka, eLibrary and MEDLINE/PubMed by the keywords in Russian and in English: "posture", "posture formation", "correct posture", "postural disorders", "health status", "children". We studied the information obtained from 34 Russian language and 23 international literature sources and compiled a literature review. Results. Children of different ages have different physical development disorders and various health problems. Disharmonious physical development, the disproportionality of the facial skeleton, and disorders of the musculoskeletal, nervous, respiratory and cardiovascular systems cause psychological trauma and affect the quality of life of children and adolescents. Extreme manifestations of incorrect loading of the spine (scoliosis, flat feet) and persistent spine deformities may require conservative as well as surgical treatment. Physical and functional disorders of internal organs in young people lead to the high exposure of the latter to social factors and significantly reduce the quality of life, learning skills and ability to work. Conclusion. The authors consider it relevant to clarify the criteria for a comprehensive assessment of the state of posture and necessary to improve evaluation methods for the timely detection, prevention and cure of any disorders of the musculoskeletal system and dental-facial area and thereby contribute to improving the overall health of children.

24 Scoliosis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: any link?

BackgroundJuvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an unusual aetiology of scoliosis in childhood. With few data in literature, the associated factors of scoliosis in JIA are still unknown.ObjectivesTo describe the incidence and associated factors of scoliosis in children with JIA.MethodsA cross-sectional study including children with JIA according to the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR). The recorded data included anthropometric measurements (weight, size, body mass index (BMI), and leg length), disease characteristics (JIA subtypes and duration), and static foot posture disorders. Regarding scoliosis, we collected clinical and radiographic findings.ResultsThirty-five patients, forty-three percent of the patients were boys (n = 15). The mean age was 12.2 ± 3.61 years. The mean disease duration was 4.1 ± 3.29 years. The mean patient global assessment and the mean visual analogic scale were 3.4 ± 3.02 and 3.37 ± 2.92, respectively. The patient's distribution of JIA subtypes was oligoarticular (n = 13), enthesitis-related arthritis (n = 9), polyarticular (n = 4), undifferentiated (n = 4), psoriasis-related JIA (n = 4) and systemic-onset (n = 1). The mean CRP and ESR were 7.51 ± 11.85 mg/l and 18.88 ± 15.53 mm, respectively. The mean JADAS was 7.58 ± 6.3. Seventeen percent of the patients had an inactive disease (n = 6). Seven patients (20%) (6 females) had developed scoliosis during their disease, the spine regions of scoliosis were thoracolumbar scoliosis (n = 6) and thoracic scoliosis (n = 1). There was no specific distribution of scoliosis among JIA subtypes (p = 0.464). Most patients with scoliosis had associated leg length discrepancy (71.43% vs 28.57%, p = 0.025). Static foot posture disorders were present in most patients with scoliosis (85.71% vs 14.29%) but this difference was not significant (p = 0.673) compared with patients with no scoliosis. Weight, size and BMI were not associated with scoliosis (p = 0.955, p = 0.922, p = 0.303 respectively).ConclusionOur study shows that scoliosis is associated with leg length discrepancy. Indeed, the joint inflammation of the lower limb may explain the postural syndrome in children with JIA, with a prompt impact on the axial skeleton.

АКТУАЛЬНІСТЬ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ПРОГРАМИ «ЛІКУВАЛЬНА ФІЗИЧНА КУЛЬТУРА ДЛЯ ДІТЕЙ МОЛОДШОГО ШКІЛЬНОГО ВІКУ З ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИМИ ПОРУШЕННЯМИ ПОСТАВИ В УМОВАХ ЗАГАЛЬНООСВІТНІХ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ ЗАКЛАДІВ»

In the article "Relevance of implementation of the program "Remedial physical education for children of primary school age with functional postural disorders in the conditions of general educational institutions" the priority of corrective classes in schools for children with postural disorders was researched, revealed and updated. Therapeutic physical education is not only a medical discipline that uses physical education for the purpose of treatment and rehabilitation of students, as well as disease prevention. To increase the effectiveness of exercises, the task of exercise therapy includes the use of pedagogical means of influence: developing confidence in one's abilities, a conscious attitude to classes and the need to actively participate in them. The form of therapeutic physical culture is the organizational form in which the means of therapeutic physical culture are used and the methods of exercise therapy are carried out. The methods of physical therapy are actually the tasks of physical therapy. The name of the exercise therapy method indicates the disease or pathological condition in which this method is used. Means of exercise therapy are active therapeutic factors, such as gymnastic exercises, physical exercises in water, walking, classes on simulators, etc. The article also examines the theoretical issues of training physical education teachers for the implementation of the program "Remedial physical education for children of primary school age with functional postural disorders in the conditions of general educational institutions", reveals the age-related anatomical and physiological features of the development of younger schoolchildren, the main causes of functional postural disorders in younger students schoolchildren in the conditions of general educational institutions and at home, the tasks of the program, the prospects for the formation of knowledge, abilities, skills and competences in the process of studying the program are described. Key words: therapeutic physical education, primary school age, functional postural disorders, round back, lateral curvature of the spine, general educational institutions, therapeutic physical education lesson, lesson structure.

Эволюция оптической диагностики деформаций позвоночника. Методы и перспективы развития (обзор литературы)

Introduction Diagnosis of spinal deformities in children and adolescents is important for continuous development of modern traumatology and orthopaedics. Methods of optical diagnosis of scoliosis and postural disorders have been rapidly improving along with optical and digital assessment technologies over the past centuries and required a structural analysis of the accumulated data. The purpose was to explore clinical and technical aspects of optical diagnosis of spinal deformities. Material and methods The original literature search was conducted on key resources including the National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and Scientific Electronic eLibrary. The search depth was 10 years. Results The article presents a review of the methods historically developed in optical diagnosis of spinal deformities. Major methods and systems of optical diagnosis presented included moire topography, the ISIS system, modern methods of computer optical topography (raster stereography) photogrammetric methods used in clinical medicine and in trauma and orthopaedics. Characteristics of the methods and systems are described with advantages and disadvantages discussed. The article reports evaluated accuracy, reliability and reproducibility of optical diagnostic methods. The article presents the latest information about the possibilities of introducing technology for assessing spinal deformity using modern personal telecommunication devices. Conclusion The evolution of modern trends in optical diagnosis of spinal deformity is important for medicine to facilitate safety, greater accuracy, ease of operation, digitalization and development of the Internet of Medical Things.

Selank, a Peptide Analog of Tuftsin, Attenuates Aversive Signs of Morphine Withdrawal in Rats.

Activity of a peptide tuftsin analogue Selank was studied in outbred rats using the naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal model. Single intraperitoneal injection of Selank in an anxiolytic dose of 0.3 mg/kg reduced the total index of morphine withdrawal syndrome by 39.6%, significantly (р<0.0001) attenuated convulsive reactions, ptosis, and posture disorders, and 9-fold increased the tactile sensitivity threshold in morphine-dependent rats in comparison with the group of active control; at the same time, Selank was slightly inferior to diazepam in a dose of 2 mg/kg by pharmacological activity (the decrease in total index of morphine withdrawal syndrome by 49.3% and 13-fold increase in sensitivity threshold). Thus, Selank, like diazepam, weakens the aversive signs of morphine withdrawal in rats with opiate dependence.

A Clinicoepidemiological Study of Cerebral Palsy among Children Attending Medical Rehabilitation and Rheumatology Center

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is an umbrella term used to accurately describe a group of permanent movement and posture disorders that cause activity limitations and are caused by nonprogressive disturbances in the developing fetal or infant’s brain. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors, comorbidities, and associated clinical problems with CP. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among children with CP who attended the Medical Rehabilitation and Rheumatology Center for the first time. A random sample of 76 children aged ≤1 to 5 years who were clinically diagnosed with CP was enrolled in this study. The data were collected between January 2021 and December 2021. Sociodemographics, etiology, risk factors associated with the neonatal period, factors related to obstetric histories, and CP classification were typically gathered from a questionnaire designed for this purpose. Results: The majority of participants were males, 63.2%, compared with females; 47.3% of infants were born at a low birth weight &lt;2500 g. Two-thirds of children, 64.5%, were diagnosed with CP before 1 year. Neonatal jaundice was present in 56.6% of newborns. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, 47.4%, is the most significant perinatal risk factor for CP. First-degree consanguineous marriage was observed in 35.5% of the studied sample. The mothers of 70, 92.2%, children with CP were multiparous. Most of the patients, 72.4%, had spastic CP, and quadriplegia was primarily reported in 51.3% of them. Conclusions: CP cannot be prevented in most cases, but the risk factors can be reduced. Early diagnosis gives the multidisciplinary team the opportunity for early intervention and rehabilitation.

Методики обстеження плоско-вальгусної деформації стоп в умовах спеціалізованого дошкільного закладу або в домашніх умовах

Протягом перших років життя дитини, вона інтенсивно росте, сприймає та пізнає навколишній світ, активно розвиваються усі системи її дитячого організму, зокрема, варто відзначити м`язову та кісткову системи, які формують опорно-руховий апарат людини. Захворювання опорно-рухового апарату (ОРА) одні з найчастіших у дітей дошкільного та молодшого шкільного віку. Основним чинником, який впливає на розвиток патологій ОРА можна вважати слабкість м`язової системи, оскільки м’язи у цьому віці характеризується високою здатністю до розтягнення і не забезпечують надійної фіксації кісток. Самі ж кістки характеризуються меншою твердістю, більшою пластичністю, ніж кістки дорослих, вони легше зазнають деформації під впливом сторонніх чинників. Внаслідок цього, ми досить часто маємо можливість спостерігати набуті патології опорно-рухового апарату у дітей дошкільного віку, такі як клишоногість, х-подібні ноги, плоскостопість, плоско-вальгусна чи варусна деформація стоп. Своєю чергою, захворювання нижніх кінцівок провокують захворювання хребта, зокрема порушення постави та її різновиди. Для того, щоб вчасно виявляти прояви захворювань нижніх кінцівок важливо вміти провести обстеження та правильно його проаналізувати. Метою даної статті є висвітлення методик дослідження стоп дітей дошкільного віку, які є простими у виконанні, а також можливими до застосування в домашніх умовах чи в умовах спеціалізованого дошкільного закладу. Методи дослідження: аналіз та узагальнення даних наукової та навчально-методичної літератури стосовно основних захворювань нижніх кінцівок, методів їх обстеження та методики проведення даних обстежень в умовах спеціалізованих дошкільних закладів чи домашніх умовах. Отримані результати – на підставі аналізу основних методик обстеження стоп відібрані такі з них, які, з одного боку, достатньо легко впровадити на практиці в спеціалізованому дитячому дошкільному закладі чи домашніх умовах, які не вимагають наявності складного та дороговартісного обладнання, а також можуть проводитися самостійно працівниками закладу дошкільної освіти, а, з іншого боку, забезпечують належну валідність отриманих результатів. Практичне значення наукової роботи – прописано алгоритм проведення та оцінки отриманих даних методик, які можуть бути застосовані в умовах спеціалізованого дошкільного закладу чи домашніх умовах (подометричний індекс Фрідланда за допомогою циркуля та лінійки; контурографія; вимірювання об’єму стоп). Їх застосування дає змогу у цифровому форматі або візуально результати проведення програми фізичної терапії для лікування плоско-вальгусної деформації стоп. Не менш важливо те, що ці методики можуть застосовуватися у формі гри, що є важливим фактором для проведення обстеження дітей, особливо дошкільнят.

Study of the effectiveness of osteopathic correction of the Ist toe valgus deformity of the I–II degree

Introduction. Valgus deformity of the Ist toe (hallux valgus) is a multicomponent deformity of the forefoot, which is the most common reason for visiting orthopedic surgeons. By now, there is idea that the hallux valgus development has a complex polyetiological and polypathogenetic nature. It makes a complex approach to treatment with the inclusion of methods focused on a holistic approach to body′s complex biomechanical systems in demand. One of such well-established and validated approach is osteopathy.The aim of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of osteopathic correction of hallux valgus of the Ist toe of the I–II degree.Materials and methods. The study involved 52 patients with valgus deformity of I toe, aged from 18 to 40 years. Two groups were formed by randomization envelopes method: the main group (26 participants who received osteopathic correction) and the control group (26 participants who received imitation of osteopathic correction). At the beginning and at the end of the study, the osteopathic status and severity of clinical manifestations of hallux valgus of the first finger were assessed (using the AOFAS questionnaire and the clinical-radiological Grulier scale, as well as radiography of the feet with a load in a direct projection).Results. Patients with valgus deformity of the Ist toe are characterized by the presence of global postural disorders, regional biomechanical disorders of the head, neck regions (structural and visceral component), lumbar and pelvic regions (structural and visceral component), as well as dura mater. Local somatic dysfunctions of the musculoskeletal system (tarsal-metatarsal and metatarsal-phalangeal joints, diaphragm, foot bones) and craniosacral system (temporomandibular joint, TMJ, skull sutures) were also revealed. Osteopathic correction is accompanied by a statistically significant (p&lt;0,05) decrease in the frequency of detection of all listed regional disorders (except for the lumbar region, structural component) and most local (except for local TMJ dysfunctions). Global postural disorders are not detected after the correction. The clinical manifestations severity of valgus deformity of the first finger decreases statistically significantly (p&lt;0,05), by such parameters as the interplatarsal angle value (from 12 to 11,4 degrees on average) and the valgus deviation of I finger angle (from 21 to 20,3 angles on average); the AOFAS questionnaire indicators also improve (from 56,4 to 77,5 points on average) and the Grullier scale (from 48,2 to 67,7 points on average) too.Conclusion. The results obtained during the study allow to consider the possibility of recommending the inclusion of osteopathic correction in the complex conservative treatment of hallux valgus of the Ist toe.

Application of tDCS in children with cerebral palsy: A mini review.

Cerebral palsy (CP) refers to a group of diseases characterized by persistent central dyskinesia, postural development disorder and activity limitation syndromes caused by nonprogressive brain injury in the developing fetus or infant, which is often accompanied by sensory, cognitive and attention disorders. The routine rehabilitation methods for children with CP mainly include physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy and other methods. In recent years, noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS), as a relatively new intervention method, has been widely used because of its potential to regulate cortical excitability and plasticity. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an NIBS technique that is easier and more convenient to perform. It does not require patients to remain stationary for a long time or have a significant impact on treatment results due to children's frequent activities. Compared with other NIBS techniques, tDCS has greater flexibility and no strict restrictions on patients' activities; it also helps the therapist conduct occupational therapy or speech therapy while a child receives tDCS, which markedly reduces the treatment time and avoids burnout due to a long treatment duration. Thus, tDCS is a better and more convenient intervention for CP children and warrants further exploration. Accordingly, this article reviews tDCS application in children with CP and discusses tDCS application prospects for such children to promote its expansion in clinical practice.

The Association Between Pain and the Risk of Falling in the Elderly With Knee Osteoarthritis

The risk of falling is a major problem for the elderly with knee osteoarthritis. Factors that increase the risk of falling include postural disorders caused by pain. Severe pain affects the functional activities of the elderly. This might lead to weakened muscles and exacerbate the loss of postural control or impaired balance, which increases the risk of falling. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between pain and the risk of falling in the elderly in Malang. It was conducted through a cross-sectional study with 53 participants recruited from a healthcare center in Malang. These participants were all diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis and were aged above 55 years old. The VAS scale was used to measure the pain level, while the Hopkins Falls Grading scale was used to measure the risk of falling. The Spearman test analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between pain and the risk of falling (r = 0.46, p &lt; 0.05).&#x0D; Keywords: pain, risk of fall, knee osteoarthritis, elderly

Postural balance asymmetry and subsequent noncontact lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries among Tunisian soccer players with groin pain: A prospective case control study

BackgroundRecent studies reported postural balance disorders in patients and soccer players with groin pain (GP) compared to controls. Since postural balance asymmetry identified after an initial injury contributes for subsequent injuries, identification of this asymmetry in soccer players with GP may highlight the risk of sustaining subsequent noncontact lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries in these players. Therefore, the aims of this study were to (i) examine static and dynamic unipedal postural balance asymmetry in soccer players with GP compared to healthy ones, and (ii) quantify the risk of subsequent noncontact lower extremity injuries in these players. Research questionDo soccer players with GP exhibit higher static and dynamic unipedal postural balance asymmetry, and higher risk of sustaining subsequent injuries compared to controls? MethodsIn this prospective case control study, 27 soccer players with non-time loss GP (GP group: GPG), and 27 healthy ones (control group: CG) were enrolled. Static and dynamic unipedal postural balance asymmetry were evaluated with a force platform using symmetry index (SI), and Y-balance test (Y-BT), respectively. Additionally, subsequent noncontact lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries were tracked for 10 months. ResultsThe GPG revealed higher (p < 0.01) SI in eyes closed condition, higher (p < 0.001) side-to-side asymmetry in anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral reach distances and in composite Y-BT score compared to CG. They showed lower (p < 0.001) composite score for injured limb and higher (p < 0.001) side-to-side asymmetry in posteromedial reach distance compared to the cut-off values of 89.6 % and 4 cm, respectively. Moreover, GPG exhibited higher odds (OR= 7.48; 95 % CI = 2.15, 26.00; p < 0.01) of sustaining subsequent injuries compared to CG. SignificanceThe Y-BT should be instituted into existing pre-participation physical examinations to screen for soccer players with non-time loss GP at an elevated risk of sustaining subsequent injuries. This could help coaches and clinicians make valid return to play decisions.

Influence of chemotherapy on postural control and quality of life in women with gynaecological cancer: a protocol of a prospective observational study

IntroductionChemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a frequent side effect of some chemotherapies that can cause postural control disorders and has a serious impact on quality of life (QoL). An enhanced understanding...

Diaper Use in Preterm Neonates: Effects on Skin, Musculoskeletal System, and Neurodevelopment

Caring for preterm infants in the intensive care unit can lead to a variety of conditions that increase stress and pain during routine care procedures. One of the intensive care unit procedures is diapers usage and change. The immature anatomical and physiological growth and development, especially the musculoskeletal system, neurological system, and integumentary system, is a challenge in the care of premature infants. Inappropriate diapers in premature infants can result in neurodevelopment problems, diaper dermatitis, and long-term postural disorders. Supportive care in the intensive care unit should include maintaining sleep cycles, creating a comfortable environment, periodic stress and pain measurement, practicing infants’ skincare, and care involving parents.

The assessment of lower extremity peripheral artery disease impact on body mass center disorders

BackgroundLower extremity peripheral artery disease is a problem of contemporary medicine and along with the ischemic heart disease it is considered to be a civilization disease. The risk of the disease increases significantly within a group of people reaching the age of 55 years and is closely related to co-occurring hazardous factors, such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension or tobacco smoking. The first symptom reported by patients is intermittent claudication. Such symptoms may indicate that lower extremity peripheral artery disease does have an impact on posture disorders and motor skills. MethodsThe study covered four stages. The first stage involved medical interviews to obtain information regarding anthropometry, age, motor organ surgery, concomitant diseases and the lifestyle. In the following stage the value of the ankle brachial index for both lower limbs were calculated. In case of symptomatic patients, additionally, the location of artery stenosis/aortoiliac section, was verified. The third stage involved using a dynamometric platform for determination of the body mass center position for both studied groups. In the fourth stage a treadmill walk test was used to assess the participants for intermittent claudication. FindingsBased on the obtained results, an attempt was taken to observe the relationship between the clinical characteristics of the disease and the body mass center position deviations. Interpretation: The attempt was undertaken to assess whether the measurement of body mass center position might be a diagnostic parameter to evaluate the patient's condition and thus an indication for taking a decision for surgical treatment or rehabilitation.

Effectiveness of functional trunk training on trunk control and upper limb functions in patients with autosomal recessive hereditary ataxia.

Ataxia is a clinical syndrome characterized by coordination problems and postural disorders. This study aimed to examine the effects of functional trunk training on trunk control and upper limb functions in autosomal recessive hereditary ataxia. Twenty patients were randomly divided into treatment and control groups. Both groups received trunk stabilization and balance exercises, and the treatment group received additional functional trunk training sessions (3 days/week for 8 weeks). The International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale, Trunk Impairment Scale, Modified Functional Reach Test, Nine-Hole Peg Test and Quick-Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand questionnaire were used for assessments. The treatment group showed an increase in the upper limb performance bilaterally, whereas increased performance was seen only in the dominant upper limb in the control group. While the functional reach improved in the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions in the treatment group, it was improved only in the AP direction in the control group. Also, the mean changes in outcomes were not significantly different between the groups except for modified functional reach test. Functional trunk training may be a more effective method to improve upper limb performance and dynamic trunk balance in autosomal recessive hereditary ataxia.

OROFACIAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SPASTIC QUADRIPLEGIC CEREBRAL PALSY: CASE REPORT

Cerebral palsy can be defined as a chronic disorder of posture and movement. The spastic quadriplegic modality is the most serious condition of this disease, involving the lower and upper limbs, with impairment of the innervations that control the movements of the mouth, tongue, and pharynx. A male patient, previously diagnosed with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy, was seen at a specialized university dental service for patients with special needs. During the clinical examination, it was found that the patient had swollen gums, with bleeding at the time of stimulation; his state of oral hygiene was regular and performed by caregivers. The patient also had atresia of the palate and abnormal lips. During treatment, the oral environment was adequate, with supragingival scraping, prophylaxis, and subsequent placement of an orthodontic appliance. The patient was cooperative throughout the treatment, despite his poor health.

Synergies Stabilizing Vertical Posture in Spaces of Control Variables

In this study, we address the question: Can the central nervous system stabilize vertical posture in the abundant space of neural commands? We assume that the control of vertical posture is associated with setting spatial referent coordinates (RC) for the involved muscle groups, which translates into two basic commands, reciprocal and co-activation. We explored whether the two commands co-varied across trials to stabilize the initial postural state. Young, healthy participants stood quietly against an external horizontal load and were exposed to smooth unloading episodes. Linear regression between horizontal force and center of mass coordinate during the unloading phase was computed to define the intercept (RC) and slope (apparent stiffness, k). Hyperbolic regression between the intercept and slope across unloading episodes and randomization analysis both demonstrated high indexes of co-variation stabilizing horizontal force in the initial state. Higher co-variation indexes were associated with lower average k values across the participants suggesting destabilizing effects of muscle coactivation. Analysis of deviations in the {RC; k} space keeping the posture unchanged (motor equivalent) between two states separated by a voluntary quick body sway showed significantly larger motor equivalent deviations compared to non-motor equivalent ones. This is the first study demonstrating posture-stabilizing synergies in the space of neural control variables using various computational methods. It promises direct applications to studies of postural disorders and rehabilitation.

Diffusion properties of asymptomatic lumbar intervertebral discs in a pediatric cohort: a preliminary study of apparent diffusion coefficient.

To explore the apparent diffusion coefficients of intervertebral discs in an asymptomatic pediatric cohort. We conducted a prospective MRI study of the lumbar spine from below the thoracolumbar junction to the lumbosacral junction on 12 subjects (mean age 13 y.o.) with no spinal pathology or spinal posture disorder. MRI was carried out using a 1.5T machine with acquisitions realized both in sagittal and coronal planes. First, disc hydration was determined, and then, diffusion-weighted images were obtained using an SE single-shot echo-planar sequence. Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) of anterior annulus fibrosus (AAF), nucleus pulposus (NP) and posterior annulus fibrosus (PAF) were measured in the sagittal plane. Averaged hydration of 0.27 SD 0.03 confirmed the asymptomatic nature of discs. Average scaled values of ADC were 0.46 SD 0.01, 0.22 SD 0.09 and 0.18 SD 0.03 for NP, AAF and PAF, respectively. ADC of NP were almost constant along the spine; PAF values show a slight increase in the thorax-sacrum direction, while AAF values showed a pronounced decrease. Locally, ADC of AAF was higher compared to ADC PAF values below the thoracolumbar junction and it reversed for subjacent discs. In our knowledge, our study provided the first diffusive properties of asymptomatic intervertebral discs in an adolescent cohort. ADC of NP was slightly higher than adults'. ADC evolutions of AAF were correlated with lordosis concavity which pointed out the role of compressive strain on fluid transport properties. This study could furnish information about segment homeostasis for exploration of pediatric spinal pathologies.

Influence of Speech and Cognitive Load on Balance and Timed up and Go.

The interaction between oral and/or mental cognitive tasks and postural control and mobility remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of speech production and cognitive load levels on static balance and timed up and go (TUG) during dual-task activities. Thirty healthy young subjects (25 ± 4 years old, 17 women) participated in this study. A control situation and two different cognitive arithmetic tasks were tested: counting backward in increments of 3 and 7 under oral (O) and mental (M) conditions during static balance and the TUG. We evaluated the dual-task cost (DTC) and the effect of speech production (SP) and the level of cognitive load (CL) on these variables. There was a significant increase in the centre of pressure oscillation velocity in static balance when the dual task was performed orally compared to the control situation The DTC was more pronounced for the O than for the M. The SP, but not the CL, had a significant effect on oscillation velocity. There was an increase in TUG associated with the cognitive load, but the mental or oral aspect did not seem to have an influence. Mobility is more affected by SP when the cognitive task is complex. This may be particularly important for the choice of the test and understanding postural control disorders.

The use of Rhythmic gymnastics for formation of correct position children 5-6 years old

In the preschool period, the basics of mental and physical health of the child are formed, certain character traits are formed, vital skills and abilities are acquired. Currently, there are various methods of corrective gymnastics. However, they are usually not diverse and emotional. Many exercises are boring, monotonous and reluctant to be performed by children. Therefore, such means of physical education are of interest, which not only contribute to the functional improvement of the child's body, but also provide a comprehensive educational effect, are bright, expressive, emotional. The purpose of the study: to develop a method of forming the correct posture in a preschool institution. Research methods: analysis of scientific and methodological literature; pedagogical observation and experiment; determining the state of posture; examination of the condition of the foot; methods of mathematical statistics. Results of the research. The analysis of special scientific and scientific-methodical literature showed that the increase in the number of children with postural disorders determined the need to find effective ways to correct them in preschool, and the integrated use of various means of physical education requires a perfect planning system. their elements and make the most of positive traits in the learning process. In the course of research the technique of formation of the correct posture with complex use of various equipment is developed. The technique consists of 7 sets of morning gymnastics, which are performed for two weeks each. When selecting the means of physical education for the correction of posture disorders follow the principles: mobilization of the spine; spinal traction; curvature of the spine in the direction of curvature; creating a muscular corset; unloading of the spine. Conclusion. After the experiment, there is an increase in children with normal posture and foot by 10% in the experimental group. In the control changes in any direction is not observed.